Exploring the effect of an integrated STEM-based water rocket module on STEM elements application in a selected science school: a case study

<p>The aim of the study is to develop an integrated STEM-based water rocket module,</p><p>known as SEMARAK (SElangkah Menuju Angkasa RAya Kita) and explore its effect</p><p>on STEM elements application in a selected science school...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Nur Rosliana Mohd Hafiz
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2021
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7251
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:7251
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle LB Theory and practice of education
Nur Rosliana Mohd Hafiz
Exploring the effect of an integrated STEM-based water rocket module on STEM elements application in a selected science school: a case study
description <p>The aim of the study is to develop an integrated STEM-based water rocket module,</p><p>known as SEMARAK (SElangkah Menuju Angkasa RAya Kita) and explore its effect</p><p>on STEM elements application in a selected science school. The study was divided into</p><p>two stages, namely the module development stage and the module effect study. Sidek</p><p>Module Development Model (SMDM) was used in the first stage. The module</p><p>development stage involved validity evaluation by seven STEM subjects' experts. A</p><p>pilot test was conducted for reliability evaluation on a group of Form Three pupils (the</p><p>first batch undergoing the Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (KSSM)). In the</p><p>second stage, a single-case embedded case study was conducted to explore</p><p>SEMARAK's effect on STEM elements application. Representatives from eight</p><p>subgroups among 32 Form Four participants from a science school in Kuala Lumpur</p><p>were selected as respondents. Data were collected using document analysis and</p><p>observation based on criterion rubric. These data were triangulated with pupils activity</p><p>record and semi-structured interviews. Findings showed that SEMARAK had excellent</p><p>validity value for face (S-CVI/Ave=1.00), content (S-CVI/Ave=0.95), and activity (SCVI/</p><p>Ave=1.00). SEMARAK also had excellent reliability (=0.94). In terms of STEM</p><p>knowledge, SEMARAK encourages the application of STEM concepts such as force,</p><p>pressure, trigonometry, and others. Most of the representatives managed to obtain at</p><p>least 80% for STEM skill (62.5%) and STEM value (75.0%) based on the provided</p><p>rubric. However, accepted positive responses on STEM skill and value from the journal</p><p>and interview were low, indicating low STEM skill and value awareness among the</p><p>subgroup representatives. In conclusion, a validated and reliable module was</p><p>successfully developed to encourage STEM elements application. SEMARAK has</p><p>positive effects on STEM elements application among its targeted pupils. This study</p><p>implies that a systematically developed module can encourage STEM elements</p><p>application among pupils via water rocket activities.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Nur Rosliana Mohd Hafiz
author_facet Nur Rosliana Mohd Hafiz
author_sort Nur Rosliana Mohd Hafiz
title Exploring the effect of an integrated STEM-based water rocket module on STEM elements application in a selected science school: a case study
title_short Exploring the effect of an integrated STEM-based water rocket module on STEM elements application in a selected science school: a case study
title_full Exploring the effect of an integrated STEM-based water rocket module on STEM elements application in a selected science school: a case study
title_fullStr Exploring the effect of an integrated STEM-based water rocket module on STEM elements application in a selected science school: a case study
title_full_unstemmed Exploring the effect of an integrated STEM-based water rocket module on STEM elements application in a selected science school: a case study
title_sort exploring the effect of an integrated stem-based water rocket module on stem elements application in a selected science school: a case study
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Sains dan Matematik
publishDate 2021
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7251
_version_ 1747833371165196288
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:72512022-07-15 Exploring the effect of an integrated STEM-based water rocket module on STEM elements application in a selected science school: a case study 2021 Nur Rosliana Mohd Hafiz LB Theory and practice of education <p>The aim of the study is to develop an integrated STEM-based water rocket module,</p><p>known as SEMARAK (SElangkah Menuju Angkasa RAya Kita) and explore its effect</p><p>on STEM elements application in a selected science school. The study was divided into</p><p>two stages, namely the module development stage and the module effect study. Sidek</p><p>Module Development Model (SMDM) was used in the first stage. The module</p><p>development stage involved validity evaluation by seven STEM subjects' experts. A</p><p>pilot test was conducted for reliability evaluation on a group of Form Three pupils (the</p><p>first batch undergoing the Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (KSSM)). In the</p><p>second stage, a single-case embedded case study was conducted to explore</p><p>SEMARAK's effect on STEM elements application. Representatives from eight</p><p>subgroups among 32 Form Four participants from a science school in Kuala Lumpur</p><p>were selected as respondents. Data were collected using document analysis and</p><p>observation based on criterion rubric. These data were triangulated with pupils activity</p><p>record and semi-structured interviews. Findings showed that SEMARAK had excellent</p><p>validity value for face (S-CVI/Ave=1.00), content (S-CVI/Ave=0.95), and activity (SCVI/</p><p>Ave=1.00). SEMARAK also had excellent reliability (=0.94). In terms of STEM</p><p>knowledge, SEMARAK encourages the application of STEM concepts such as force,</p><p>pressure, trigonometry, and others. Most of the representatives managed to obtain at</p><p>least 80% for STEM skill (62.5%) and STEM value (75.0%) based on the provided</p><p>rubric. However, accepted positive responses on STEM skill and value from the journal</p><p>and interview were low, indicating low STEM skill and value awareness among the</p><p>subgroup representatives. In conclusion, a validated and reliable module was</p><p>successfully developed to encourage STEM elements application. SEMARAK has</p><p>positive effects on STEM elements application among its targeted pupils. This study</p><p>implies that a systematically developed module can encourage STEM elements</p><p>application among pupils via water rocket activities.</p> 2021 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7251 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7251 text eng closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains dan Matematik <p>Abd, M., Bunyamin, H., Talib, C. A., Ahmad, N. J., Ibrahim, N. H., & Surif, J. (2020).</p><p>Current Teaching Practice of Physics Teachers and Implications for Integrated</p><p>Stem Education. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(5A), 1828.</p><p></p><p>Abed, M. G. (2015). A Consideration to Two Main Ethical Issues In Educational</p><p>Research, and How May These Be Addressed. I-Managers Journal on</p><p>Educational Psychology, 8(3), 114.</p><p></p><p>Adak, S. (2017). Effectiveness of Constructivist Approach on Academic Achievement</p><p>in Science at Secondary Level. Educational Research and Reviews, 12(22),</p><p>10741079.</p><p></p><p>Ahmad, S., Basri, R., Bakar, K., Ali Bashah, A. R., Mohamed Idris, Z. I. M., Miskan,</p><p>M., Jaafar, M. S., Zainal Abidin, A. F., Mohd Zabir, Z., & Kamari, R. (2017).</p><p>Modul Multimedia Dalam PdPc STEM Abad 21 (N. Mamad (ed.)). Bahagian</p><p>Pengurusan Sekolah Berasrama Penuh dan Sekolah Kecemerlangan,</p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Allen, S., & Peterman, K. (2019). Evaluating Informal STEM Education: Issues and</p><p>Challenges in Context. New Directions for Evaluation, 161, 1733.</p><p></p><p>Allison, J. M. (2018). W & M ScholarWorks Project Based Learning to Promote 21St</p><p>Century Skills : An Action Research Study. The College of William and Mary.</p><p></p><p>Alston, G. L., & Griffiths, C. L. (2015). Instructional Design and Assessment, A</p><p>Methodology for Assessing Skill-Based Educational Outcomes in a Pharmacy</p><p>Course. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(7), 113.