Linguistic proficiency of Jordanian freshmen majoring in English: the effect of movies on oral communication proficiency

English as a foreign language (EFL) students low level of linguistic proficiency has raisedmany concerns about English teaching and learning in most EFL countries. Although many studieshave been conducted to promote students level of linguistic proficiency, the majority ofthese studies were conducte...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Mohammad, Amro Mohammad Suleiman
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2021
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6843
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:6843
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic PE English
spellingShingle PE English
Mohammad, Amro Mohammad Suleiman
Linguistic proficiency of Jordanian freshmen majoring in English: the effect of movies on oral communication proficiency
description English as a foreign language (EFL) students low level of linguistic proficiency has raisedmany concerns about English teaching and learning in most EFL countries. Although many studieshave been conducted to promote students level of linguistic proficiency, the majority ofthese studies were conducted in an ESL/EFL context in- class. Consequently, few attempts have beentaken to promote students level of linguistic proficiency out of class. To contribute to that,this study tried through a mixedmethods/case study design to answer the overarching researchquestion; How do Jordanian EFL students perceive their level of linguistic proficiency, and isthere a wayof helping these students improve their oral communication proficiency out ofclass? To answer that, 60 EFL students were selected to participate in thequantitative phase and six to participate in the qualitative phase. The quantitative datawas collected by means of self-assessment test, and a survey questionnaire. While, the qualitativedata was collected by means of interview and study notes. To examine the effect of movieson oralproficiency, the six subjects were divided equally into two groups (treatment and control) andasked to take the self-assessment test twice (pre and post) to be interviewed also twice, and tofill in the study notes during the case studys scheme. Only the treatment group was given eightmovies with its guides and asked to self-studyit over eight weeks. The findings showed that morethan the half of the students (38 students; 63.3 %), rated their linguistic proficiency belowaverage with the majority ofthem (49 students; 81.6 %) showing their lack of confidence in usingEnglish. The findings also indicated that movie could help improve the students' oral communicationproficiency with higher post-test scores than pre-test scores. Methodologicaltriangulation fromboth the interviews and the study notes also supports that assertion.In conclusion, self-directedlearning using movies has improved the students oral communication proficiency. This studyhas implications for practical applications in language teaching and learning which suggeststhat using movies in self-directed learning can be effective to improve linguisticproficiency out of class. The results strongly suggest that further larger scale investigationsinto students' language improvement out of class should be carried outto get more comprehensive data.
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Mohammad, Amro Mohammad Suleiman
author_facet Mohammad, Amro Mohammad Suleiman
author_sort Mohammad, Amro Mohammad Suleiman
title Linguistic proficiency of Jordanian freshmen majoring in English: the effect of movies on oral communication proficiency
title_short Linguistic proficiency of Jordanian freshmen majoring in English: the effect of movies on oral communication proficiency
title_full Linguistic proficiency of Jordanian freshmen majoring in English: the effect of movies on oral communication proficiency
title_fullStr Linguistic proficiency of Jordanian freshmen majoring in English: the effect of movies on oral communication proficiency
title_full_unstemmed Linguistic proficiency of Jordanian freshmen majoring in English: the effect of movies on oral communication proficiency
title_sort linguistic proficiency of jordanian freshmen majoring in english: the effect of movies on oral communication proficiency
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi
publishDate 2021
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6843
_version_ 1747833320154071040
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:68432022-03-03 Linguistic proficiency of Jordanian freshmen majoring in English: the effect of movies on oral communication proficiency 2021 Mohammad, Amro Mohammad Suleiman PE English English as a foreign language (EFL) students low level of linguistic proficiency has raisedmany concerns about English teaching and learning in most EFL countries. Although many studieshave been conducted to promote students level of linguistic proficiency, the majority ofthese studies were conducted in an ESL/EFL context in- class. Consequently, few attempts have beentaken to promote students level of linguistic proficiency out of class. To contribute to that,this study tried through a mixedmethods/case study design to answer the overarching researchquestion; How do Jordanian EFL students perceive their level of linguistic proficiency, and isthere a wayof helping these students improve their oral communication proficiency out ofclass? To answer that, 60 EFL students were selected to participate in thequantitative phase and six to participate in the qualitative phase. The quantitative datawas collected by means of self-assessment test, and a survey questionnaire. While, the qualitativedata was collected by means of interview and study notes. To examine the effect of movieson oralproficiency, the six subjects were divided equally into two groups (treatment and control) andasked to take the self-assessment test twice (pre and post) to be interviewed also twice, and tofill in the study notes during the case studys scheme. Only the treatment group was given eightmovies with its guides and asked to self-studyit over eight weeks. The findings showed that morethan the half of the students (38 students; 63.3 %), rated their linguistic proficiency belowaverage with the majority ofthem (49 students; 81.6 %) showing their lack of confidence in usingEnglish. The findings also indicated that movie could help improve the students' oral communicationproficiency with higher post-test scores than pre-test scores. Methodologicaltriangulation fromboth the interviews and the study notes also supports that assertion.In conclusion, self-directedlearning using movies has improved the students oral communication proficiency. This studyhas implications for practical applications in language teaching and learning which suggeststhat using movies in self-directed learning can be effective to improve linguisticproficiency out of class. The results strongly suggest that further larger scale investigationsinto students' language improvement out of class should be carried outto get more comprehensive data. 2021 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6843 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6843 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi Abbasi, M. H., Siddiqi, A., & Azim, R. U. A. (2011). Role of effectivecommunications for enhancing leadership and entrepreneurial skills in university students.International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(10), 242-250. Retrieved from:http://search.proquest.com/docview/904512718?accountid=48385Abdo, I. B., & Breen, G. M. (2010). Teaching EFL to Jordanian students: new strategies forenhancing English acquisition in a distinct Middle Eastern student population. Creative Education,1(1), 3950. doi.org/10.4236/ce.2010.11007Abdallah, A. A., & Ahmed, A. G. (2015). The impact of self-confidence on EFL Sudanese tertiarylevel students 1. International Journal of Information Research and Review, 2(9), 10931106.Retrieved from: http://www.ijirr.com/sites/default/files/issues-files/0517.pdfAbdullah, M. H. (2001). Self-directed learning: Research Report. ERIC Document Reproduction ServiceNo. ED459458. Retrieved from: http://ericfacility.net/ericdigests/ed459458Adegbile, J. A., &Alabi, O. F. (2005). Proficiency and communicative competence in L2: Implicationsfor teachers and learners Institute of Education University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria.International Journal of African & African American Studies, 4(2), 13-20.Admiraal, W., Huisman, B., & Pilli, O. (2015). Assessment in massive open online courses. Electron.J. e-Learning, 13, 207216.Ahmed, M. A. (2016). Introduction to the psychology of self-esteem .Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311440256_Introduction_to_the_Psychology_of_self-esteemAina, J. K., Ogundele, A. G., & Olanipekun, S. S. (2013). Students proficiency in English languagerelationship with academic performance in science and technical education. American Journal ofEducational Research, 1(9), 355-358. Retrieved from: http://pubs.sciepub.com/education/1/9/2Akbari, Z. (2015). Current challenges in teaching/learning English for EFL learners: the case ofjunior high school and high school. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 199, 394401.Akram, M., & Ghani, M. (2013). Gender and Language Learning Motivation.Academic Research International, 4(2), 536540.Al-Abdallat, Z. & Omari, M. H. A. (2019). English language teachers suggestions toovercome the challenges they face in teaching oral skills. International Journal of English andEducation, 8(3), 141-155.Al-ahdal, A. A., Alfallaj, F., Al-awaied, S., & Al-hattami, A. (2014). A comparative study ofproficiency in speaking and writing among EFL learners in Saudi Arabia. American InternationalJournal of Contemporary Research, 4(2), 141 149.Alasmari, A. (2015). A Comparative Determination of Barriers of Oral English Learning Faced byPreparatory Year Students. European Scientific Journal, 11(35), 58-81.Al-Bataineh, K. B. (2019). English language learning beliefs of Jordanian students: the effect ofgender. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(2), 219-228. doi:10.5539/ijel.v9n2p219.Al-Eiadeh, A., Al-Sobh, M., Al-Zoubi, S. & Al-Khasawneh, F. (2016). Improving English languagespeaking skills of Ajloun national University students.International Journal of English and Education, 5(3), 181-195.Alexandria, W. (2009). Adult English learners self-assessment of second language proficiency:Contexts and conditions. New York, NY: New York University Press.Alhabahba, M. M., Pandian, A., & Mahfoodh, O. H. A. (2016). English language education in Jordan:Some recent trends and challenges. Cogent Education, 3(1), 114.doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2016.1156809Alharbi, H. (2015). Improving Students English Speaking Proficiency in Saudi Public Schools.International Journal of Instruction, 8(1), 105-116.Al-hebaish, S. M. (2012). The correlation between general self-confidence and academic achievementin the oral presentation course. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(1), 6065.doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.1.60-65Al-Hosni, S. (2014). Speaking difficulties encountered by young EFL learners.International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, 2(6), 22- 30.Alibakhshi, G., & Sarani, A. (2014). Self-assessment impact on EFL learners speaking fluency andaccuracy: Does level of proficiency matter? TELL, 8(2), 119143.Alibakhshi, G., & Sharakipour, H. (2014). The effect of self-assessment on EFL learners receptiveskills (kesan penilaian kendiri terhadap kemahiran reseptif dalam kalangan pelajar bahasa inggerissebagai bahasa kedua (ELF). JurnalPendidikan Malaysia, 39(1), 917.Al-jamal, D. A., & Al-jamal, G. A. (2014). An investigation of the difficulties facedby EFL undergraduates in speaking skills. English Language Teaching, 7(1), doi:10.5539/elt.v7n1p19.Al-Khawaldeh, N., & Bani-Khair, B. (2016). The impact of poor English language proficiency onprofessional development of professors at Jordanian universities. Arab World English Journal(AWEJ), 7(3), 134145.Alkhawaldeh, A. (2010). The Challenges Faced By Jordanian English Language Teachers At Amman 1stAnd 2nd Directorates Of Education. College Student Journal, 44(4), 836-859.Alnakhalah, A. (2016). Problems and Difficulties of Speaking That Encounter English LanguageStudents at Al Quds Open University. International Journal of Humanities and Social ScienceInvention, 5(12), 96-101.Al-Nawrasy, O. (2012). The effect of native and nonnative English language teachers on secondarystudents achievement in speaking skills. Jordan Journal of Educational Sciences, 9(2), 243254.Alonso, R. (2018). Speaking in a Second Language. Amesterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Alrabai, F. (2017). Self-esteem of Saudi learners and its relationship to their achievement inEnglish as a foreign language. English Linguistics Research, 6(4), 1-12. doi.org/10.5430/elr.v6n4p1Alrabai, F., & Moskovsky, C. (2016). The Relationship between Learners Affective Variables andSecond Language Achievement. Arab World English Journal, 7(2), 77-103.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol7no2.6Alrawashdeh, A. I., & Al-zayed, N. N. (2017). Difficulties that English teachers encounter whileteaching listening comprehension and their attitudes towards them. English language teaching,10(5), 167-178. doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n5p167Al-roud, A. A. (2016). Problems of English speaking skill that University students encounter fromtheir perspectives. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 18(3), 1-9. doi:10.9734/bjesbs/2016/28404.Al-Sobhi, B., & Preece, A. (2018). Teaching English Speaking Skills to the Arab Students in theSaudi School in Kuala Lumpur: Problems and Solutions.International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 6(1), 1-11.Al-tamimi, R. (2019). Policies and issues in teaching English to Arab EFL learners: A Saudi Arabianperspective. Arab World English Journal, 10(2), 68-76.https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol10no2.6Alwazir, B., & Shukri, N. (2016). The use of CLT in the Arab context: a criticalperspective. International Journal of English Language Education, 5(1), 15-32.doi.org/10.5296/ijele.v5i1.10486Alzahrani, G. A. S. (2019). The reasons behind the weakness of speaking English among Englishdepartment's students at Najran University. Journal of Education and Human Development, 8(1),48-56. doi: 10.15640/jehd.v8n1a7American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. (2017). Role of educators intechnology-enhanced language learning. Retrieved from:https://www.actfl.org/news/position-statements/statement-the-roleAndrade, H. (2010). Students as the definitive source of formative assessment: academicself-assessment and the self-regulation of learning. NERA Conference Proceedings 2010. 25.Retrieved from: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/nera_2010/25Andrade, H. L. (2019). A critical review of research on student self-assessment.Frontiers in Education, 4(87). doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00087Andrade, H., & Boulay, B. (2003). Gender and the role of rubric-referenced self- assessment inlearning to write. Journal of Educational Research, 97(1), 2134.Andrade, H., & Brookhart, S. M. (2016). The role of classroom assessment in supportingself-regulated learning, in Assessment for Learning: Meeting the Challenge of Implementation, edsD. Laveault and L. Allal (Heidelberg: Springer), 293309. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-39211-0_17Andrade, H., & Brookhart, S. (2019). Classroom assessment as the co-regulation of learning.Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice. doi:10.1080/0969594X.2019.1571992Andrade, H. L. (2019). A critical review of research on student self-assessment.Frontiers in Education, 4(87), 1-13. doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00087Andrade, H., & Du, Y. (2007). Students responses to criteria referenced self- assessment.Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 32(2), 159-181.Arcario, P. (1991). Criteria for selecting video materials. In S. Stempleski & P. Arcario (Eds.)Video in Second Language Teaching. Richmond, VA: TESOL, Inc.Anwar, M. S. (2017). ESL/EFL learners poor performance in English: the factors ESL/EFL learnerspoor performance in English. Journal of Asian and Africansocial science and humanities, 3(1), 18-26.Anwari, A. (2019). Investigating the factors causing poor English language learning atZahir Shahi and Temoor Shahi high school. American International Journal of Education andLinguistics Research, 2(1).Apuke, O. (2017). Quantitative Research Methods A synopsis approach. Arabian Journal Business andManagement Review, 6(10), 40-47. doi:10.12816/0040336Arndt, J. D. (2017). Self-directed learning for English language learners. International Journalfor Teachers of English, 4(1), 1-9. Retrieved from http://libds.tamagawa.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/11078/472/1/3-1-5.pdfArnaiz, P., & Guillen, F. (2012). Self-concept in university-level FL learners. The InternationalJournal of the Humanities, 9(4), 81-92. Retrieved from http://www.Humanities-Journal.comAsadifard, A., & Koosha, M. (2013). EFL instructors and student writers' perceptions on academicwriting reluctance. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3 (9), 1572-1578.Asif, F. (2017). The Anxiety Factors among Saudi EFL Learners: A Study from English LanguageTeachers Perspective. English Language Teaching, 10(6), 160-173.Assis, B. M. (2012). Self-assessment of writing skills: A reliable and valid tool in an EFLclassroom (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved fromhttps://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/7292/1/Binder1.pdfAvgerou, E. (2018). Self-perceived proficiency in English of international students in UniversitCatholique de Louvain: Attitudes towards English, problems and strategies. A dissertation ofMaster in Linguistics.Ayd?n, B. (2001). A study of sources of foreign language classroom anxiety in speaking and writingclasses. (Dissertation). Eski?ehir, Turkey: Anadolu University.Azorn, M. J. M. (1991). Self-assessment in second language teaching. Revist Alicantina deEstudios Englises, 4, 91-101.Baars, M., Vink, S., van Gog, T., de Bruin, A., & Paas, F. (2014). Effects of trainingself-assessment and using assessment standards on retrospective and prospective monitoring ofproblem solving. Learn. Instruc. 33, 92107. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.04.004Babaii, E., Taghaddomi, S., & Pashmforoosh, R. (2016). Speaking self-assessment: mismatches betweenlearners and teachers criteria.Language Testing, 33(3),411437.Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. S. (1989). The construct validation of selfratings ofcommunicative language ability. Language Testing, 6 (1), 14-29.Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. S. (1996).Language testing in practice. Oxford, United Kingdom: OxfordUniversity Press.Bagaric, V. (2007). Defining communicative competence. Metodika, 2, 94-103Bahrani, T., & Tam, S. S. (2011). Technology and language learning: Exposure to TV and radio newsand speaking proficiency. Kritika Kultura, 17, 144-160.Bahrani, T., & Tam, S. S. (2012). Audiovisual news, cartoons, and films as authentic language inputand language proficiency development. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 11(4),56-64.Bailey, K. M., & Damerow, R. M. (2014). Teaching and learning English in the Arabic-speaking world.New York, NY: Routledge.Baleghizadeh, S., & Masoun, A. (2013). The effect of self-assessment on EFL learners. TESL CanadaJournal, 31(1), 4259.Bal-Gezegina, B. (2014). An investigation of using video vs. audio for teaching vocabulary.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 143, 450457.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.516Bani, I. A. & Breen, G. (2010). Teaching EFL to Jordanian students: New strategies for enhancingEnglish acquisition in a distinct Middle Eastern student population. Creative education, 1, 39-50doi:10.4236/ce.2010.11007.Barney, S., Khurum, M., Petersen, K., Unterkalmsteiner, M., & Jabangwe, R. (2012). Improvingstudents with rubric-based self-assessment and oral feedback. IEEE Transac. Educ. 55, 319325. doi:10.1109/TE.2011.217 2981Barzgarn, F., & Ghaemi, H. (2017). TOEFL IBT speaking, goalorientation and self- assessment: Astudy of Iranian EFL learners. Bulletin de La Socit Royale Des Sciences de Lige, 86, 2542.Basco, L. M., & Han, S, H. (2016). Self-esteem, motivation, and anxiety of Korean universitystudents. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 7(6), 1069- 1078.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0706.02Basta, J. Batiha, J. M., Mustaffa, R. & Noorizah, M. N. (2018). Foreign language speaking anxietyof Jordanian freshman English learners. Akademika, 88(1), 153-165. doi.org/10.17576/akad-2018-8801-11.Basta, J. (2011). The role of the communicative approach and cooperative learning inhigher education. Facta Universitatis, 9(2), 125143.Bataineh, R., & Baniabdelrahman, A. (2006). Jordanian EFL students perceptions of their computerliteracy. International Journal of Education and Development Using ICT, 2(2), 3550. Retrievedfrom: http://ijedict.dec.uwi.edu/viewarticle.php?id=169&layout=htmlBazeley, P. (2007). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. London, England: Sage Publications Ltd.Beere, J. (2010). Learning in the classroom: Independent thinking extra. Retrieved fromhttps://www.independentthinking.co.uk/media/42361/learning-in-the- classroom.pdfBenson, P. (1997). The philosophy and politics of learner autonomy. In P. Benson andP. Voller (Eds.), Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning. London, England: Longman.Benson, P., & Voller, P. (1997). Introduction: Autonomy and independence in language learning. InP. Benson and Voller P. (Eds), Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning. Harlow, England:Longman.Benson, P. (2000). Autonomy as a learners and teachers right. In B. Sinclair, I. McGrath and T.Lamb (Eds), Learner Autonomy, Teacher Autonomy: Future Directions. Harlow, England: Longman.Benson, P. (2001). Teaching and researching autonomy in language learning. Essex, England. PearsonEducation Ltd.Benson, P. (2011). Language learning and teaching beyond the classroom: An introduction to thefield. In P. Benson & H. Reinders (Eds.), Beyond the language classroom, 7-16. New York: PalgraveMacmillan.Benson, P. (2011). Whats new in autonomy? The Language Teacher, 35(4), 15-18. Benson, P. (2007).Autonomy in language teaching and learning. Language Teaching,40, 21-40.Berk, R. A. (2009). Multimedia teaching with video clips: TV, movies, YouTube, and mtvU in thecollege classroom. International Journal of Technology in Teaching and Learning, 5(1), 121.Retrieved from:http://www.sicet.org/journals/ijttl/issue0901/1_Berk.pdfBerk, R.A. (2009). Integrating video clips into the legacy content of the K12curriculum: TV, movies, and YouTube in the classroom. Retrieved from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267854486Bharathi, P. (2014). Self directed learning and learner autonomy in English language teachereducation: Emerging trends. International Journal for Teachers of English, 4, 12321-7170Binalet, C. B., & Guerra, J. M. (2014). A study on the relationship between motivation and languagelearning achievement among tertiary students. International Journal of Applied Linguistics &English Literature, 3(5), 251260. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.3n.5p.251Blue, G. (1994). Self-assessment of foreign language skills: Does it work? CLE Working Papers, 3,1835.Bol, L., Hacker, D. J., Walck, C. C., & Nunnery, J. A. (2012). The effects of individual or groupguidelines on the calibration accuracy and achievement of high school biology students. Contemp.Educ. Psychol. 37, 280287.doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2012.02.004Bolvar-cruz, A., Verano-tacoronte, D., & Gonzlez-betancor, S. M. (2015). Is University studentsself-assessment accurate? Peris-ortiz, j.m. Merig lindahl (eds.), Sustainable Learning in HigherEducation, Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management. doi 10.1007/978-3-319-10804-9.Bonk, C. (2009). The world is open: how web technology is revolutionizing education.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-BassBoud, D., Lawson, R., & Thompson, D.G. (2015). The Calibration of Student Judgement throughSelf-Assessment. Higher Education Research & Development, 34 (1): 45-59. doi:10.1080/07294360.2014.934328.Bourke, R. (2014). Self-assessment in professional programmes within tertiary institutions. Teach.High. Educ. 19, 908918.doi: 10.1080/13562517.2014.934353Bourke, R. (2016). Liberating the learner through self-assessment. Cambridge J. Educ, 46, 97111.doi: 10.1080/0305764X.2015.1015963Bozatl?, I. (2003). Academic oral presentation skills instructors' perceptions of the final projectpresentation rating scale used in the modern languages department at Middle East TechnicalUniversity. (Thesis). Ankara, Turkey: BilkentUniversity.Bozorgian, H. (2012). The relationship between listening and other language skills ininternational English language testing system. Theory and Practice in Language Studie, 2(4),657663. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.4.657-663Brantmeier, C., Vanderplank, R., & Strube, M. (2012). What about Me? System, 40(1), 144160.doi:10.1016/j.system.2012.01.003.Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research inPsychology, 3, 77-101.Brire, E. J. (1972). Are we really measuring proficiency with our foreign language tests? In H. B.Allen & R. N. Campbell (Eds.), Teaching English as a second language: A book of readings (2nd ed.).New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.Brinkman, S., & Kvale, S. (2015). InterviewsLearning the Craft of Qualitative ResearchInterviewing. Los Angeles, CA: SageBrown, G. T., & Harris, L. R. (2013). Student self-assessment, in Sage Handbook of Research onClassroom Assessment, ed J. H. McMillan (Los Angeles, CA: Sage), 367393. doi:10.4135/9781452218649.n21Brown, G. T. L., & Harris, L. R. (2014). The future of self-assessment in classroom practice:reframing self-assessment as a core competency. Frontline Learn. Res. 3, 2230. doi:10.14786/flr.v2i1.24Brown, H. D. (1973). Affective variables in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 23,231-244.Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching. San Francisco,SA: Longman.Brown, H. (1994). Principles of language learning and teaching. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall.Brown, J. (2001). Using surveys in language programs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge UniversityPress.Brown, N.A., Dewey, D.P., & Cox, T.L. 2014. Assessing the Validity of Can-Do Statements inRetrospective (Then-Now) Self-assessment. Foreign Language Annals, 47(2): 261-285.doi:10.1111/flan.12082.Bryce, J. M. (2019). Enhancing the effectiveness of self-directed learning and supporting at-riskstudents through blackboard journal.Https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335527310Burnard, P. (1991). A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitativeresearch. Nurse Education Today, 11,461-466Butler, Y. G. (2018). Young learners processes and rationales for responding to self- assessmentitems: cases for generic can-do and five-point Likert type formats, in Useful Assessment andEvaluation in Language Education, eds J. Davis et al. (Washington, DC: Georgetown UniversityPress), 2139. doi: 10.2307/j.ctvvngrq.5Butler, Y. G., & Lee, J. (2010). The effects of self-assessment among young learners of English.Language Testing, 27(1), 531. doi.org/10.1177/0265532209346370Bygate, M. (2009). Teaching the spoken foreign language. In B. Seidlhofer & K. Knapp (Eds.),Teaching the spoken foreign language, 401-438. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.Cabeza, C., Daselaar, S. M., Dolcos, F., Prince, S. E., Budde, M., &Nyberg, N.(2004).Task-independent and task-specific age effects on brain activity during working memory,visual attention and episodic retrieval. Cerebral Cortex, 14(4), 364375.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhg133Caganaga, . K. (2014). The effects of communicative approach on learners foreign languageproficiency levels by using the needs analysis in English for specific purposes classes.International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 1(2). Retrieved from:http://iojet.org/index.php/IOJET/article/view/26Canipe J. B., & Fogerson, D. L. (2006). The literature of self-directed learning: Dissertations.International Journal of Self-directed Learning, 3(2), 34-45.Cassidy, S. (2007). Assessing inexperienced students ability to self-assess: Exploring linkswith learning style and academic personal control. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education,32(3), 313330. doi:10.1080/02602930600896704Cavaye, A. L. M. (1996). Case study research: a multi-faceted research approach for IS. InformationSystems Journal, 6, 227-242.Chan, D., & Herrero, C. (2010). Using film to teach languages: a teachers toolkit for educatorswanting to teach languages using film in the classroom, with a particular focus on Arabic,Mandarin, Italian and Urdu. Retrieved from:http://www.academia.edu/16421210/The_Impact_of_Using_Movies_on_Learning_ English_language_at_University_of_HalabjaChang, C.-C., Liang, C., & Chen, Y. H. (2013). Is learner self-assessment reliable andvalid in a Web-based portfolio environment for high school students? Comput. Educ.60, 325334. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.05.012Chatwin, H. (2017). Linguistic imperialism in Jordan: The impact of English education curriculum oncultural behaviors of secondary students in Amman. Colorado, CA: Sit Study Abroad.Chavez, M. (2014). Variable beliefs about the need for accuracy in the oral production of German:An exploratory study. International Journal of Applied Linguistics (United Kingdom), 24(1), 97127.doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12029Chen, Y. M. (2008). Learning to self-assess oral performance in English: A longitudinal case study.Language Teaching Research, 4(1), 1-20 doi.org/10.1177/1362168807086293Cheng, C. J. (2005). The relationship of foreign language anxiety of oral performance achievement,teacher characteristics and in-class activities. (Thesis). Taipei City: Ming Chuan University.Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Massachusetts, MA: The MIT Press.Christiansen, B. (2009). Dual coding theory and trilingual implications on recall. The HuronUniversity College Journal of Learning and Motivation, 47(1).Retrieved from: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/hucjlm/vol47/iss1/2Christianson, M., Hoskins, C., & Watanabe, A. (2009). Evaluating the effectiveness of avideo-recording based self-assessment system for academic speaking.Language Research Bulletin, 24, 1-15. Retrieved fromhttp://web.icu.ac.jp/lrb/docs/Christianson-Hoskins-Watanabe.pdfChua, Y. P. (2012). Mastering research methods. Selangor, Malaysia: McGraw-Hill Education.Cibangu, K. S. (2012). Qualitative Research: The Toolkit of Theories in the Social Sciences. InAsuncio?n Lo?pez-Varela (Ed.). Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Social Sciences andKnowledge Management, 95126. InTech.Clark, J. & Paivio, A. (2014). Dual coding theory and education. Ontario, Canada: University ofwestern Ontario. doi: 10.1007/bf01320076https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225249172Clark, J., & Paivio, A. (1991). Dual Coding Theory and Education. EducationalPsychology Review, 3(3), 149-210. Retrieved fromhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/23359208Clarke, V. & Braun, V. (2013) Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming challengesand developing strategies for effective learning. The Psychologist, 26(2), 120- 123.Cohen, M. T. (2012). The importance of self-regulated for college student learning.College Student Journal, 46(4), 892-902.Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education.London, England: Routledge Falmer.Cooke, S. D. (2013). Examining transcription, autonomy and reflective practice in languagedevelopment. RELC Journal, 44(1), 75-85.Coombe, C. (2002). Self-Assessment in language testing: Reliability and validity issues.Phil's EFLSupport Site. Retrieved from http://www.philseflsupport.com/selfassessment.htmCoskun, L. (2014). The girls are better at language learning: A comparative approach.Journal of Educational and Social Research, 4(2), 71-21. doi:10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n2p17Cotteral, S. (2000). Promoting learner autonomy through the curriculum. ELT Journal, 54(2),109-117.Council of Europe. (2001). Common European Framework of Reference for languages: Learning,teaching, and assessment. Retrieved from: http://www.coe.intCreswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches(3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2ndEd.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method Approaches (3rdEd.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative andqualitative research. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.Crusan, D. (2011). The promise of directed self-placement for second languagewriters. TESOL Quarterly, 45(4), 774774. doi:10.5054/tq.2010.272524.Crystal, D. (2012). English as a Global Language (Canto Classics ed. 2nd RevisedEdition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Daniels, G. (2014). Learning videos - do they work for you? An exploration of the value ofintegrating on-line instructional videos into the students learning experience in practicalworkshops. Journal of Learning and Teaching, 5(9), 1- 11.Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2015). Self-determination theory: International encyclopedia of thesocial & behavioral sciences. Elsevier, 11(2), 13-19. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.26036-4De Grez, L., Valcke, M., & Roozen, I. (2012). How effective are self- and peer assessment of oralpresentation skills compared with teachers assessments? Active Learn. High. Educ. 13, 129142.doi: 10.1177/1469787412441284DeLeger, D. S. (2009). Self-assessment of speaking skills and participation in a foreign languageclass. Foreign Language Annals, 42(1), 158178.Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.) (2011). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (5th Ed.).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of QualitativeResearch. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rdEd.). 132. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.DeSaint-Leger, D. (2009). Self-assessment of speaking skills and participation in a foreignlanguage class. Foreign Language Annals, 42, 158-178.Deville, M., & Deville, C. (2003). Computer adaptive testing in second language contexts. AnnualReview of Applied Linguistics, 19, 273299.doi:10.1017/ S0267190599190147.Dincer, A., & Yesilyurt, P. S. (2017). Motivation to speak English: A self- determination theoryperspective. Erzincan University, Turkey Ataturk University, 53, 1-25.Dislen, G. (2013). The reasons of lack of motivation from the students and teachers voices. TheJournal of Academic Social Science, 1(1), 3545.Dolosic, H. N., Brantmeier, C., Strube, M., & Hogrebe, M. C. (2016). Living language:Self-assessment, oral production, and domestic immersion. ForeignLanguage Annals, 49(2), 302316. http://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12191Donaghy, K. (2014). How can film help you teach or learn English? Retrieved from:www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/how-can-film-help-you-teach-or- learn-englishDonnellan, M. B., Kali, H. T., Richard, W. R., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005).Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency.Psychological Science, 16(4), 328335. http://doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005Dornyei, Z. (1998). Motivation in second and foreign language learning. Language Teaching, 31, 117 135.Dornyei, Z. (2006). Attitudes, orientations, and motivations in language learning: Advances intheory, research, and applications. Oxford, England: Blackwell.Drnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in secondlanguage acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Drbseh, M. M. H. (2013). The spread of English language in Jordan. International Journal ofScientific and Research Publications, 3(9), 153-200.Edwards, E., & Roger P. (2015). Seeking out challenges to develop L2 self- confidence: A languagelearner's journey to proficiency. TESL-EJ, 18(1), 124. Retrieved from:https://www.tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume18/ej72/ej72a3/Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of ManagementReview, 14, 532-550.El-Anzi, F. O. (2005). Academic achievement and its relationship with anxiety, self- esteem,optimism, and pessimism in Kuwaiti students. Social Behavior and Personality: An InternationalJournal, 33(1), 95-104. doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2005.33.1.95Elttayef, A. I., & Hussein, N. O. (2017). Arab learners problems in learning English language: Ateacher perspective Journal of literature, languages and linguistics. Iiste an InternationalPeer-reviewed Journal, 40(3).Erickson, G. (1996). Teachers and students reflect on the standardized test in English: Resultsfrom two questionnaire studies.Goteborgs, Sweden: GoteborgsUniversity.Essays, UK. (November 2018). Communicative Language Teaching AndCommunicative Competence. Retrieved from:https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/communicative-language-teaching-and-communicative-competence.php?vref=1Esteki, B. (2014). The relationship between implicit and explicit knowledge andlanguage acquisition. Theory and practice in language studies, 4(7), 1520-1525.Esterhuizen, P. (2007). Review: The self-directed learning readiness of first year bachelor nursingstudents. Journal of Research in Nursing, 12(4), 387-388. doi: 10.1177/17449871070 77532Etemad, S. (2011). The effect of learning to self-assess oral proficiency on introvert andextrovert Iranian intermediate EFL learners oral proficiency.ChaharMahaal, Iran: Islamic Azad University PublicationEtikan, I. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling.American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics. http://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11Falchikov, N. (2005) Improving assessment through student involvement: Practical solutions foraiding learning in higher and further education. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.Fathali, S., & Okada, T. (2016). A self-determination theory approach to technology- enhancedout-of-class language learning intention: A case of Japanese EFL learners. International Journal ofResearch Studies in Language Learning, 6(4), 53-64.Fauziati, E. (2015). A state of the art of communicative competence theory. Journal of EnglishStudies, 2(2), 78-86.Feilzer, M. Y. (2010). Doing mixed methods research pragmatically: Implications for the rediscoveryof pragmatism as a research paradigm. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 4, 616.Feng, Z. (2007). The perceptions of Chinese junior high and senior high students regarding theteaching and learning of English listening and speaking skills. (Dissertation). Lubbock, TX: TexasTech University.Ferrer, F. P. (2015). Correlation of learners brain dominance and mathematics performance: Aninvestigation in educational setting. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research,14(2), 287-292. Retrieved from: http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/Fitzpatrick, B., and Schulz, H. (2016). Teaching young students to self-assess critically, Paperpresented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Washington, DC).Flyvbjerg, B. (2004). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. In Clive Seale, G. G.,Gubrium, J. F., & Silverman, D. (eds.) Qualitative ResearchPractice, Sage, London.Fouka, G., & Mantzorou, M. (2011). What are the major ethical issues in conductingresearch? Is there a conflict between the research ethics and the nature of nursing? What are themajor ethical issues in conducting research? Is there a conflict between the research ethics andthe nature of nursing? Health Science Journal, 5(1), 3-14.Gaillarda, S., & Tremblay, A. (2016). Linguistic proficiency assessment in second languageacquisition research: The elicited imitation task. Journal of Research in Language Studies, 66(2),419447, doi: 10.1111/lang.12157.Gaines, I. (2015). Increasing confidence and English use outside the ESL/IEP classroom forlower-level learners. University of Oregon Ortesol Journal, 32, 56-67.Gardner, D. (2000). Self-assessment for autonomous language learners. Links & Letters, 7(2), 4960.Gardner, H. (2000). Can technology exploit our many ways of knowing? In D. T. Gordon (Ed.), Thedigital classroom: How technology is changing the way we teach and learn (pp. 3235). Cambridge,MA.Gass, S., & Selinker L. (2001). Second language acquisition: An introductory course.Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Gazzaniga, M. (1992). Natures mind. New York: Basic Books.Geng, S., Law K. M. Y., & Niu B. (2019). Investigating self-directed learning and technologyreadiness in blending learning. International Journal of Educational Technology in HigherEducation, 16(17), 1-22.Gilakjani, A. P., & Sabouri, N. B. (2016). Learners listening comprehension difficulties inEnglish language learning: A literature review. English Language Teaching; 9(6), 123-133.G?o?wka, D. (2014). The impact of gender on attainment in learning English as a foreign language.Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(4), 617635. doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.4.3Godwin-Jones, R. (2011). Emerging Technologies Autonomous Language Learning.Language Learning &Technology, 15(3), 4-11.Gktrk, N. (2016). Examining the effectiveness of digital video recordings on oralperformance of EFL learners. Teaching English with Technology, 16(2), 71-96.Goundar, S. (2012). Research Methodology and Research Method. Retrieved from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333015026_Chapter_3_-_Research_Methodology_and_Research_MethodGraham, S. (2004). Giving up on modern foreign languages? Students perceptions of learning French.Modern Language Journal, 88(2), 17191.Gregory, K., Cameron, C., & Davies, A. (2000).Self-assessment and goal- settingMerville, ConnectionPublishing.Guglielmino, L. M. (2008). Why self-directed learning? International Journal of Self- DirectedLearning, 5(1), 1-14. Retrieved from: http://www.sdlglobal.com/IJSDL/IJSDL5.14-2008.pdfGuillory, J. J., & Blankson, A. N. (2017). Using recently acquired knowledge to self- assessunderstanding in the classroom. Sch. Teach. Learn. Psychol. 3, 7789. doi: 10.1037/stl0000079Gyura, A., & Ayduk, . (2007). Defensive physiological reactions to rejection: The effect ofself-esteem and attentional control on startle responses. Psychological Science, 18(10), 886-892.Halima, A. (2015). The Importance of self-esteem in enhancing foreign language learners speakingskill. Biskra, Algeria: Mohamed Kheider University of Biskra.Hamdan, J. M., & Hatab, W. A. (2009). English in the Jordanian context. World Englishes, 28 (3),394405.Harding, J. L., & Hbaci, I. (2015). Evaluating pre-service teachers math teaching experience fromdifferent perspectives. Univ. J. Educ. Res. 3, 382389. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2015.030605Hanrahan, S. J., & Isaacs, G. (2001). Assessing self- and peer-assessment: The students views.Higher Educational Research and Development, 20(1), 5370.Harker, M. (2004). The linguistic proficiency of Korean English teachers: An investigation ofself-assessment procedures and self-directed learning tasks using video. Retrieved from:https://books.google.com.my/books?id=OAZeHQAACAAJHarris, M. (1997). Self-assessment of language learning in formal settings. ELTJournal, 51(1) 12-20.Hart, I. (1992). Video, foreign languages teaching, and the documentary tradition.System, 20(1), 1-13.Hasan, M. M., Ibrahim, F., Mustapha, S. M., Islam, M. M., & Al-younus, M. A. (2018). The use ofYouTube videos in learning English language skills at tertiary level in Bangladesh. InfrastructureUniversity Kuala Lumpur Research Journal, 6(1), 27-37.Hashemian, M. (2012). On the interplay of self-esteem, proficiency level, and language learningstrategies among Iranian L2 learners. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching andResearch, 1(1), 1-10.Hatakeyama, Y. (2011). What do students listen to and why? Exploratory analyses of studentslistening journals. Language Research Bulletin, 26, 1-12.Hayati, A. M. (2010). Comedies are remedies: A case study on the effect of comedy shows onlistening comprehension of EFL learners. ESL Magazine, 73, 14-18.Hayati, M., & Ostadian, M. (2008). The relationship between self-esteem and listening comprehensionof EFL students. Retrieved from:http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.182.2531&rep=rep1 &type=pdfHayrettin, T. C. (2015). The relationship between self-confidence and learning Turkish as a foreignlanguage. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(18), 575 2589. doi.org/10.5897/ERR2015.2445Hayta, F., & Yaprak, Z. (2013). Learner autonomy and computer technology as a facilitator ofautonomous language learning. Journal of educational and instructional studies in the world, 3(2),76-82.Hedge, T. (2000). Teaching and learning in the language classroom. Oxford, England: OxfordUniversity Press.Hewitt-Taylor, J. (2001). Self-directed learning: Views of teachers and students. Journal ofAdvanced Nursing, 6(3), 496504.Hiemstra, R. (1994). Self-directed learning. In T. Husen& T. N. Postlethwaite (Eds.),The International Encyclopedia of Education (2nd ed.). Oxford, England:Pergamon Press.Hiemstra, R. (2004). Self-directed learning lexicon. International Journal of Self-directed Learning, 1(2), 1-6. Retrieved from:http://www.sdl global.com/IJSDL/IJSDL1.2-2004.pdfHill, S.E. & Buss, D.M. (2006). The evolution of self-esteem. In Michael Kernis,(Ed.), Self-esteem: Issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives.328-333. New York: Psychology Press.Holec, H. (1981). Autonomy in foreign language learning. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.Hsu, H. Y., Wang, S. K., & Comac, L. (2008). Using audio blogs to assist English- languagelearning: An investigation into student perception. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 21(2),181-198.Hu, P., & Zhang, J. (2016). A Pathway to Learner Autonomy: A Self-determination Theory Perspective.Huang, China: Asia Pacific Education. doi 10.1007/s12564-016-9468-z.Huang, C.P. (2010). Exploring factors affecting the use of oral communication strategies. Journalof Yuhua University of Science and Technology, 30, 85-104.Hue, L. T., & Jalil, H. A. (2013). Attitudes towards ICT Integration into Curriculum and Usageamong University Lecturers in Vietnam. International Journal of Instruction, 6(2), 5366.doi.org/10.12973/iji.2016.9115aHulstijn, J. (2007). The shaky ground beneath the CEFR: quantitative and qualitative dimensions oflanguage proficiency. The Modern Language Journal, 91(4), 663- 667.Hulstijn, J. H. (2011). Language proficiency in native and nonnative speakers: An agenda forresearch and suggestions for second-language assessment. Language Assessment Quarterly, 8(3),229-249. doi:10.1080/15434303.2011.565844Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.)Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.Hymes, D. (1972). Towards ethnographies of communication the analysis of communicative events. InPier Paolo Giglioli (ed.) Language and Social Context. Harmondsworth, England: PenguinIbrahim. R. (2007). Multiculturalism and education in Malaysia. Culture andReligion, 8(2). doi.org/10.1080/14755610701424024Imenda, S. (2014). Is there a conceptual difference between theoretical and conceptualframeworks? Journal of Social Science, 38(2), 185195.Ismaili, M. (2013). The effectiveness of using movies in the EFL classrooma study conducted atSouth East European University. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(4), 121.Ivanovska, B. (2015). Learner autonomy in foreign language education and in culturalcontext.Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 352-356doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.128Iwaniec, J. (2019). Language learning motivation and gender: The case of Poland. Int J ApplLinguist, 130-143. doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12251Jackson, D. (2014). Self-assessment of Employability Skill Outcomes among Undergraduates andAlignment with Academic Ratings. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 39(1): 53-72.doi: 10.1080/02602938.2013.792107.Jafarpur, A. (1991). Can native EFL learners estimate their proficiency? Evaluation and Research inEducation, 5(3), 154-157.Jalilfar, A. R., & Ansari, S. (2010). Pure and embedded film genres on the movie comprehension ofIranian EFL learners. Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies, 2(2), 109-132.Jaradat, E. M., & Bakrin, H. (2017). Proficiency level and language learning strategies amongJordanian studentsatUniversiti Utara Malaysia. Proceedings of the ICECRS, 1(1), 11211128.Jenny, P., Lekka, A., Eugenia, I., & Toki, A. (2010). Different learning theories applied todiverse learning subjects: A pilot study. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 800804.Johnson, K. E. (2009). Trends in second language teacher education. In A. Burns, & J. C.Richards. (Eds.), The Cambridge guide to second language teacher education. Cambridge, NY:Cambridge University Press.Jones, D. (Producer). (2009). A history of technology-mediated learning. The Weblog of (a) DavidJones: A pessimistic optimists journey through learning, teaching and technology. Retrieved fromhttp://davidtjones.wordpress.com/2009/04/17/a- history-of-technology-mediated-learningJordan Times. (2015). Education minister announces Tawjihi results. Retrieved fromhttp://www.petra.gov.jo/Public/ Main_english.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1Joshi, K.R. (2011). Learner perceptions and teacher beliefs about learner autonomy inlanguage learning. Journal of NELTA, 16, 13-29.Kabooha, R. H. (2016). Using movies in EFL classrooms: A study conducted at theEnglish Language Institute (ELI). English Language Teaching; 9(3), 15-25.Kadir, K. A., Shakizah, W., & Mohd, W. (2015). Students awareness of the importance of Englishlanguage proficiency with regard to future employment. World Review of Business Research, 5(3),259272. Retrieved from www.wrbrpapers.com/static/documents/September/2015/18.%20Kadzrina.pdfKanellopoulou, C., Kermanidis, K. L., & Giannakoulopoulos, A. (2019). The dual- coding andmultimedia learning theories: Film subtitles as a vocabulary teaching tool. Educational Science,9(210), 1-13.Kaushik, V., & Walsh, C. A. (2019). Pragmatism as a Research Paradigm and Its Implications forSocial Work Research. Social Sciences, 8(9), 1-17.Keeley, T. D. (2014). The self-confidence dimension in cultural adaptation and foreign languageacquisition: A basis for success in international business. Business Review, 2(5), 1-4.Kelle, U., Khberger, C., & Bernhard, R. (2019). How to use mixed-methods and triangulationdesigns: An introduction to history education research. History Education Research Journal, 16(1),523. doi.org/10.18546/HERJ.16.1.02Kennedy, J., Rea, J. N., & Rea, I. (2019). Prompting medical students to selfassess their learningneeds during the ageing and health module: A mixed methods study. Medical Education Online, 24(1),157-161.doi: 10.1080/10872981.2019.1579558.Khan, M. A. (2015). Using films in the ESL classroom to improve communication skills of non-nativelearners. ELT Voices-International Journal for Teachers of English, 54, 4652. Retrieved from:http://www.eltvoices.inKhatatneh, N. A. K., & Teh, K. S. M. (2018). Application of computerized learning games in teachingat Karak schools: Challenges encountered when teaching English language. The International Journalof Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 7(3), 424440.doi: 10.6007/ijarped/v7-i3/4430.Kim, H. S. (2015). Using authentic videos to improve efl students listening comprehension.International Journal of Contents, 11(4), 32-44.Kitano, K. (2001). Anxiety in the college Japanese language classroom. Modern Language Journal, 85,549-566.King, C. (2011). Fostering self-directed learning through guided tasks and learnerreflection. Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal, 2(4), 257-267.Kinnear, P. R., & Gray, C. D. (1999). SPSS for Windows made simple. East Sussex,England: Psychology Press Ltd.Klunklin, A., Viseskul, N., Sripusanapan, A., & Turale, S. (2010). Readiness for self- directedlearning among nursing students in Thailand. Nursing and Health Sciences, 12(2), 177-181.Knowles, M. (1968). Andragogy, not pedagogy. Adult Leadership, 16, 350-352. Knowles, M. (1975).Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. NewYork, NY: Association Press.Kocaman, G., Dicle, A., & Ugur, A. (2009). A longitudinal analysis of self-directed learningreadiness level of nursing students enrolled in a problem-based curriculum. Journal of NursingEducation, 48(5), 286-290. http://doi:10.9999/01484834-20090416-09Koosha, B., Ketabi, S., & Kassaian, Z. (2011). The effects of self-esteem, age and gender on thespeaking skills of intermediate university EFL learners. Theory and Practice in Language Studies,1(10), 1328-1337. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.1.10.1328-1337Koosha, M., & Yakhabi, M. (2013). Problems associated with the use of communicative languageteaching in EFL contexts and possible solutions. International Journal of Foreign Language Teachingand Research, 1(2), 63-76Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and practices in second language acquisition.Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizingones own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 77(6), 2134.Kurcz, I.D.A. (2004). Communicative competence and theory of mind. Definitions of Main Terms, 8(2),69.Kusumaningrum, M. A. (2015). Using English movie as an attractive strategy to teach senior highschool students English as a foreign language. LLT Journal, 18(1), 1-8.Kwan, K. & Leung, R. (1996). Tutor versus peer group assessment of student performance in astimulation training exercise. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 21, 239-249.Lakshmi, D. V., & Rani, A. (2016). Communicative approach: A method to improve language proficiencyof engineering graduates. Journal of Chemical andPharmaceutical Sciences, Special Issue. Retrieved from: www.jchps.comLangan, M., Shuker, D., Cullen, R., Penney, D., Preziosi, R., & Wheater, P. (2008)Relationships between student characteristics and self, peer and tutor evaluations of oralpresentations. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 33(2): 17990.Leach, L. (2012). Optional self-assessment: Some tensions and dilemmas. Assessment & Evaluation inHigher Education, 37(2), 137147. doi:10.1080/02602938.2010.515013LeBlanc, R. (1985). Second language student placement through self-assessment.Carleton Papers in Applied Language Studies, 22: 55-67.LeBlanc, R. & Painchaud, G. (1985). Self-assessment as a second language placement instrument.TESOL Quarterly, 19(4), 673-687.Lee, E. Y. H. (2013). Do effects of self-assessment differ by L2 language level ? A case of Koreanlearners of English. doi.org/10.1007/s40299-013-0111-zLeedy, P., & Ormrod, J. (2001). Practical Research: Planning and Design (7th Ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Leong, L., & Ahmadi, S. (2017). An Analysis of Factors Influencing Learners English SpeakingSkill. International Journal of Research in English Education, 2(1), 34-41.Lew, M., Alwis, W. & Schmidt, G. (2010). Accuracy of Students Self-assessment and their Beliefsabout its Utility. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(2):135-156. doi:10.1080/02602930802687737.Li, Xiangdong. (2018). Self-assessment as assessment as learning in translator and interpretereducation: validity and washback. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 12(1): 48-67. doi:10.1080/1750399X.2017.1418581Li, L. (2009). On the use of films in the ESL classroom. US-China Foreign Language, 7(12), 18-21.Listyani, & Tananuraksakul, N. (2019). Motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety in English languagelearning: Indonesian and Thai students perspectives. Accents Asia, 11(2), 54-77.Liton, H. A. (2012). Developing EFL Teaching and Learning Practices in Saudi Colleges: A Review,International Journal of Instruction, 5(2), 129-152.Little, D. (1991). Learner autonomy: Definitions, issues and problems. Dublin,England: Authentik.Little, D., Dam, L., & Timmer, J. (2000). Focus on learning rather than teaching:Why and how? Dublin, England: Centre for Language and Communication Studies Trinity College.Little, D. (2006). Learner autonomy: Drawing together the threads of self-assessment, goal-settingand reflection. Retrieved from:http://archive.ecml.at/mtp2/Elp_tt/Results/DM_layout/00_10/06/06%20Supple mentary%20text.pdfLittle, D., & Legenhausen, L. (2017). Language learner autonomy: Theory, practice and research.Bristol, U.K.: Multilingual matters.Litzinger, T., Wise, J. C., & Lee, S. C. (2005). Self-directed learning readiness among engineeringundergraduate students. Journal of Engineering Education, 94(2), 215- 221. Retrieved fromhttp://0-searc h.proquest.com.source.unco.edu/do cview/217947852?accountid=12832Liu, D. (2015). A critical review of Krashens input hypothesis: Three major arguments. Journal ofEducation and Human Development, 4(4), 139-146.Liu, H. J. (2008). Use of alternative assessment in evaluating college students listeningproficiency through collaborative tasks. College English: Issues and Trends, 2, 55-76.Lockley, T. (2012). FLL proficiency and its link with self-perceived performance in the EFLclassroom: An exploratory study. Language Education Research, 23, 4970.Lkke, A., & Srensen, P. (2014). Theory Testing Using Case Studies. The Electronic Journal ofBusiness Research Methods, 12(1), 66-74.Lpez-Pastor, V. M., Pintor, P., Muros, B., & Webb, G. (2012). Student performance and student andtutor workload in pilot projects relating to formative assessment strategies. Journal of Furtherand Higher Education, 37(2), 1-18. doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2011.644780Luoma, S. (2004). Assessing speaking. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Lynch, T. (2001). Seeing what they meant: Transcribing as a route to noticing. ELT Journal, 55(2),124-132.Lynch, T. (2007). Learning from the transcripts of an oral communication task. ELTJournal, 61(4), 311-320.Ma, X. (2017). An integrative literature review of self-directed learning in highereducation. Dissertation submitted to the faculty of Virginia polytechnic institute and stateUniversity. Virginia, VA: Virginia polytechnic institute and state university.MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clment, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2002). Sex and age effects onwillingness to communicate, anxiety, perceived competence, and L2 motivation among junior highschool French immersion students. Language Learning, 52(3), 537-564.MacIntyre, P. D., Noels, K. A., & Clment, R. (1997). Biases in self-ratings of second languageproficiency: The role of language anxiety. Language Learning, 47(2), 265287.MacLean, P. (1990). The Triune Brain in evolution. New York, NY: Plenum.Madiyoh, R., & Putro, N. (2018). The Effectiveness of Authentic Short Movies in Enhancing StudentsSpeaking Skill. Inter. J. Eng. Lit. Cult. 6(3): 44-49.Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a Thematic Analysis: A Practical, Step- by-Step Guidefor Learning and Teaching Scholars. The All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in HigherEducation, 3(3), 54-67. Retrieved from: http://ojs.aishe.org/index.php/aishe-j/article/view/335Magno, C. (2010). Korean students' language learning strategies and years of studying English aspredictors of proficiency in English. TESOL Journal, 2, 39-61.Mahi, A. (2017). Teachers attitudes towards authentic and non-authentic materials in speakingclassrooms: Case of first year EFL teachers at the University of Tlemcen (Thesis). Abou BakrBelkaid, Algeria: University of Tlemcen.Retrieved from: http://dspace.univ-tlemcen.dz/bitstream/112/11075/1/amina- mahi.pdfMajedi, N., & Pishkar, K. (2016). Speaking accuracy and self-directed learning,Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 3(1), 246253.Makewa, L. N., Role, E., & Tuguta, E. (2013). Students perceived level of English proficiency insecondary schools in Dodoma, Tanzania. International Journal of Instruction, 6(2), www.e-iji.netp-issn: 1694-609x.Maleki, A. E. Z. (2007). A survey on the relationship between English language proficiency and theacademic achievement of Iranian EFL students. Asian EFL Journal, 9(1), 86-94.Malison, K. (2018). An exploratory study of self-directed learning: the differences between it andnon-it employees in Thailand. Journal of EntrepreneurshipEducation, 21(3), 21-35.Mandokhail, S., Khan, F. R., & Malghani, M. (2018). Impact of ESL learners self-esteem on their oral proficiency. International Journal of English Linguistics, 8(3), 23-34,doi:10.5539/ijel.v8n3p210.Marks, M. B., Haug, J. C., and Hu, H. (2018). Investigating undergraduate business internships: dosupervisor and self-evaluations differ? J. Educ. Bus. 93, 3345. doi: 10.1080/08832323.2017.1414025Martinez, E. A., & Villa, O. E. S. (2017). A quantitative study of self confidence in learningEnglish as a foreign language. Academia Journal of Educational Research, 5(2), 2428.http://doi.org/10.15413/ajer.2017.0302Mathew, N. G., & Alidmat, A. O. H. (2013). A study on the usefulness of audio- visual aids in EFLclassroom: Implications for effective instruction. International Journal of Higher Education, 2(2),8692. http://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v2n2p86Matrisciano, G. (2018). Factors influencing second language acquisition. Leipzig, Germany, LeipzigUniversity Institute of British Studies.Matsuno, S. (2009). Self-, peer-, and teacher-assessments in Japanese university EFL writingclassrooms. Language Testing, 26(1), 075100. doi:10.1177/0265532208097337Maxwell, J. A. (2005), Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Mayer, R.E. (2014). The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, 2nd ed.; Cambridge Handbooks inPsychology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.Mayer, R. E., & Anderson, R. B. (1991). Animations need narrations: An experimental test of adual-coding hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 484-490.Mayer, R.E., & Moreno, R. (2005). A cognitive theory of multimedia learning: Implications fordesign principles. Educational Psychology Review, Retrieved from:http://www.unm.edu/~moreno/pdfs/chi.pdfMcMillan, J. H., & Hearn, J. (2008). Student self-assessment: The key to stronger studentmotivation and higher achievement. Educational Horizons, 87(1), 4049.Medgyes, P. (1994). The non-native teacher. London, England: Macmillan.Meihami, H., & Razmjoo, S. A. (2016). An emic perspective toward challenges and solutions ofself-and peer-assessment in writing courses. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign LanguageEducation. 1(9), 1-20. doi: 10.1186/ s40862-016-0014-7Mennim, P. (2012). Learner negotiation of L2 form in transcription exercises. ELTJournal, 66(1), 52-61.Meshkat, M., & Hassanzade, A. (2014). Effect of self-directed learning on the components of readingcomprehension. Research in Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 1- 13.Metruk, R. (2018). The Effects of Watching Authentic English Videos with and without Subtitles onListening and Reading Skills of EFL Learners. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science andTechnology Education, 14(6), 2545-2553.Mherzog, A. (2012). Review of definition for oral communication: Essential skills definitionreview. Idea Scale. Retrieved from: https://essentialskills.ideascale.com/a/...definition...Oral-Communication/94632-17651Micn, D. A., & Medina, C. L. (2017). Boosting vocabulary learning through selfassessment in anEnglish language teaching context. Assess. Evalu. High. Educ. 42, 398414. doi:10.1080/02602938.2015.1118433Milanovic, M., Saville, A., Pollitt, D., & Cook, A. (1996). Developing rating scales for CASE:Theoretical concerns and analyses. In A. Cumming & R. Berwick (eds.) Validation in languagetesting. Clevedon, England: Multilingual MattersLtd.Millbower, L. (2000). Training with a beat: The teaching power of music. Sterling,Virginia: Stylus.Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2008). Introducing technological pedagogical content knowledge. NewYork, NY: Teachers College Record.Mistar, J. (2011). A study of the validity and reliability of self-assessment, TEFLIN Journal,22(1), 4558.Mohajan, H.K. (2018). Qualitative Research Methodology in Social Sciences and Related Subjects.Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 7(01), 2348.Mohammed, H. M. (2018). Challenges of learning English as a foreign language (EFL) by non-nativelearners. International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 3(4).Moheidat, A. S., & Baniabdelrahman, A. A. (2011). The impact of Omani twelfth- grade studentsself-assessment on their performance in reading in English. AsianEFL Journal, 13(1), 4884.Monfared, J. H., & Derakhshan, H. (2015). The comparison qualitative andquantitative research. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 5(2), 17.Retrieved from http://www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/Moradi, H. (2018). Self-directed learning in language teaching-learning processes.Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods, 8(6), 59-64.Moreno, R., & Mayer, R. (2007). Interactive multimodal learning environments.Educational Psychology Review, 19(3), 309326, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-007-9047-2Morgan, D.L. (2014). Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: A Pragmatic Approach.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Morgan, D.L. (2007). Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications ofcombining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 4876.Mori, S., Ming, T.S., Nor, N. F., Supppiah, V. L., & Imm, O. S. (2011). Attribution tendency andits relationship with actual and perceived proficiency. Journal of Language Studies, 11(3),199-218.Moritz, C. (1995). Self-assessment of foreign language proficiency: A critical analysis of issuesand a study of cognitive orientations of French learners (Dissertation). New York, NY: CornellUniversity.Moritz, C. (1996). Student self-assessment of language proficiency: Perceptions on self and others.Retrieved from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED399771.Muoz, A., & Albarez, M. E. (2007). Students' objectivity and perception of self- assessment in anEFL classroom. The Journal of Asian TEFL, 4(2), 1-25.Muongmee, S. (2007). The role of lifelong learning and self-directed learning in educational reformin Thailand. Educational Journal of Thailand, 1(1), 33 - 42. Retrieved from:http://www.edu.buu.ac.th/ journal/journalinter/ p33 - 42.pdfMurakami, C., Valvona, C., & Broudy, D. (2012). Turning apathy into activeness in oralcommunication classes: regular self- and peer-assessment in a TBLT programme. System. 40, 407420.doi: 10.1016/j.system.2012.07.003Muthim, A. (2016). Does student self-assessment assess as valid and reliable as teacherassessment? Arab World English Journal, 7(1), 123139.Mynard, J. (2011). The role of the learning advisor in promoting autonomy. LearnerAutonomy in Language Learning. Retrieved from: http://ailarenla. org.lall.Naeini, J. (2011). Self-assessment and the impact on language skills, EducationalResearch, 2(6), 12251231.Nagel, M., & Lindsey, B. (2018). The use of classroom clickers to support improved self-assessmentin introductory chemistry. J. College Sci. Teach. 47, 7279.Najjar, L. J. (1995). Dual coding as a possible explanation for the effects of multimedia onlearning. Retrieved from: http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/reports/TechReports95.htmlNaouel, B. (2015). The role of foreign language learners self - esteem in enhancing their oralperformance. International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research, 2(2), 112.Nasiri, A., & PourhoseinGilakjani, A. (2018). A Review of EFL Learners Speaking Skill and theStrategies for Improvement. Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM), 6(9), 53-59.Nazarova, G. P., & Umurova, K. H. (2016). Self-confidence and its importance in learning languages.International Scientific Journal, 4, 4749.Ndoye, A. (2017). Peer/self-assessment and student learning. Int. J. Teach. Learn.High. Educ. 29, 255269.Neumeier, P. (2005). A closer look at blended learning parameters for designing a blended learningenvironment for language teaching and learning. ReCALL, 17(2), 163178.doi.org/10.1017/S0958344005000224Nguyen, T., & Foster, K. A. (2018). Research notemultiple time point course evaluation and studentlearning outcomes in an MSW course. J. Soc. Work Educ. 54, 715723.doi:10.1080/10437797.2018.1474151Nicholson, S. J. (2013). Influencing motivation in the foreign language classroom.Journal of International Education Research, 9(3), 23-32.Niemiec, C. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom:Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. Theory and Research in Education, 7(2),133144.doi.org/10.1177/1477878509104318Noels, K., Pelletier, L., & Clement, R. (2003). Why are you learning a second language?Motivational orientations and self-determination theory. LanguageLearning, 53(1), 33 64.Noonan, B., & Duncan, C. R. (2005). Peer and self-assessment in high schools.Practical assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(17), 1-8.Nunan, D. (1991). Language teaching methodology series: A textbook for teachers.New York, NY: Prentice HallNunan, D. (1995). Closing the gap between learning and instruction. TESOL Quarterly, 29(1),133-158.Nunan, D. (2003). Listening in a second language. The Language Teacher, Retrieved from:http://www.jaltpublications.org/old_tlt/articles/2003/07/nunanOlivier, J. (2019). Exploring autonomography: The development of a self-directed writingself-rating scale. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 7(1), 1-22.OMalley, J. M., & Pierce, L. V. (1996). Authentic assessment for English language learners:Practical approaches for teachers. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley.Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Collins, K. M. T. (2007). The qualitative report: A typology of mixed methodssampling designs in social science research. Retrieved from http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqrOnwuegbuzie, A. J., & Leech, N. L. (2005). On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: The Importance ofCombining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies. International Journal of SocialResearch Methodology: Theory & Practice, 8(5), 375387. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570500402447Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Bailey, P., & Daley, C. (1999). Factors associated with foreign languageanxiety. Applied Psycholinguistics, 20, 217-239.Oscarson, M. (1997). Self-assessment of foreign and second language proficiency. In Clapham, C. &Corson, D. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and education: Language testing and assessment, 7,175-187. London, England: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Ostlund, U., Kidd, L., Wengstrm, Y., & Rowa-Dewar, N. (2010). Combining qualitative andquantitative research within mixed method research designs: a methodological review. Internationaljournal of nursing studies, 48(3):369-383. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.10.005Oxford, R.L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know.New York, NY: Newbury House.Panadero, E., Jonsson, A., & Strijbos, J. W. (2016). Scaffolding self-regulatedlearning through self-assessment and peer assessment: guidelines for classroom implementation, inAssessment for Learning: Meeting the Challenge of Implementation, eds D. Laveault and L. Allal (NewYork, NY: Springer), 311 326. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-39211-0_18Panadero, E., & Romero, M. (2014). To rubric or not to rubric? The effects of self- assessment onself-regulation, performance and self-efficacy. Assess. Educ. 21, 133148. doi:10.1080/0969594X.2013.877872Panadero, E., Jonsson, A., & Botella, j. (2017). Effects of self-assessment on self- regulatedlearning and self-efficacy: Four meta-analyses. Educational research Review, 22, 74-98.Paivio, A., &Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding?Cognitive Psychology, 5, 176-206.Paris, S. G., & Paris, A. H. (2001). Classroom applications of research on self- regulatedlearning. Educational Psychologist, 36(2), 89101.Patri, M. (2002). The influence of peer feedback on self and peer-assessment of oral skills.Language Testing, 19 (2), 109131.Peers, L. (1996). Statistical analysis for education and psychology researchers.London, England: Palmer Press.Peirce, B., Swain, M., & Hart, D. (1993). Self-assessment, French immersion, and locus of control.Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 25-42.Pennycook, A. (1997). Cultural alternatives and autonomy. In P. Benson and P. Voller (Eds.),Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning (pp. 35-53).London, England: LongmanPierce, B., Swain, M., & Hart, D. (1993). Self-assessment, French immersion, and locus of control.Applied Linguistics, 14, 25-42.Pierce, L. V. (2003). Assessing English language learners. Washington, D.C.: National EducationAssociation.Pillar, W. (2011). A framework for testing communicative competence. ELLE International Conference,Partium Christian University, Romania. The Round Table: Partium Journal of English Studies, 2,24-37.Polat, N. (2011). Gender differences in motivation and L2 accent attainment: Aninvestigation of young Kurdish learners of Turkish. Language Learning Journal,39(1), 1941. doi.org/10.1080/09571730903545251Potosi, L. J., Loaiza, E. A., & Garcia, A. C. (n.d.). Using video materials as ateaching strategy for listening comprehension. Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira Facultad.Retrieved from: repositorio.utp.edu.co/dspace/bitstream/handle/11059/1936/371333A786.pdfPop, A., Tomuletiu, E. A., & David, D. (2011). EFL speaking communication with asynchronous voicetools for adult students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1199-1203.Porterfield, K. (2016). Brain drain: Using brainwaves and machine learning to detect errors inhuman problem solving. Florida, FL: Stetson University De Land.Prabjandee, D., & Inthachot, M. (2013). Self-directed learning readiness of college students inThailand. Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 2(1), 8- 16.Pramita, G. A. P. (2012). The contribution of self-esteem and language learning strategies to thestudents' English proficiency for second-year students of SMA Negeri 7 Denpasar. Jurnal Penelitian,1(1), 10-13.Price, J. K., Pierson, E., & Light, D. (2011). Using classroom assessment to promote 21st centurylearning in emerging market. Retrieved from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215501081_Using_Classroom_Assessment_to_Promote_21st_Century_Learning_in_Emerging_Market_Countries?enrichId=rgreq-9084fe33ed2ff86c37df7f65c5d5029d-Pullmann, H., & Allik, J. (2008). Relations of academic and general self-esteem to schoolachievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(6), 559-564.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.017Qiang, L., & Huili, W. (2007). Concept and its correlation with English study. CELEA Journal, 30(6), 23-30.Qureshi, A. I. (2007). The importance of speaking skills for EFL learners. Islamabad, Pakistan:Allama Iqbal Open University. Retrieved from:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Speaking_Skills.pdfRaaijmakers, S. F., Baars, M., Paas, F., Jeroen, J. G., & Gog, T. (2019). Effects ofself-assessment feedback on self-assessment and task-selection accuracy.Metacognition and Learning, 14, 2342. doi.org/10.1007/s11409-019-09189-5Rafee, N., Mustafa, Z. F., Shahabudin, A., Razali, A.M., & Hassan, N. (2012). Level of Englishproficiency among science students of UKM. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59, 663-669.Ragin, C. (1994). Constructing Social Research. Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks,CA.Rahman, M. M. (2010). Teaching oral communication skills : A task-based approach.ESP World, 9(1), 111.Ratminingsih, N. M., Marhaeni, A. A. I. N., & Vigayanti, L. P. D. (2018). Self- assessment: theeffect on students independence and writing competence. Int. J. Instruc, 11, 277290. doi:10.12973/iji.2018.11320aReese, P. (n.d.). Factors affecting self-esteem. Virginia: Virginia State University Press.Retrieved from https://southeastinforms.org/Proceedings/2008/proc/p080527003.pdfRehman, M., & Alhaisoni, E. (2013). Teaching English in Saudi Arabia: Prospects and Challenges,Academic Research International 4, 1, 112-118.Reinders, H. (2010). Towards classroom pedagogy for learner autonomy: A framework of independentlanguage learning skills. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 35(5), 39-55.http://dx.doi.org/10.14221/ ajte.2010v35n5.4Richards, J. C. (2005). Communicative language teaching today. Singapore: RELC.Richards, J. C. (2015). The changing face of language learning: Learning beyond the classroom. RELCJournal, 46(1), 5-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033688214561621Rismawati. R. (2017). Teaching listening by using authentic videos. English Education Journal,8(2), 222-233.Robson, C. (1993). Real World Research. Oxford: Blackwell.Rokni, S., & Ataee, A. (2014). Movies in EFL Classrooms: with or without Subtitles. The DawnJournal, 3(1), 715-726. Retrieved from: http://thedawnjournal.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/4-Dr.-Seyed.pdfRoss, J. A. (2006). The reliability, validity, and utility of self-assessment. PracticalAssessment, Research and Evaluation, 11(10), 45-55.Rossman, G. B., & Wilson. B. L. (1985). Numbers and words: Combining quantitativeand qualitative methods in a single large-scale evaluation study. Evaluation Review, 9(5), 627-643.Rubio, F. (Ed). (2007). Self-esteem and foreign language learning. Cambridge, England: CambridgeScholars Publishing.Runnels, J. (2013). Student ability, self-assessment, and teacher assessment on theCEFR-Js can-do statements. The Language Teacher, 37(5), 37.Rust, C., Price, M., & ODonovan, B. (2003). Improving students learning bydeveloping their understanding of assessment criteria and processes. Assessment and Evaluation inHigher Education, 28(2): 14764.Ryan, R. M. (2009). Self-determination theory and wellbeing. Wellbeing in Developing Countries, 1,12.Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsicmotivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(1),6878.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68Sadoski, M. (2005). A dual coding view of vocabulary learning. Reading & Writing Quarterly:Overcoming Learning Difficulties, 21(3), 221-238.Saito, Y. (2005). The use of self-assessment in second language assessment. Working paper in TESOLand Applied Linguistics. Retrieved from(http://www.tc.columbia.edu/academic/tesol/WJFiles/pdf/Saito_Forum .pdf).Retrieved on 1 April, 2010.Salavati, S. (2016). Use of digital technologies in education: The complexity of teachers everydaypractice. Retrieved from:https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1039657/FULLTEXT01.pdf Saniei, A. (2011). Who is anideal native speaker? IPEDR, 26(1), 7478.Sarudin, I., Noor, Z., Zubairi, A.M., Ahmad, T.B. & Nordin, M.S. (2013). Needs assessment ofworkplace English and Malaysian graduates English language competency. World Applied SciencesJournal, 21, 8894. doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.21.sltl.2141Savignon, S. J. (1976). Communicative competence: Theory and classroom practice.Paper presented at the Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, Detroit,Michigan. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.Communicative_Competence_Theory_and_Classroom_Practice.edu/2136858/._Texts_and_Contexts_in_Second_Language_Learning._The_Addison-Wesley_Second_Language_Schtz (1998) Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition. Retrieved from:https://www.sk.com.br/sk-krash-english.htmlSewell, D. (2009). Discuss the opinions expressed by A and B on the IELTS test in unit 1 of thetesting course. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2(1), 12-16.http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3342061Shafaee, F. S., Mirghafourvand, M., Harischi, S., & Amirzehni, J. (2017). Therelationship between self-confidence and quality of life in women undergoing treatment for breastcancer, 2(3), 6572. doi.org/10.22034/APJCC.2017.2.3.65Sharma, R., Jain, A., Gupta, N., Garg, S., Batta, M., & Dhir, S. (2016). Impact of self- assessmentby students on their learning. International Journal and Basic Medical Research, 6(3), 226-229.http://doi.org/10.4103/2229-516X.186961Simons, G. F., & Charles D. F. (Eds.). (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the world, twentiethedition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.Retrieved http://www.ethnologue.comSileyew, K. (2019). Research design and methodology. IntechOpen. Retrieved from:https://www.intechopen.com/books/cyberspace/research-design-and- methodologySiow, L.F. (2015). Students perceptions on self- and peer-assessment in enhancing learningexperience. Malaysian Online J. Educ. Sci. 3, 2135.Smadi, O., & Al-Ghazo, A. (2013). Jordanian teachers language proficiency, and experientialknowledge and their relationship to teachers classroom practices. International Journal ofBusiness and Social, 4(11), 230257. Retrieved from:http://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_11_September_2013/22.pdfSmedley, A. (2007). The self-directed learning readiness of first year bachelor of nursingstudents. Journal of Research in Nursing, 17(2), 373-385.doi: 10.1177/17449871070 77532Smith, S. (2015). Accuracy in speaking self-assessment among Japanese-speaking English learners andits implications. Polyglossia, 27, 4155. Retrieved from:http://r-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp/handle/10367/6114Smith, M.J. (2008). Disciplinary perspectives linked to middle range theory. In: MJ Smith, PR Liehr(Eds.): Middle Range Theory for Nursing, 2??edition. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.Soongpankhao, W. (2016). An exploratory qualitative study on English language instruction. Journalof Educational and Instructional Studies, 6(1), 112.Soureshjani, K. H., & Naseri, N. (2011). An investigation into the relationship betweenself-esteem, proficiency level, and the reading ability of Iranian EFL language learners. Journalof Language Teaching and Research, 2(6), 1312-1319. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.2.6.1312-1319Souriyavongsa, T., Rany, S., Abidin, M. J., & Mei, L. L. (2013). Factors causesstudents low English language Learning: a case study in the national University of Laos.International Journal of English Language Education, 1(1), 179-188 doi:10.5296/ijele.v1i1.3100Spiller, D. (2012). Assessment matters: Self-assessment and peer assessment.Waikato, Japan: The University of WaikatoSt.Louis, R. (2006). Helping students become autonomous learners: Can technology help? A journalfor teachers of English, 6(3), 7-15.Retrieved from: http://www.iatefl.org.pl/ call/j_esp25.htm.Stern, H. H. (1983). Fundamental concepts of language teaching. Oxford, England: Oxford UniversityPress.Steve, M. (2018). Listening comprehension: An important language skill. The Linguist Institute,Inc. Retrieved from: https://blog.thelinguist.com/listening-comprehensionSukamolson, S. (2007). Fundamentals of quantitative research. Language Institute ChulalongkornUniversity, 1-20. Retrieved from:https://www.academia.edu/5847530/Fundamentals_of_quantitative_researchSunderland, J. (2006). Language and gender: An advanced resource book. New York: Routledge.Svedberg, M. K. (2010). Self-directed learning and persistence in online asynchronous undergraduateprograms (Dissertation). Virginia, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.Swan, M. (2017). EFL, ELF, and the question of accuracy. ELT Journal, 71(4), 511-515. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/eltj/article- abstract/71/4/511/3991585Swanborn, P. (2010). Case Study Research: What, Why and How? Sage, London.Sze-yeng, F. (2013). Self-directed learning in an E-socioconstructivist learning environment.Thesis submitted to the faculty of education, University of Malaya. University of Malaya, Malaysia.Tahir, B. J. (2015). The impact of using movies on learning English language at University ofHalabja. Halabja, Iraq: University of halabja.Takahashi, A. (2009). Self-perception of English ability: Is it related to proficiency and/or classperformance? Niigata Studies in Foreign Languages and Cultures,14, 39-48.Tan, K. (2008). Qualitatively different ways of experiencing student self-assessment.Higher Education Research and Development, 27(1), 15-29.Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2008). Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and QuantitativeApproaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and QuantitativeApproaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Taylor, B. (1995). Self-directed learning: Revisiting an idea most appropriate for middle schoolstudents. Nashville, TN: Great Lakes and Southeast International Reading Association.Taylor, J. J. (2013). Confusing stats terms explained: Internal consistency. Retrieved from:http://www.statsmakemecry.com/smmctheblog/confusing-stats-terms-explained-internal-consistency.htmlTaylor, D. (1988). The meaning and use of the term 'competence' in linguistics and appliedlinguistics. Applied Linguistics, 9(2), 148-68.Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of Mixed Methods Research.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Tejeiro, R. A., Gomez-Vallecillo, J. L., Romero, A. F., Pelegrina, M., Wallace, A., & Emberley, E.(2012). Summative self-assessment in higher education: implications of its counting towards thefinal mark. Electron. J. Res. Educ.Psychol. 10, 789812.Tekkol, I. A., & Demirel, M. (2018). An investigation of self-directed learning skills ofundergraduate students. Frontiers in Educational Psychology, 23(1),https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02324.Thawabieh, A. M. (2017). A comparison between students self-assessment and teachers assessment.J. Curri. Teach. 6, 1420. doi: 10.5430/jct.v6n1p14Tholin, J. (2007). Learner autonomy, self-directed learning and assessment: Lessons from Swedishexperience. Retrieved from:http://bada.hb.se/bitstream/2320/3572/1/Tholin%20190508%20learner%20auton omy.pdfThomas, J. E. (2017). Scholarly views on theory: Its nature, practical application, and relation toWorld view in business research. International Journal of Businessand Management. 12(9). doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n9p231.T?lfarl?o?lu, F. Y. (2014). Questioning academic success through self-regulation, self-esteem and attitude in foreign language learning (a case study). Theory and Practice in LanguageStudies, 4(11), 2223-2230. doi.org/10.4304/tpls.4.11.2223- 2230Tillman, J. G., Clemence, A. J., & Stevens, J. L. (2011). Mixed methods research design forpragmatic psychoanalytic studies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 59,10231040.Tudor, I. (1997). Learner-centeredness as language education. Cambridge, England: CambridgeUniversity Press.Tunel, H. (2015). The relationship between self-confidence and learning Turkish as a foreignlanguage. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(18), 2575-2589.doi: 10.5897/ERR2015.2445.nald?, ?. (2016). Self and teacher assessment as predictors of proficiency levels of Turkish EFLlearners. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 41(1), 6780.doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2014.980223Usman, J., & Mustafa, L. (2014). Challenges of Teaching Oral English in Nigerian High Schools.Issues in Language Studies, 3(1), 15-23.Varga, D. (2013). And action! developing skills with the help of films in the EFL classroom.Practice and Theory in Systems of Education, 8(4), 343-357.Venhuizen, C. (2008). Student and instructor feedback regarding motivational impact of nine weekfreshman English module. College English : Issues and Trends, 2(2), 44-50.Verma, G. K., & Mallick, K. (1999). Researching education: Perspective and techniques. Hong Kong:Falmer Press.Walia, R. (2015). A Saga of Qualitative Research. Social Crimonol, 3(2), pp. 1-3.Wang, H. (2014). Learner autonomy based on constructivism learning theory.International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Businessand Industrial Engineering, 8(5), 15521554.Wang, W. (2017). Using rubrics in student self-assessment: student perceptions in the English as aforeign language writing context. Assess. Evalu. High. Educ. 42, 12801292. doi:10.1080/02602938.2016.1261993Wiest, G. (2012). Neural and mental hierarchies.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00516Williams, Z. (2014). The use of multimedia material in teaching Chinese as a secondlanguage and pedagogical implications. Retrieved from:https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/1016Wilson, K. (1996). Validity of global self-ratings of ESL speaking proficiency based on anFSI/ILR-referenced scale: An empirical assessment. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UniversityPress.Wilson, S. T. J. (2006). Anxiety in learning English as foreign language: Its associations withstudent variables, with oral proficiency, and with performance on an oral test. (Dissertation).Granada: Universidad de Granada.Winke, P. (2009). Self-esteem and foreign language learning. The Modern Language Journal, 93(2),308309. doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2009.00870_8.xWinke, P. (2007). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second languageacquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 29, 143- 144.Wisker, G. (2007). The postgraduate research handbook. Palgrave: Macmillan.Woottipong, K. (2014). Effect of using video materials in the teaching of listening skills foruniversity students.International Journal of Linguistics, 6(4).https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v6i4.5870Xhemaili, M. (2013). The Advantages of Using Films to Enhance Students Reading Skills in the EFLClassroom. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(13), 62-66.Yaseen, B. H., & Shakir, H. (2015). Movie effects on EFL learners at Iraqi school in Kuala Lumpur.International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 3(3), 3136.Yassin, B. (2015). Challenges of teaching English language to English language learners at privateuniversities in Jordan. Arab World English Journal, 6(2), 265 274.Yilmaz, F. N. (2017). Reliability of scores obtained from self-, peer-, and teacher assessments onteaching materials prepared by teacher candidates. Educ. Sci. 17, 395409. doi:10.12738/estp.2017.2.0098Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SagePublications.Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd Ed.). ThousandOaks, CA: Sage Publications.Yoon, E., & Lee, H. K. (2013). Do effects of self-assessment differ by L2 languagelevel? A case of Korean learners of English. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 22(4), 731739.doi.org/10.1007/s40299-013-0111-zYuan, H. B., Williams, B. A., Fang, J. B., & Pang, D. (2012). Chinese baccalaureate nursingstudents' readiness for self-directed learning. Nurse Education Today, 32(4), 427- 431. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2011.03. 005Zardini, M., & Barnabe, F. (2013). How to improve the speaking skills through the communicativeapproach. Dilogos Pertinentes Revista Cientfica de Letras, 9(2), 2743.Zare, P., & Riasati, M. J. (2012). The relationship between language learning anxiety, self-esteem,and academic level among Iranian EFL learners. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum, 20(1), 219225.Zeigler-Hill, V. (2006). Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications fornarcissism and self-esteem instability. Journal of Personality, 74(1), 119 144.Zheng, H., Huang, J., & Chen, Y. (2012). Effects of self-assessment on Chinese studentsperformance on college English writing tests. Polyglossia, 23, 12-20.Zheng, R. (2018). Digital technologies and instructional design for personalized learning.Pennsylvania, PA: IGI Global.Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H. (2011). Self-regulated learning and performance: an introductionand overview, in Handbook of Self-Regulation of Learning and Performance, eds B. J. Zimmerman andD. H. Schunk, 114. New York, NY: Routledge.Zulkurnain, N. (2015). Oral English communication difficulties and coping strategies of diploma ofhotel management students at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 20(3), 93112.