</p><p></p><p>Ambo, N., Siew, N. M., & Crispina Gregory K Han. (2018). Developing an Integrated</p><p>Project-Based Learning and STEM Learning Module For Fostering Creativity</p><p>Among Fifth Graders. International Journal of Current Research, 10(09),</p><p>7346673473.</p><p></p><p>Andrews, D. H., & Goodson, L. A. (1980). A Comparative Analysis of Models of</p><p>Instructional Design. Journal of Instructional Development, 3(4), 216.</p><p></p><p>Ardianti, S., Sulisworo, D., Pramudya, Y., & Raharjo, W. (2020). The Impact of The</p><p>Use of STEM Education Approach on The Blended Learning to Improve</p><p>Students Critical Thinking Skills. Universal Journal of Educational Research,</p><p>8(3 B), 2432.</p><p></p><p>Atasoy, S., Kucuk, M., & Akdeniz, A. R. (2011). Remedying Science Student Teachers</p><p> Misconceptions of Force and Motion Using Worksheets Based on</p><p>Constructivist Learning Theory. Energy Education Science and Technology</p><p>Part B : Social and Educational Studies, 3(4), 653668.</p><p></p><p>Bahagian Pengurusan Sekolah Berasrama Penuh dan Sekolah Kecemerlangan</p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2017). Laporan Tahunan Bahagian</p><p>Pengurusan Sekolah Berasrama Penuh dan Sekolah Kecemerlangan 2017.</p><p></p><p>Bahrum, S., & Ibrahim, M. N. (2018). Kebolehgunaan Modul steAm dalam</p><p>Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Pendidikan Seni Visual Sekolah Rendah</p><p>Usability of " steAm " Module in Teaching and Learning of Visual Arts</p><p>Education in Primary School. KUPAS SENI Jurnal Pendidikan Seni, 6(May),</p><p>6579.</p><p></p><p>Bajuri, M. R., Maat, S., & Halim, L. (2017). Relationship between Creative Thinking</p><p>Skills with Learning Achievement on Physics Concept Application. Seminar</p><p>Pendidikan Serantau VIII, 193198.</p><p></p><p>Barak, M., & Assal, M. (2018). Robotics and STEM Learning: Students Achievements</p><p>in Assignments According to The P3 Task TaxonomyPractice, Problem</p><p>Solving, and Projects. International Journal of Technology and Design</p><p>Education, 28(1), 121144.</p><p></p><p>Barker, B. S., Nugent, G., & Grandgenett, N. F. (2014). Examining Fidelity of Program</p><p>Implementation in a STEM-Oriented Out-of-School Setting. International</p><p>Journal of Technology and Design Education, 24(1), 3952.</p><p></p><p>Barrett, B. S., Moran, A. L., & Woods, J. E. (2014). Meteorology Meets Engineering:</p><p>An Interdisciplinary STEM Module for Middle and Early Secondary School</p><p>Students. International Journal of STEM Education, 1(1), 17.</p><p></p><p>Barrio-Perotti, R., Blanco-Marigorta, E., Fernndez-Francos, J., & Galdo-Vega, M.</p><p>(2010). Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of The Physics of Water</p><p>Rockets. European Journal of Physics, 31(5), 11311147.</p><p></p><p>Bartholomew, S. R., & Strimel, G. J. (2018). Factors Influencing Student Success on</p><p>Open-Ended Design Problems. International Journal of Technology and Design</p><p>Education, 28(3), 753770.</p><p></p><p>Berland, L., Steingut, R., & Ko, P. (2014). High School Student Perceptions of the</p><p>Utility of the Engineering Design Process: Creating Opportunities to Engage in</p><p>Engineering Practices and Apply Math and Science Content. Journal of Science</p><p>Education and Technology, 23(6), 705720.</p><p></p><p>Besar, P. S. N. P. H. (2018). Situated Learning Theory : The Key to Effective</p><p>Classroom Teaching ? International Journal for Educational, Social, Political</p><p>& Cultural Studies, 1(May), 4960.</p><p></p><p>Bozkurt Altan, E., & Tan, S. (2020). Concepts of creativity in design based learning in</p><p>STEM education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education,</p><p>February, 127.</p><p></p><p>Branch, R. M. (2009). Instructional Design : The ADDIE Approach. Springer Science.</p><p></p><p>Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative</p><p>Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77101.</p><p></p><p>Brickman, P., & Cannon, J. B. (2015). Helping Students Save : Assigning. Journal of</p><p>College Science Teaching, 44(November), 3941.</p><p></p><p>Bruhl, J. (2008). Teaching Engineering to the Disinterested : A Case Study in Teaching</p><p>Engineering Principles to Non-Engineering Majors. American Society for</p><p>Engineering Education, October, 115.</p><p></p><p>Bunyamin, M. A. H. (2017). Membangunkan Pendekatan Bersepadu Pendidikan STEM</p><p>di Malaysia (Issue September).</p><p></p><p>Burke, A. (2011). How To Use Groups Effectively. The Journal of Effective Teaching,</p><p>11(2), 8795.</p><p></p><p>Burriss, K., & Snead, D. (2017). Middle School Students Perceptions Regarding the</p><p>Motivation and Effectiveness of Homework. School Community Journal, 27(2),</p><p>193210.</p><p></p><p>Carter, N., Bryant-Lukosius, D., Dicenso, A., Blythe, J., & Neville, A. J. (2014). The</p><p>Use of Triangulation in Qualitative Research. Oncology Nursing Forum, 41(5),</p><p>545547.</p><p></p><p>Castle, M., Cleveland, C., Gordon, D., Jones, L., Zelinski, M., Winter, P., Chang, J.,</p><p>Senegar-mitchell, E., Coutifaris, C., Shuda, J., Mainigi, M., & Woodruff, T. K.</p><p>(2016). Reproductive Science for High School Students : A Shared Curriculum</p><p>Model to Enhance Student Success 1. Biology of Reproduction, 95(June), 14.</p><p></p><p>elik, H. C., Ertas, H., & Ilhan, A. (2018). The Impact of Project-Based Learning on</p><p>Achievement and Student Views: The Case of AutoCAD Programming Course.</p><p>Journal of Education and Learning, 7(6), 67.</p><p></p><p>Center for Teaching Innovation Cornell University. (2019). Innovation Awards Rubric.</p><p>Innovation Awards Rubric.</p><p>https://teaching.cornell.edu/resourceextorfile/innovation-awards-rubric</p><p></p><p>evik, M. (2018). Impacts of the Project Based (PBL) Science, Technology,</p><p>Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education on Academic Achievement</p><p>and Career Interests of Vocational High School Students. PEGEM Journal of</p><p>Education and Instruction, 8(2), 281306.</p><p></p><p>Chacko, P., Appelbaum, S., Kim, H., Zhao, J., & Montclare, J. K. (2015). Integrating</p><p>Technology in STEM Education. Journal of Technology and Science</p><p>Education, 5(1), 514.</p><p></p><p>Chin, J., Kamarthi, S., & Duggan, C. (2014). Engineering Based Learning : A Paradigm</p><p>Shift for High School STEM Teaching. International Journal of Engineering</p><p>Education, 30(4), 876887.</p><p></p><p>Chittum, J. R., Jones, B. D., Akalin, S., & Schram, . B. (2017). The Effects of An</p><p>Afterschool STEM Program on Students Motivation and Engagement.</p><p>International Journal of STEM Education, 4(1).</p><p></p><p>Choi, J., & Hannafin, M. (1995). Situated Cognition and Learning Environments.</p><p>Educational Technology Research and Development, 43(2), 5369.</p><p></p><p>Chu, S. K. W., Reynolds, R., Tavares, N. J., Notari, M., & Lee, C. W. Y. (2017). 21st</p><p>Century Skills Development Through Inquiry-Based Learning From Theory to</p><p>Practice. In 21st Century Skills Development Through Inquiry-Based Learning</p><p>From Theory to Practice (Issue January). Springer Nature.</p><p></p><p>Chue, S., & Lee, Y.-J. (2013). The Proof of the Pudding?: A Case Study of an At-</p><p>Risk Design-Based Inquiry Science Curriculum. Research in Science</p><p>Education, 43(6), 24312454.</p><p></p><p>Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education (Sixth).</p><p>Routledge.</p><p></p><p>Covacevich, C. (2014). How to Select An Instrument for Assessing Student Learning.</p><p>Inter-American Development Bank.</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design : Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method</p><p>Approaches (Fourth). SAGE Publications, Inc.</p><p></p><p>Cuenca, L., Ruiz, L., Gordo, M., & Poler, R. (2016). Rubric to Assess The Competence</p><p>of Innovation, Creativity and Entrepreneurship in Bachelor Degree. Brazilian</p><p>Journal of Operations & Production Management, 13, 118123.</p><p></p><p>Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2012). Kurikulum</p><p>Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah Spesifikasi Kurikulum Fizik Tingkatan 4.</p><p>Ministry of Education Malysia.</p><p></p><p>Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2016a). Panduan</p><p>Pelaksanaan Sains, Teknologi, Kejuruteraan dan Matematik (STEM) dalam</p><p>Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran. Curriculum Development Division Ministry of</p><p>Education Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2016b). Sharing</p><p>Malaysian Experience In Participation Of Girls In STEM Education (S. B. Ng</p><p>(ed.)). UNESCO International Bureau of Education (IBE).</p><p></p><p>Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2017). Kurikulum</p><p>Standard Sekolah Menengah Matematik Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan</p><p>Pentaksiran Matematik Tingkatan 3. In Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum.</p><p>Ministry of Education Malysia.</p><p></p><p>Cwikla, J., Milroy, S., Reider, D., & Skelton, T. (2014). Pioneering Mars: Turning The</p><p>Red Planet Green with Earths Smallest Settlers. American Biology Teacher,</p><p>76(5), 300305.</p><p></p><p>Dare, E. A., Ellis, J. A., & Roehrig, G. H. (2018). Understanding Science Teachers</p><p>Implementations of Integrated STEM Curricular Units Through a</p><p>Phenomenological Multiple Case Study. International Journal of STEM</p><p>Education, 5(4).</p><p></p><p>Darusalam, G., & Hussin, S. (2018). Metodologi Penyelidikan dalam Pendidikan</p><p>(Second). Penerbit Universiti Malaya.</p><p></p><p>Dawes, J. (2008). Do Data Characteristics Change According to The Number of Scale</p><p>Points Used ? International Journal of Market Research, 50(1), 6178.</p><p></p><p>de Podesta, M. (2007). A Guide to Building and Understanding the Physics of Water</p><p>Rockets. National Physical Laboratory.</p><p></p><p>Dib, C. Z. (1988). Formal, Non-Formal and Informal Education : Concepts/</p><p>Applicability. Cooperative Networks in Physics Education, 300315.</p><p></p><p>Dickerson, D. L., Eckhoff, A., Stewart, C. O., Chappell, S., & Hathcock, S. (2014). The</p><p>Examination of a Pullout STEM Program for Urban Upper Elementary</p><p>Students. Research in Science Education, 44(3), 483506.</p><p></p><p>Dijkstra, J., Latijnhouwers, M., Norbart, A., & Tio, R. A. (2016). Assessing The I in</p><p>Group Work Assessment: State of the Art and Recommendations for Practice.</p><p>Medical Teacher, 38(7), 675682.</p><p></p><p>Drake, S., & Reid, J. (2018). Integrated Curriculum as an Effective Way to Teach 21st</p><p>Century Capabilities. Asia Pacific Journal of Educational Research, 1(1), 31</p><p>50.</p><p></p><p>Duckworth, A. L., & Yeager, D. S. (2015). Measurement Matters: Assessing Personal</p><p>Qualities Other Than Cognitive Ability for Educational Purposes. Educational</p><p>Researcher, 44(4), 237251.</p><p></p><p>Duran, M., Hft, M., Lawson, D. B., Medjahed, B., & Orady, E. A. (2014). Urban High</p><p>School Students IT/STEM Learning: Findings from a Collaborative Inquiryand</p><p>Design-Based Afterschool Program. Journal of Science Education and</p><p>Technology, 23(1), 116137.</p><p></p><p>Dym, C. L., Agogino, A. M., Eris, O., Frey, D. D., & Leifer, L. J. (2005). Engineering</p><p>Design Thinking, Teaching, and Learning. The Research Journal for</p><p>Engineering Education, 94(1), 103120.</p><p></p><p>Eddy, P. L., Hao, Y., Markiewicz, C., & Iverson, E. (2018). Faculty Change Agents as</p><p>Adult Learners: The Power of Situated Learning. Community College Journal</p><p>of Research and Practice, 8926.</p><p></p><p>Education Bureau The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region</p><p>of the Peoples Republic of China. (2012). Guidelines on Extra-curricular</p><p>Activities in Schools. Education Bureau The Government of the Hong Kong</p><p>Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China.</p><p></p><p>English, L. D. (2016). STEM Education K-12: Perspectives on Integration.</p><p>International Journal of STEM Education, 3(1), 18.</p><p></p><p>English, L. D., King, D., & Smeed, J. (2017). Advancing Integrated STEM Learning</p><p>Through Engineering Design: Sixth-grade Students Design and Construction</p><p>of Earthquake Resistant Buildings. Journal of Educational Research, 110(3),</p><p>255271.</p><p></p><p>Estapa, A. T., & Tank, K. M. (2017). Supporting Integrated STEM in the Elementary</p><p>Classroom: A Professional Development Approach Centered on an Engineering</p><p>Design Challenge. International Journal of STEM Education (2017), 4(6), 1</p><p>16.</p><p></p><p>Evans, M. A., Lopez, M., Maddox, D., Drape, T., & Duke, R. (2014). Interest-driven</p><p>Learning Among Middle School Youth in an Out-of-school STEM Studio.</p><p>Journal of Science Education and Technology, 23(5), 624640.</p><p></p><p>Fan, S. C., & Yu, K. C. (2017). How An Integrative STEM Curriculum Can Benefit</p><p>Students in Engineering Design Practices. International Journal of Technology</p><p>and Design Education, 27(1), 107129.</p><p></p><p>Fan, S. C., Yu, K. C., & Lou, S. J. (2017). Why Do Students Present Different Design</p><p>Objectives in Engineering Design Projects? International Journal of</p><p>Technology and Design Education, 28(4), 122.</p><p></p><p>Felzmann, H. (2009). Ethical Issues in School-based Research. Research Ethics</p><p>Review, 5(3), 104109.</p><p></p><p>Fernandes, G. W. R., & Ferreira, C. A. (2018). Conceptions of The Nature of Science</p><p>and Technology : a Study with Children and Youths in a Non-Formal Science</p><p>and Technology Education Setting. Research in Science Education, 48, 1071</p><p>1106.</p><p></p><p>Frank, B., & Strong, D. S. (2010). Development of a Design Skill Assessment Tool.</p><p>Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association Conference</p><p>(CEEA), July, 17.</p><p></p><p>Freeman, S., Eddy, S. L., McDonough, M., K.Smith, M., Okoroafor, N., Jordt, H., &</p><p>Wenderoth, M. P. (2014). Active Learning Increases Student Performance in</p><p>Science, Engineering, and Mathematics. PNAS Journal, 10(23), 84108415.</p><p></p><p>Galvan, M. E., & Coronado, J. M. (2014). Problem-Based and Project-Based Learning :</p><p>Promoting Differentiated Instruction. National Teacher Education Journal,</p><p>7(4).</p><p></p><p>Gelmez Burakgazi, S., Yildirim, A., & Weeth Feinstein, N. (2016). Communicating</p><p>Science to Impact Learning? A Phenomenological Inquiry into 4th and 5th</p><p>Graders Perceptions of Science Information Sources. Journal of Science</p><p>Education and Technology, 25(2), 244262.</p><p></p><p>George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows Step-by-step: A Simple Guide and</p><p>Reference (Fourth). Allyn & Bacon.</p><p></p><p>Gerring, J. (2004). What is a Case Study and What Is It Good For? American Political</p><p>Science Review, 98(2), 341354.</p><p></p><p>Ghadiri Khanaposhtani, M., Liu, C. C. J., Gottesman, B. L., Shepardson, D., &</p><p>Pijanowski, B. (2018). Evidence That an Informal Environmental Summer</p><p>Camp Can Contribute to the Construction of the Conceptual Understanding and</p><p>Situational Interest of STEM in Middle-school Youth. International Journal of</p><p>Science Education, Part B: Communication and Public Engagement, 8(3), 227</p><p>249.</p><p></p><p>Gisev, N., Hons, B. P., Bell, J. S., Ph, D., Chen, T. F., & Ph, D. (2013). Interrater</p><p>Agreement and Interrater Reliability : Key Concepts , Approaches , and</p><p>Applications. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 9(3), 330338.</p><p></p><p>Glancy, A. W., & Moore, T. J. (2013). Theoretical Foundations for Effective STEM</p><p>Learning Environments. In School of Engineering Working Papers (School of</p><p>Engineering Working Papers).</p><p></p><p>Green, A. J., Tanford, S., & Swift, A. (2018). Determinants of Student Satisfaction with</p><p>Using Instructional Technology : The Role of Active Learning Determinants of</p><p>Student Satisfaction with Using Instructional Technology : The Role of Active</p><p>Learning. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 30(1), 110.</p><p></p><p>Guzey, S., Harwell, M., Moreno, M., Peralta, Y., & Moore, T. J. (2017). The Impact of</p><p>Design-Based STEM Integration Curricula on Student Achievement in</p><p>Engineering, Science, and Mathematics. Journal of Science Education and</p><p>Technology, 26, 207222.</p><p></p><p>Hathcock, S. J., Dickerson, D. L., Eckhoff, A., & Katsioloudis, P. (2015). Scaffolding</p><p>for Creative Product Possibilities in a Design-Based STEM Activity. Research</p><p>in Science Education, 45(5), 727748.</p><p></p><p>Havice, W., Havice, P., Waugaman, C., & Walker, K. (2018). Evaluating the</p><p>Effectiveness of Integrative STEM Education: Teacher and Administrator</p><p>Professional Development. Journal of Technology Education, 29(2), 7390.</p><p></p><p>Head, G. (2020). Ethics in Educational Research: Review Boards, Ethical Issues and</p><p>Researcher Development. European Educational Research Journal, 19(1), 72</p><p>83.</p><p></p><p>Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2015). Validity and Reliability in Quantitative Studies.</p><p>Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(3), 6667.</p><p></p><p>Heil, D. R., Pearson, G., & Burger, S. E. (2013). Understanding Integrated STEM</p><p>Education: Report on a National Study. 2013 ASEE Annual Conference, 115.</p><p></p><p>Hein, G. E. (1991). Constructivist Learning Theory: The Museum and the Needs of</p><p>People. CECA Conference, October, 1522.</p><p></p><p>Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell, J. D., & Smaldino, S. E. (2002). Instructional Media</p><p>and Technologies for Learning (Seventh). Merill Prentice Hall.</p><p></p><p>Hiong, L. C. (2018). Keberkesanan Modul Bio-STEM Dalam Peningkatan Pencapaian</p><p>Topik Nutrisi Di Sekolah Luar Bandar. Jurnal Penyelidikan IPGK BL, 15(i), 1</p><p>14.</p><p></p><p>Hoban, S., Delany, M., & NASA. (2011). NASAS Best Students Beginning</p><p>Engineering, Science and Technology, An Educators Guide to the Engin.</p><p></p><p>Holgado-Tello, F. P., Chacn-Moscoso, S., Sanduvete-Chaves, S., & Prez-Gil, J. A.</p><p>(2016). A Simulation Study of Threats to Validity in Quasi-experimental</p><p>Designs: Interrelationship Between Design, Measurement, and Analysis.</p><p>Frontiers in Psychology, 7(JUN), 19.</p><p></p><p>Hortman, M., & Johnson, C. (2017). Water Rocket Design/Build/Test Lab.</p><p></p><p>Hortman, M. L. (2017). Development Of An EXCEL Rocket Simulator For</p><p>Application In Middle School, High School, And University STEM Education.</p><p>Central Washington University.</p><p></p><p>Householder, D. L., & Hailey, C. E. (2012). Incorporating Engineering Design</p><p>Challenges into STEM Courses. In Digital Commons @ USU.</p><p></p><p>Huegele, V., Hill, K., & Terry, B. (2008). Adventures In Rocket Science (1st ed.).</p><p>National Aeronautics and Space Administration Explorer Institute.</p><p></p><p>Hung, L. J., Abdullah, F. A. P., & Bunyamin, M. A. H. (2013). Aplikasi Konsep Fizik</p><p>Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Yang Berasaskan STEM Bagi Pelajar</p><p>Tingkatan Enam Atas. 2nd International Seminar on Quality and Affordable</p><p>Education, 470481.</p><p></p><p>Huri, N. H. D., & Karpudewan, M. (2019). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Integrated</p><p>STEM-lab Activities in Improving Secondary School Students Understanding</p><p>of Electrolysis. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 20(3), 495508.</p><p></p><p>Ishii, N. (2006). Water Rockets Educators Manual. In N. Ishii (Ed.), Water Rockets</p><p>Educators Manual (Vol. 34, Issue 11). Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency,</p><p>Space Education Center.</p><p></p><p>Isman, A. (2011). Instructional Design in Education : New Model. The Turkish Online</p><p>Journal of Educational Technology, 10(1), 136142.</p><p></p><p>Izwani, N., Shapri, M., Nidzam, C., & Ahmad, C. (2019). The development of Bio-</p><p>Gamyx module for teaching and learning Biology. Jurnal Pendidikan Sais &</p><p>Matematik Malaysia, 9(2), 18.</p><p></p><p>Jackson, A., Mentzer, N., & Kramer-Bottiglio, R. (2018). Pilot Analysis of the Impacts</p><p>of Soft Robotics Design on High-school Student Engineering Perceptions.</p><p>International Journal of Technology and Design Education, October, 122.</p><p></p><p>Jacob, S. A., & Furgerson, S. P. (2012). Writing Interview Protocols and Conducting</p><p>Interviews: Tips for Students new to the Field of Qualitative Research. The</p><p>Qualitative Report, 17(6), 110.</p><p></p><p>Jamali, S. M., Samsudin, M. A., & Ebrahim, N. A. (2017). Self-efficacy, Scientific</p><p>Reasoning, and Learning Achievement In The STEM Project-Based Learning</p><p>Literature. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(2), 2943.</p><p></p><p>Jayarajah, K., Saat, R. M., & Rauf, R. A. A. (2014). A Review of Science, Technology,</p><p>Engineering & Mathematics (STEM) Education Research from 1999-2013: A</p><p>Malaysian Perspective. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and</p><p>Technology Education, 10(3), 155163.</p><p></p><p>Jin, S.-H., Song, K., Shin, D. H., & Shin, S. (2015). A Performance-Based Evaluation</p><p>Rubric for Assessing and Enhancing Engineering Design Skills in Introductory</p><p>Engineering Design Courses * KI-IL A Performance-Based Evaluation Rubric</p><p>for Assessing and Enhancing Engineering Design Skills in Introductory Engi.</p><p>International Journal of Engineering Education, 32(4), 10071020.</p><p></p><p>Jokela, T., Iivari, N., Matero, J., & Karukka, M. (2003). The Standard of User-centered</p><p>Design and the Standard Definition of Usability: Analyzing ISO 13407 Against</p><p>ISO 9241-11. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 46, 5360.</p><p></p><p>Jonsson, A., & Svingby, G. (2007). The Use of Scoring Rubrics: Reliability, Validity</p><p>and Educational Consequences. Educational Research Review, 2(2), 130144.</p><p></p><p>Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. (2015). Likert Scale: Explored and Explained.</p><p>British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396403.</p><p></p><p>Karim, M. E., Lemaignan, S., & Mondada, F. (2015). A review : Can Robots Reshape</p><p>K-12 STEM Education ? IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Robotics</p><p>and Its Social Impacts (ARSO), 18.</p><p></p><p>Kasim, N. H., & Ahmad, C. N. C. (2018). PRO-STEM Module: The Development and</p><p>Validation. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social</p><p>Sciences, 8(1), 728739.</p><p></p><p>Keith, W. (2013). This Is Rocket Science! The Physics Teacher, 51(6), 362363.</p><p></p><p>Kelley, T. R., & Knowles, J. G. (2016). A Conceptual Framework for Integrated STEM</p><p>Education. International Journal of STEM Education, 3(1), 11.</p><p></p><p>Kennedy, T. J., & Odell, M. R. L. (2014). Engaging Students In STEM Education.</p><p>Science Education International, 25(3), 246258.</p><p></p><p>Khalid, S. N., Musa, M., Rahmat, F., Mohamed, N. A., & Rahmat, N. A. A. (2019).</p><p>Pembangunan dan Penilaian Modul Pengajaran STEM bagi Bidang</p><p>Pembelajaran Statistik dan Kebarangkalian dalam KSSM Matematik Tingkatan</p><p>Dua. Journal of Quality Measurement and Analysis, 15(2), 2534.</p><p></p><p>Khalil, N. M., & Othman, K. (2017). STEM-21CS Module : Fostering 21st Century</p><p>Skills through Integrated STEM. K-12 STEM Education, 3(3), 225233.</p><p></p><p>Khaliq, S., Alam, M. T., & Mushtaq, M. (2015). An Experimental Study to Investigate</p><p>the Effectiveness of Project-Based Learning (PBL) for Teaching Science at</p><p>Elementary Level. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive</p><p>Education and Development, 4(1), 4355.</p><p></p><p>Kiang, T. S., & Sangguro, S. A. (2015). Meneroka Tahap Penguasaan Kemahiran</p><p>Proses Sains Asas dalam Kalangan Muird Tahun 4 dan Tahun 5 di Daerah</p><p>Tuaran. Jurnal Penyelidikan Kent, 14, 97110.</p><p></p><p>Kim, D., & Downey, S. (2016). Examining the Use of the ASSURE Model by K12</p><p>Teachers. Computers in the Schools, 33(3), 153168.</p><p></p><p>Kitchen, J. A., Sadler, P., Sonnert, G., Kitchen, J. A., Sadler, P., & Sonnert, G. (2018).</p><p>The Impact of Summer Bridge Programs on College Students STEM Career</p><p>Aspirations. Journal of College Student Development, 59(6), 698715.</p><p></p><p>Knowles Teacher Initiative. (2017). Knowles Engineering Design Process</p><p>Performance Assessment Rubric. Resource Downloads.</p><p>https://knowlesteachers.org/knowles-academy/engaging-math-and-sciencestudents-</p><p>in-engineering-design</p><p></p><p>Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A. (2005). Learning Styles and Learning Spaces: Enhancing</p><p>Experiential Learning in Higher Education. Source: Academy of Management</p><p>Learning & Education, 4(2), 193212.</p><p></p><p>Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A. (2009). Experiential Learning Theory: A Dynamic, Holistic</p><p>Approach to Management Learning, Education and Development. In S. J.</p><p>Armstrong & C. V Fukami (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Management</p><p>Learning, Education and Development (First, pp. 4268). SAGE.</p><p></p><p>Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A. (2018). Eight Important Things to Know About The</p><p>Experiential Learning Cycle. Australian Educational Leader, 40(3), 814.</p><p></p><p>Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as The Source of Learning and</p><p>Development. Prentice Hall.</p><p></p><p>Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass</p><p>Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of Chiropractic</p><p>Medicine, 15(2), 155163.</p><p></p><p>Kubat, U., & Guray, E. (2018). To STEM or not to STEM? That is not the question.</p><p>Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 13(3), 388399.</p><p></p><p>Laal, M., & Laal, M. (2012). Collaborative Learning : What Is It ? Procedia - Social</p><p>and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 491495.</p><p></p><p>Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (2008). Situated Learning Legitimate Peripheral Participation.</p><p>In Learning in Doing : Social, Cognitive, and Computational Perspective (18th</p><p>ed., Vol. 6). Cambridge University Press.</p><p></p><p>Leonard, J., Buss, A., Gamboa, R., Mitchell, M., Fashola, O. S., Hubert, T., &</p><p>Almughyirah, S. (2016). Using Robotics and Game Design to Enhance</p><p>Childrens Self-Efficacy, STEM Attitudes, and Computational Thinking Skills.</p><p>Journal of Science Education and Technology, 25(6), 860876.</p><p></p><p>Leung, A. (2020). Boundary Crossing Pedagogy in STEM Education. International</p><p>Journal of STEM Education, 7(15), 111.</p><p></p><p>Li, H., chsner, A., & Hall, W. (2017). Application of Experiential Learning to</p><p>Improve Student Engagement and Experience in a Mechanical Engineering</p><p>Course. European Journal of Engineering Education, 3797(November), 111.</p><p></p><p>Lie, R., Selcen Guzey, S., & Moore, T. J. (2018). Implementing Engineering in Diverse</p><p>Upper Elementary and Middle School Science Classrooms: Student Learning</p><p>and Attitudes. Journal of Science Education and Technology, September, 114.</p><p></p><p>Lin, K.-Y., Yu, K.-C., Hsiao, H., Chang, Y.-S., & Chien, Y.-H. (2020). Effects of Webbased</p><p>versus Classroom-based STEM Learning Environments on The</p><p>Development of Collaborative Problem-solving Skills in Junior High School</p><p>Students. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 30, 21</p><p>34.</p><p></p><p>Lin, K. Y., Hsiao, H. S., Williams, P. J., & Chen, Y. H. (2020). Effects of 6E-oriented</p><p>STEM Practical Activities in Cultivating Middle School Students Attitudes</p><p>toward Technology and Technological Inquiry Ability. Research in Science and</p><p>Technological Education, 38(1), 118.</p><p></p><p>Ling Chia, P., & Maat, S. M. (2018). An Exploratory Study of Teachers Attitudes</p><p>towards Integration of STEM in Malaysia 45. International Journal of</p><p>Electrical Engineering and Applied Sciences, 1(1), 26007495.</p><p></p><p>Ling, U. L., Saibin, T. C., Labadin, J., & Aziz, N. A. (2017). Preliminary investigation:</p><p>Teachers Perception on Computational Thinking Concepts. Journal of</p><p>Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 9(29), 2329.</p><p></p><p>Liu, C. C., & Falk, J. H. (2014). Serious Fun: Viewing Hobbyist Activities through a</p><p>Learning Lens. International Journal of Science Education, Part B:</p><p>Communication and Public Engagement, 4(4), 343355.</p><p></p><p>Liu, Y. C., Lu, S. J., Kao, C. Y., Chung, L., & Tan, K. H. (2019). Comparison of AR</p><p>and physical Experiential Learning Environment in Supporting Product</p><p>Innovation. International Journal of Engineering Business Management,</p><p>11(259), 110.</p><p></p><p>Lockette, P. von, Acciani, D., Courtney, J., Diao, C., Riddell, W., Dahm, K., & Harvey,</p><p>R. (2006). Bottle Rockets and Parametric Design in a Converging-Diverging</p><p>Design Strategy. ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference</p><p>Proceedings, 113.</p><p></p><p>Madihie, A., & Noah, S. M. (2013). An Application of the Sidek Module Development</p><p>in Rebt Counseling Intervention Module Design for Orphans. Procedia - Social</p><p>and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 14811491.</p><p></p><p>Mahfar, M., Noah, S. M., & Senin, A. A. (2019). Development of Rational Emotive</p><p>Education Module for Stress Intervention of Malaysian Boarding School</p><p>Students. SAGE Open, 9(April-June), 116.</p><p></p><p>Margot, K. C., & Kettler, T. (2019). Teachers perception of STEM integration and</p><p>education : a systematic literature review. International Perception of STEM</p><p>Integration and Education : A Systematic Literature Review, 6(2), 116.</p><p></p><p>Mark Sanders. (2009). STEM,STEMEducation,STEMmania. The Technology Teacher,</p><p>December/January, 2027.</p><p></p><p>Massachusetts Department of Education. (2006). Massachusetts Science and</p><p>Technology/ Engineering Curriculum Framework. In D. P. Driscoll (Ed.),</p><p>Massachusetts Department of Education. Massachusettes Department of</p><p>Education.</p><p></p><p>Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, & Chester, M. D.</p><p>(2016). 2016 Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum</p><p>Framework Board of Elementary and Secondary Education Members.</p><p></p><p>Massimo, A. (2015). STEM Education and The Curriculum: Issues, Tensions and</p><p>Challenges. International STEM High-Level Policy Forum on Evidence-Based</p><p>Science Education in Developing Countries", 122.</p><p></p><p>Matias, I., Pombo, N., Garcia, N., Lamas, D., & Tomberg, V. (2018). Scaffolding</p><p>Students on Connecting STEM and Interaction Design: Case study in Tallinn</p><p>University Summer School. IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference</p><p>(EDUCON), May, 979987.</p><p></p><p>McFadden, J., & Roehrig, G. (2018). Engineering Design in The Elementary Science</p><p>Classroom: Supporting Student Discourse during an Engineering Design</p><p>Challenge. In International Journal of Technology and Design Education.</p><p>Springer Netherlands.</p><p></p><p>McIntosh, M. J., & Morse, J. M. (2015). Situating and Constructing Diversity in Semistructured</p><p>Interviews. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 2, 110.</p><p></p><p>Meece, J. L. (2002). Child and Adolescent Development for Educators (Second).</p><p>McGraw Hill.</p><p></p><p>Meng, C. C., & Idris, N. (2016). Form Four Science Students Perceptions of the</p><p>Quality of Learning Experiences Provided by Assessments in STEM Related</p><p>Subjects. International Journal of Assessment and Evaluation in Education,</p><p>5(2012), 5056.</p><p></p><p>Mentzer, N., Huffman, T., & Thayer, H. (2014). High school student modeling in the</p><p>engineering design process. International Journal of Educational Technology,</p><p>24(3), 293316.</p><p></p><p>Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research : A Guide to Design and Implementation.</p><p>Jossey-Bass.</p><p></p><p>Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis A</p><p>Methods Sourcebook (Third). SAGE Publications, Inc.</p><p></p><p>Miller, B. G., & Roehrig, G. (2018). Indigenous cultural contexts for STEM</p><p>experiences: snow snakes impact on students and the community. Cultural</p><p>Studies of Science Education, 13(1), 3158.</p><p></p><p>Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2013a). Melindungi masa instruksional: kembali</p><p>kepada yang asas (First). Ministry of Education Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2013b). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan malaysia</p><p>2013-2025 (Pendidikan Prasekolah hingga Lepas Menengah). Ministry of</p><p>Education Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2015). Promoting Science, Technology, Engineering</p><p>and Mathematics (STEM) Education. In Annual Report 2015 Malaysian</p><p>Education Blueprint 2013-2025 (Vol. 53, Issue 9).</p><p></p><p>Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2018a). Inisiatif Pengukuhan Pendidikan STEM</p><p>2018. In Penerangan Dasar Pendidikan Tahun 2018. Ministry of Education</p><p>Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2018b). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia</p><p>2013-2025, Laporan Tahunan 2018.</p><p></p><p>SPI Bil 6 Tahun 2019 Pelaksanaan KSSM Menengah Atas dan Pakej Mata Pelajaran</p><p>Tahun 2020, 1 (2019).</p><p></p><p>Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2021a). Bahagian Pengurusan Sekolah Berasrama</p><p>Penuh. Bahagian Pengurusan Sekolah Berasrama Penuh.</p><p>https://www.moe.gov.my/korporat/bahagian-dan-unit/bahagian-pengurusansekolah-</p><p>berasrama-penuh-dan-sekolah-kecemerlangan</p><p></p><p>Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2021b). Sekolah Berasrama Penuh. Sekolah</p><p>Berasrama Penuh. https://www.moe.gov.my/pendidikan/pendidikanmenengah/</p><p>sekolah-berasrama-penuh</p><p></p><p>Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2021c). Senarai Sekolah Berasrama Penuh. Bilangan</p><p>Sekolah Berasrama Penuh. https://www.moe.gov.my/index.php/statistikmenu/</p><p>bilangan-sekolah-berasrama-penuh</p><p></p><p>Moazzen, I., Miller, M., Wild, P., Jackson, L., & Hadwin, A. (2014). Engineering</p><p>Design Survey. Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education</p><p>Association, 17.</p><p></p><p>Mohamed Arip, M. A. S. (2018). Pembinaan dan Pengujian Modul. I Psychology and</p><p>Counselling Academy.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Hafiz, N. R., & Ayop, S. K. (2019). Engineering Design Process in STEM</p><p>Education : A Systematic Review. International Journal of Academic Research</p><p>in Business & Social Sciences, 9(5), 676697.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Kusnan, R., Tarmuji, N. H., & Omar, M. K. (2020). Sorotan Literatur</p><p>Bersistematik: Aktiviti Pemikiran Komputasional dalam Pendidikan di</p><p>Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH),</p><p>5(12), 112122.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Noor, K. B. (2008). Case Study: A Strategic Research Methodology. American</p><p>Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(11), 16021604.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Shukri, A. A., Che Ahmad, C. N., & Daud, N. (2019). Implementing a Celik</p><p>Stem Module in Empowering Eighth-Graders Creative Thinking. International</p><p>Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 4(32), 219237.</p><p></p><p>Mohr-schroeder, M. J., Little, D. L., & Schroeder, D. C. (2014). Developing Middle</p><p>School Students Interests in STEM via Summer Learning Experiences : See</p><p>Blue STEM Camp. School Science and Mathematics, 114(6), 291301.</p><p></p><p>Molin, F., Cabus, S., Haelermans, C., & Groot, W. (2019). Toward Reducing Anxiety</p><p>and Increasing Performance in Physics Education: Evidence from a</p><p>Randomized Experiment. Research in Science Education, May.</p><p></p><p>Molloy, K., Moore, D. R., Sohoglu, E., & Amitay, S. (2012). Less Is More : Latent</p><p>Learning Is Maximized by Shorter Training Sessions in Auditory Perceptual</p><p>Learning. PLoS One, 7(5), 113.</p><p></p><p>Moore, T. J., & Smith, K. A. (2014). Advancing the State of the Art of STEM</p><p>Integration. Journal of STEM Education, 15(1), 510.</p><p></p><p>Moreno, N. P., Tharp, B. Z., Vogt, G., Newell, A. D., & Burnett, C. A. (2016).</p><p>Preparing Students for Middle School Through After-School STEM Activities.</p><p>Journal of Science Education and Technology, 25(6), 889897.</p><p></p><p>Morris, B. J., Owens, W., Ellenbogen, K., Erduran, S., & Dunlosky, J. (2019).</p><p>Measuring informal STEM learning supports across contexts and time.</p><p>International Journal of STEM Education, 6(40), 112.</p><p></p><p>Moseley, C., Summerford, H., Paschke, M., Parks, C., & Utley, J. (2019). Road to</p><p>collaboration: Experiential learning theory as a framework for environmental</p><p>education program development. Applied Environmental Education &</p><p>Communication, March, 121.</p><p></p><p>Munip, H. (2012). Aplikasi Pendekatan Konstruktivisme dalam Reka Bentuk</p><p>Pengajaran Berasaskan Komputer : Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pencapaian</p><p>Berdasarkan Aras Kognitif Pelajar. Persidangan Kebangsaan Pembangunan</p><p>Dan Pendidikan Lestari, September, 1920.</p><p></p><p>Museum of Science. (2020). The Engineering Design Process. Museum of Science.</p><p>https://www.eie.org/overview/engineering-design-process</p><p></p><p>Mustafa, N., Ismail, Z., Tasir, Z., & Mohamad Said, M. N. H. (2016). A meta-analysis</p><p>on effective strategies for integrated STEM education. Advanced Science</p><p>Letters, 22(12), 42254288.</p><p></p><p>Nadelson, L. S., & Seifert, A. L. (2017). Integrated STEM defined: Contexts,</p><p>challenges, and the future. The Journal of Educational Research, 110(3), 221</p><p>223.</p><p></p><p>National Academies of Sciences. (2016). Developing a National STEM Workforce</p><p>Strategy: A Workshop Summary. The National Academies Press.</p><p></p><p>National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. (2014). STEM</p><p>Integration in K-12 Education: Status, Prospects, and an Agenda for Research</p><p>(M. Honey, G. Pearson, & H. Schweingruber (eds.)). The National Academies</p><p>Press.</p><p></p><p>Ng, C. H., & Adnan, M. (2018). Integrating STEM education through Project-Based</p><p>Inquiry Learning (PIL) in topic space among year one pupils. IOP Conference</p><p>Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 16.</p><p></p><p>NGSS Lead States. (2013). Next Generation Science Standards: For States, By States</p><p>(2013). The National Academies Press.</p><p></p><p>Noah, S. M., & Ahmad, J. (2005). Pembinaan Modul Bagaimana Membina Modul</p><p>Latihan dan Modul Akademik. Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>OECD. (2019). PISA 2018 Results (Volume I) : What Students Know and Can Do: Vol.</p><p>I.</p><p></p><p>OECD Country Delegates. (2005). The Role of National Qualifications Systems in</p><p>Promoting Lifelong Learning Report from Thematic Group 2 : Standards and</p><p>quality assurance in qualifications with special reference to the recognition of</p><p>non-formal and informal learning.</p><p></p><p>Omri, H., Tojid, A. M., Ali, S. M., Yunus, M. H., Sigam, C. J., Zakaria, A., & Zakaria,</p><p>Z. M. (2018). Modul Pertandingan Roket Air Sekolah Menengah. In S. Jemain</p><p>(Ed.), Modul Pertandingan Karnival STEM Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia</p><p>Peringkat Kebangsaan (pp. 2342). Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2000). Expanding The Framework of Internal and External</p><p>Validity in Quantitative Research. Annual Meeting of The Association for The</p><p>Advancement of Educational Research (AAER), 21, 63.</p><p></p><p>zcan, H., & Koca, E. (2019). The Impact of Teaching the Subject Pressure with</p><p>STEM Approach on the Academic Achievements of the Secondary School 7th</p><p>Grade Students and Their Attitudes Towards STEM. Education and Science,</p><p>44(198), 201227.</p><p></p><p>Padirayon, L. M., Pagudpud, M. V, & Cruz, J. S. D. (2019). Exploring constructivism</p><p>learning theory using mobile game. The International Conference on</p><p>Information Technology and Digital Applications, 16.</p><p></p><p>Parno, Yuliati, L., Munfaridah, N., Ali, M., Indrasari, N., & Rosyidah, F. U. N. (2020).</p><p>The impact of STEM-based guided inquiry learning on students scientific</p><p>literacy in the topic of fluid statics. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,</p><p>1481(1), 111.</p><p></p><p>Pathan, R. R., Dheepak, A., & Tijare, S. (2016). Design and Development of Water</p><p>Rocket. National Conference on Innovative Trends in Engineering &</p><p>Technology, 15.</p><p></p><p>Patino, C. M., & Ferreira, J. C. (2018). Internal and external validity: can you apply</p><p>research study results to your patients? Jornal Brasileiro De Pneumologia,</p><p>44(3), 183.</p><p></p><p>PBLWorks Buck Institute for Education. (2020). Creativity & Innovation Rubric for</p><p>PBL. Creativity & Innovation Rubric for PBL.</p><p>https://my.pblworks.org/resource/document/6_12_creativity_innovation_rubri</p><p>c_non_ccss</p><p></p><p>Perbal, B. (2017). Neuroscience and psychological studies sustain the cognitive</p><p>benefits of print reading. Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling, 9(11),</p><p>14.</p><p></p><p>Akta 611,Akta Kanak-Kanak 2001, Pub. L. No. 611, 137 (2001).</p><p></p><p>Petnuchova, J. (2012). Non-Formal and Informal Education: Where Does It Go in the</p><p>Slovak Republic? US-China Education Review, 6, 614625.</p><p></p><p>Phang, F. A., Abu, M. S., Ali, M. B., & Salleh, S. (2014). Faktor Penyumbang Kepada</p><p>Kemerosotan Penyertaan Pelajar Dalam Aliran Sains: Satu Analisis Sorotan</p><p>Tesis. Seminar Kebangsaan Majlis Dekan Pendidikan IPTA, 2(4), 6371.</p><p></p><p>Piaget, J. (1964). Part I: Cognitive development in children: Piaget development and</p><p>learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 2(3), 176186.</p><p></p><p>Piaw, C. Y. (2016). Mastering Research Methods (2nd ed.). McGraw Hill Education.</p><p></p><p>Pitriana, P., Agustina, R. D., Zakwandi, R., Ijharudin, M., & Kurniawan, D. T. (2018).</p><p>Fun Science : Roket Air Sebagai Media Edu-Sains untuk Meningkatkan</p><p>Motivasi Belaj ar Peserta Didik Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan</p><p>Fisika Dan Riset Ilmiah, 2(1), 17.</p><p></p><p>Planetarium Negara Malaysia. (2018). Peraturan Umum dan Syarat-Syarat Kejohanan</p><p>Roket Air Kebangsaan 2018 (KRK2018) (2018th ed.). Planetarium Negara.</p><p></p><p>Polit, D. F., Beck, T., & Owen, S. V. (2007). Focus on Research Methods Is the CVI</p><p>an Acceptable Indicator of Content Validity ? Appraisal and Recommendations.</p><p>Research in Nursing & Health, 30, 459467.</p><p></p><p>Popovic, G., & Lederman, J. S. (2015). Implications of Informal Education Experiences</p><p>for Mathematics Teachers Ability to Make Connections Beyond Formal</p><p>Classroom. School of Science and Mathematics, 115(3), 129140.</p><p></p><p>Potter, P., & France, B. (2018). Informing a pedagogy for design and problem-solving</p><p>in hard materials by theorising technologists learning experiences.</p><p>International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 28(1), 101120.</p><p></p><p>Prastyaningrum, I., & Imansari, N. (2017). Pengembangan Modul Pembelajaran Mata</p><p>Kuliah Teori Medan. Jupiter (Jurnal Pendidikan Teknik Elektro), 1(2), 56.</p><p></p><p>Purzer, S., Goldstein, M. H., Adams, R. S., Xie, C., & Nourian, S. (2015). An</p><p>exploratory study of informed engineering design behaviors associated with</p><p>scientific explanations. International Journal of STEM Education, 2(9), 112.</p><p></p><p>Quick, K., & Blue, C. (2019). Using Situated Learning Theory to Build an Interactive</p><p>Learning Environment to Foster Dental Students Professionalism: An Ignite</p><p>Project. Journal of Dental Education, 83(3), 334341.</p><p></p><p>Rabionet, S. E. (2011). How I learned to design and conduct semi-structured interviews:</p><p>An ongoing and continuous journey. Qualitative Report, 16(2), 563566.</p><p></p><p>Rahim, F., Iksan, Z., Othman, O., Nasyrudin, W., Huda, S. N., Arsad, N., Sham, A.,</p><p>Abu Hanifah, S., & Mohd Hanafiah, M. (2014). Pemerkasaan Ulul Albab</p><p>melalui modul STEM bersepadu STEMind. The Online Journal of Islamic</p><p>Education, Special Issue, 112.</p><p></p><p>Rajuldevi, M. K., Veeramachaneni, R., & Kare, S. (2008). Warehousing in theory and</p><p>practice: A case study at oB, Clas Ohlson, Stadium, hlens Mahesh.</p><p></p><p>Ramli, A. A., Ibrahim, N. H., Surif, J., Bunyamin, M. A. H., Jamaluddin, R., &</p><p>Abdullah, N. (2017). Teachers Readiness in Teaching STEM Education. Man</p><p>In India, 97(13), 343350.</p><p></p><p>Ramli, N. F., & Talib, O. (2017). Can Education Institution Implement STEM? From</p><p>Malaysian Teachers View. International Journal of Academic Research in</p><p>Business and Social Sciences, 7(3), 22226990.</p><p></p><p>Rasul, M. S., Zahriman, N., Halim, L., & Rauf, R. A. (2018). Impact of Integrated</p><p>STEM SMART Communities Program on Students Scientific Creativity.</p><p>Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, November(Special Issue on i-</p><p>CITE 2018), 8089.</p><p></p><p>Razali, R. M., & Ayob, A. (2018). Keberkesanan Pengunaan Modul Interaktif Terhadap</p><p>Pencapaian Membaca Murid Pemulihan. International Journal of Education,</p><p>Psychology and Counseling, 3(19), 3456.</p><p></p><p>Remziye Ergl, N., & Kargin, K. (2014). The Effect Of Project Based Learning On</p><p>Students Science Success. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 136,</p><p>537541.</p><p></p><p>Reynante, B. M., Selbach-allen, M. E., & Pimentel, D. R. (2020). Exploring the</p><p>Promises and Perils of Integrated STEM Through Disciplinary Practices and</p><p>Epistemologies. Science & Education, April, 119.</p><p></p><p>Roberts, T., Jackson, C., Mohr-Schroeder, M. J., Bush, S. B., Maiorca, C., Cavalcanti,</p><p>M., Craig Schroeder, D., Delaney, A., Putnam, L., & Cremeans, C. (2018).</p><p>Students perceptions of STEM learning after participating in a summer</p><p>informal learning experience. International Journal of STEM Education, 5(1),</p><p>114.</p><p></p><p>Robson, C. (2002). Real World Research (Second). Blackwell Publishing.</p><p></p><p>Ruey-Shyy Shieh, & Wheijen Chang. (2014). Fostering Students Creative and</p><p>Problem-solving Skills Through a Hands-on Activity. Journal of Baltic Science</p><p>Education, 13(5), 650661.</p><p></p><p>Ryan, F., Coughlan, M., & Cronin, P. (2009). Interviewing in qualitative research: The</p><p>one-to-one interview. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation,</p><p>16(6), 309314.</p><p></p><p>Saghir, A., Hussain, A., Batool, A., Sittar, K., & Malik, M. (2016). Play and Cognitive</p><p>Development: Formal Operational Perspective of Piagets Theory. Journal of</p><p>Education and Practice, 7(28), 7279.</p><p></p><p>Sahin, A., Ayar, M. C., & Adiguzel, T. (2014). STEM Related After-School Program</p><p>Activities and Associated Outcomes on Student Learning. Educational</p><p>Sciences: Theory & Practice, 14(1), 309322.</p><p></p><p>Samat, N. A. A., Ibrahim, N. H., Surif, J., Ali, M., Abdullah, A. H., Talib, C. A., &</p><p>Bunyamin, M. A. H. (2019). Chem-a module based on stem approach in</p><p>chemical bond. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering,</p><p>7(6), 700710.</p><p></p><p>Sanders, M. (2012). Integrative STEM Education As Best Practice. 7th Biennial</p><p>International Technology Education Research Conference, 2, 103117.</p><p></p><p>Saper, N., Ain, N., Daud, M., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Kesahan dan Kebolehpercayaan</p><p>Modul I-Sc (Islamic Spiritual Counseling) ke atas Pelajar Bermasalah Tingkah</p><p>Laku. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 9, 3243.</p><p></p><p>Saunders-smits, G. N., & Kat, R. De. (2009). 3,2,1, Launch! SEFI 37th Annual</p><p>Conference 2009, July, 17.</p><p></p><p>Schnittka, C. G., Evans, M. A., Won, S. G. L., & Drape, T. A. (2016). After-School</p><p>Spaces: Looking for Learning in All the Right Places. Research in Science</p><p>Education, 46(3), 389412.</p><p></p><p>Schunk, D. H. (2012). Learning Theories An Educational Perspective (P. Smith (ed.);</p><p>6 Edition). Pearson.</p><p></p><p>Seken, N., & Ural, E. (2011). The effect of constructivist approach on students </p><p>understanding of the concepts related to hydrolysis. Porcedia Social and</p><p>Behavorial Sciences, 15, 235240.</p><p></p><p>Setiawaty, S., Fatmi, N., Rahmi, A., Unaida, R., Hadiya, I., Muhammad, I., & Permana</p><p>Sari, R. (2018). Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)</p><p>Learning on Students Science Process Skills and Science Attitudes.</p><p>Technology and Sustainable Development, 14, 217.</p><p></p><p>Shahali, E. H. M., Halim, L., Rasul, M. S., Osman, K., & Zulkifeli, M. A. (2017). STEM</p><p>learning through engineering design: Impact on middle secondary students</p><p>interest towards STEM. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and</p><p>Technology Education, 13(5), 11891211.</p><p></p><p>Shearer, D. A., & Vogt, G. L. (2011). Rockets Educator Guide. In M. Solomon (Ed.),</p><p>New York. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.</p><p></p><p>Shernoff, D. J., Sinha, S., Bressler, D. M., & Ginsburg, L. (2017). Assessing teacher</p><p>education and professional development needs for the implementation of</p><p>integrated approaches to STEM education. International Journal of STEM</p><p>Education, 4(1), 13.</p><p></p><p>Shukri, A. A. M., Ahmad, C. N. C., & Daud, N. (2020). Integrated STEM-based</p><p>module: Relationship between students creative thinking and science</p><p>achievement. JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia), 6(2), 173180.</p><p></p><p>Siekmann, G., & Korbel, P. (2016). Defining STEM skills: review and synthesis of</p><p>the literature.</p><p></p><p>Siew, N. M., Amir, N., & Chong, C. L. (2015). The perceptions of pre-service and inservice</p><p>teachers regarding a project-based STEM approach to teaching science.</p><p>SpringerPlus, 4(8), 120.</p><p></p><p>Stake, R. E. (1995). The Art of Case Study Research. Sage Publications.</p><p></p><p>STEM Task Force Report. (2014). INNOVATE: A Blueprint for Science, Technology,</p><p>Engineering, and Mathematics in California Public Education.</p><p></p><p>Strimel, G. J., Bartholomew, S. R., Kim, E., & Zhang, L. (2018). An Investigation of</p><p>Engineering Design Cognition and Achievement in Primary School. Journal for</p><p>STEM Education Research, October, 173201.</p><p></p><p>Struyf, A., De Loof, H., Boeve-de Pauw, J., & Van Petegem, P. (2019). Students</p><p>engagement in different STEM learning environments: integrated STEM</p><p>education as promising practice? International Journal of Science Education,</p><p>41(10), 13871407.</p><p></p><p>Stump, S. L., Bryan, J. A., & Mcconnell, T. J. (2016). Making STEM Connections.</p><p>Mathematics Teacher, 109(8), 576583.</p><p></p><p>Sulaiman, I. (2018). Pembinaan Dan Pengujian Kebolehgunaan Modul Pengajaran</p><p>Berasaskan Peta Pemikiran Bagi Topik Nisbah, Kadar dan Kadaran. Universiti</p><p>Pendidikan Sultan Idris.</p><p></p><p>Sumarni, W., Sudarmin, S., Wiyanto, W., & Supartono, S. (2016). Preliminary Analysis</p><p>of Assessment Instrument Design to Reveal Science Generic Skill and</p><p>Chemistry Literacy. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in</p><p>Education (IJERE), 5(4), 331.</p><p></p><p>Sutton, J., & Austin, Z. (2015). Qualitative research: Data collection, analysis, and</p><p>management. Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 68(3), 226231.</p><p></p><p>Syarkowi, A., & Hendri, M. (2019). The challenge of implementing STEM for senior</p><p>high school students in the city border of Jambi. Journal of Physics: Conference</p><p>Series, 1280(5), 15.</p><p></p><p>Syukri, M., Mohtar, L. E., & Lilia, H. (2018). The Impact of Engineering Design</p><p>Process in Teaching and Learning to Enhance Students Science Problem-</p><p>Solving Skills. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 1, 6675.</p><p></p><p>Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbachs Alpha When Developing and Reporting</p><p>Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education,</p><p>48(6), 12731296.</p><p></p><p>Tek, O. E., Safiee, N., Jusoh, Z. M., Salleh, S. M., & Noor, A. M. H. M. (2017). STEM</p><p>Education Through Project-Based Inquiry Learning : An Exploratory Study On</p><p>Its Impact Among Year 1 Primary Students. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains &</p><p>Matematik Malaysia, 7(2), 4351.</p><p></p><p>Theng, T. C., & Kassim, A. P. D. A. H. (2009). Kefahaman dan Aplikasi Konsep Asid-</p><p>Bes dalam Kalangan Pelajar Tingkatan Empat Sains Johor Bahru. Jurnal Sains</p><p>Dan Matematik, 1(1), 2229.</p><p></p><p>Thibaut, L., Ceuppens, S., De Loof, H., De Meester, J., Goovaerts, L., Struyf, A.,</p><p>Boeve-De Pauw, J., Dehaene, W., Deprez, J., De Cock, M., Hellinckx, L.,</p><p>Knipprath, H., Langie, G., Struyven, K., Van De Velde, D., Van Petegem, P.,</p><p>& Depaepe, F. (2018). Integrated STEM Education: A Systematic Review of</p><p>Instructional Practices in Secondary Education. European Jourrnal of STEM</p><p>Education, 3(1), 2.</p><p></p><p>Thomas, B., & Watters, J. J. (2015). Perspectives on Australian, Indian and Malaysian</p><p>approaches to STEM education. International Journal of Educational</p><p>Development, 45(March), 4253.</p><p></p><p>Toma, R. B., & Greca, I. M. (2018). The Effect of Integrative STEM Instruction on</p><p>Elementary Students Attitudes toward Science. Eurasia Journal of</p><p>Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(4), 13831395.</p><p></p><p>Tomita, N., Watanabe, R., & Nebylov, A. V. (2007). Hands-on education system using</p><p>water rocket. Acta Astronautica, 61(1112), 11161120.</p><p></p><p>Turner, D. W. (2010). Qualitative Interview Design: A Practical Guide for Novice</p><p>Investigators. Qualitative Report, 15(3), 7.</p><p></p><p>Ultanir, E. (2012). An Epistemological Glance at the Constructivist Approach:</p><p>Constructivist Learning in Dewey, Piaget, and Montessori. International</p><p>Journal of Instruction, 5(2), 195212.</p><p></p><p>United States General Accounting Office. (1990). Program Evaluation and</p><p>Methodology Division: Case Study Evaluations. In United States General</p><p>Accounting Office (Issue November, pp. 1133). Program Evaluation and</p><p>Methodology Division (PEMD).</p><p></p><p>Vasquez, J., Sneider, C., & Comer, M. (2013). STEM lesson essentials, grades 38:</p><p>integrating science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Heinemann.</p><p></p><p>Vossen, T. E., Henze, E. H. T. I., & Driel, M. J. D. V. J. H. Van. (2019). Student and</p><p>teacher perceptions of the functions of research in the context of a design -</p><p>oriented STEM module. International Journal of Technology and Design</p><p>Education, May, 130.</p><p></p><p>Vrioni, A., Mavroudi, A., & Ioannou, I. (2020). Promoting Authentic Student</p><p>Assessment For STEM Project-Based Learning Activities Promoting Authentic</p><p>Student Assessment For STEM Project-Based Learning Activities.</p><p>International Conference on Interactive Mobile Communication, Technologies</p><p>and Learning, September, 117126.</p><p></p><p>Vu, P., & Feinstein, S. (2017). An exploratory multiple case study about using gamebased</p><p>learning in STEM classrooms. International Journal of Research in</p><p>Education and Science, 3(2), 582588.</p><p></p><p>Walker, S. E. (2006). Journal writing as a teaching technique to promote reflection.</p><p>Journal of Athletic Training, 41(2), 216221.</p><p></p><p>Wallace, C. S., & Brooks, L. (2015). Learning to Teach Elementary Science in an</p><p>Experiential, Informal Context: Culture, Learning, and Identity. Science</p><p>Education, 99(1), 174198.</p><p></p><p>Wang, J., Guo, D., & Jou, M. (2015). A study on the effects of model-based inquiry</p><p>pedagogy on students inquiry skills in a virtual physics lab. Computers in</p><p>Human Behavior, 49(August), 658669.</p><p></p><p>Watkins, R., Meiers, M. W., & Visser, Y. L. (2012). Assessing Needs. The World Bank.</p><p></p><p>Watts, F., Garcia-Carbonell, A., & Andreu-Andres, A. (2013). Innovation</p><p>Competencies Development - INCODE Barometer and User Guide. Turku</p><p>University of Applied Science.</p><p></p><p>Wei, L. M. (2020). Hubungan antara tahap pengaplikasian kemahiran algoritma dengan</p><p>tahap kemahiran menulis murid tahun 5. Proceedings of International</p><p>Conference on The Future of Education IConFEd), November 2020, 1524.</p><p></p><p>Wilkinson, D., & Birmingham, P. (2003). Using Research Instruments A Guide For</p><p>Researchers (First Edit). RoutledgeFalmer.</p><p></p><p>Wilson, S. M., & Peterson, P. L. (2006). Theories of learning and teaching. In NEA</p><p>Research Best Practices (Issue July).</p><p></p><p>Wu, Y.-T., & Anderson, O. R. (2015). Technology-enhanced stem (science,</p><p>technology, engineering, and mathematics) education. Journal of Computers in</p><p>Education, 2(3), 245249.</p><p></p><p>Xu, J. (2013). Why Do Students Have Difficulties Completing Homework? The Need</p><p>for Homework Management. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 1(1),</p><p>98105.</p><p></p><p>Xuan Quang, L., Huy Hoang, L., Dinh Chuan, V., Hoai Nam, N., Thi Tu Anh, N., Thi</p><p>Hong Nhung, V., & Amparo Oliveros Ruiz, M. (2015). Integrated Science,</p><p>Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education through Active</p><p>Experience of Designing Technical Toys in Vietnamese Schools. British</p><p>Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 11(2), 112.</p><p></p><p>Yaki, A. A., Saat, R. M., Renuka, V., & Zulnaidi, H. (2019). Enhancing Science</p><p>Achievement Utilising an Integrated STEM Approach. Malaysian Journal of</p><p>Learning and Instruction, 16(1), 181205.</p><p></p><p>Yang, E. E., & Houston, B. L. (2016). Understanding the Physics of Water Rockets</p><p>Using Wireless Sensors. The 2016 IAJC/ISAM Joint International Conference,</p><p>978979.</p><p></p><p>Yildiz, S. G., & Ozdemir, A. S. (2018). The effects of engineering design processes on</p><p>spatial abilities of middle school students. International Journal of Technology</p><p>and Design Education, December, 122.</p><p></p><p>Yin, R. K. (1994). Method in Evaluation Research. Evaluation Practice, 15(3), 283</p><p>290.</p><p></p><p>Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (Sixth).</p><p>SAGE Publications, Inc.</p><p></p><p>Young, M. F. (1993). Instructional design for situated learning. Educational</p><p>Technology Research and Development, 41(1), 4358.</p><p></p><p>Yu, K., Lin, K., & Hung, K. (2010). Teaching science through technology : A</p><p>confluence of knowledge, design and construction. World Transactions on</p><p>Engineering and Technology Education, 8(4), 436441.</p><p></p><p>Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019). ABC of Content Validation and Content Validity Index</p><p>Calculation. Education In Medicine, 11(2), 4954.</p><p></p><p>Zailan, N. A., Bunyamin, M. A. H., Hanri, C., Ibrahim, N. H., Osman, S., Ismail, N., &</p><p>Azelee, N. I. W. (2019). Assessment and Evaluation of Non-Formal STEM</p><p>Education Programs. International Journal of Recent Technology and</p><p>Engineering, 7(685), 762768.</p><p></p><p>Zainal, N. F. A., Din, R., Abd Majid, N. A., Nasrudin, M. F., & Abd Rahman, A. H.</p><p>(2018). Primary and Secondary School Students Perspective on Kolb-based</p><p>STEM Module and Robotic Prototype. International Journal on Advanced</p><p>Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 8(42), 1394.</p><p></p><p>Zainal, Z. (2007). The Case Study as a Research Method. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 9(June),</p><p>16.</p><p></p><p>Zhai, L. (2019). An Inquiry Teaching Mode Based on STEM Education. International</p><p>Journal of Engineering Science Research, 14(17), 4458.</p><p></p>