Effects of happy emotion during learning on the performances in addition and subtraction among grade 1 Filipino pupils

<p>The aim of the study was to determine the effects of happy emotions during learning on the performances of addition and subtraction among grade 1 Filipino pupils. Specifically, the study sought to determine if happy emotion induced by background music, colorful materials or a combin...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Nael, Michale Molina
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2019
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7467
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:7467
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic
spellingShingle
Nael, Michale Molina
Effects of happy emotion during learning on the performances in addition and subtraction among grade 1 Filipino pupils
description <p>The aim of the study was to determine the effects of happy emotions during learning on the performances of addition and subtraction among grade 1 Filipino pupils. Specifically, the study sought to determine if happy emotion induced by background music, colorful materials or a combination of the two could improve the performance of grade 1 Filipino pupils in addition and subtraction. Teaching aids were developed utilizing happy emotion through Filipino childrens music as background, colorful materials or a combination of the two. A quasi-experiment was conducted with 4 groups (music group, n=83; color group, n=80; combination of music & color group, n=87 and control group, n=70) from two schools in Manila. The control group was taught the same lessons without the teaching aids. Ten Filipino childrens music were selected to be background music. The results showed that nine out of these ten Filipino childrens music were effective background music in inducing happy emotions. As for the colors, the results showed that gold, yellow, green, rose, orange, red and blue were better inducers of happy emotions than purple, grey and black & white. Statistically significant differences (F(3,316) = 15.009, p < .001) were found in the performance of pupils in addition and subtraction, wherein, the pupils in the music group (m = 1.58, sd = 3.85, p < .001), color group (m = 1.80, sd = 3.276, p < .001), and music & color group (m = 2.25, sd = 3.17, p < .001) performed better than the control group. Nevertheless, there was no statistical significant differences among the three interventions of music, color or music & color. The study concluded that happy emotions, whether with the use of music, color or music & color, was able to significantly improve the addition and subtraction performances of grade 1 pupils. This study recommended that happy emotions be utilized in the teaching of grade 1 Mathematics in the Philippines.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Nael, Michale Molina
author_facet Nael, Michale Molina
author_sort Nael, Michale Molina
title Effects of happy emotion during learning on the performances in addition and subtraction among grade 1 Filipino pupils
title_short Effects of happy emotion during learning on the performances in addition and subtraction among grade 1 Filipino pupils
title_full Effects of happy emotion during learning on the performances in addition and subtraction among grade 1 Filipino pupils
title_fullStr Effects of happy emotion during learning on the performances in addition and subtraction among grade 1 Filipino pupils
title_full_unstemmed Effects of happy emotion during learning on the performances in addition and subtraction among grade 1 Filipino pupils
title_sort effects of happy emotion during learning on the performances in addition and subtraction among grade 1 filipino pupils
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Pusat Penyelidikan Perkembangan Kanak-kanak Negara
publishDate 2019
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7467
_version_ 1747833394827362304
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:74672022-10-03 Effects of happy emotion during learning on the performances in addition and subtraction among grade 1 Filipino pupils 2019 Nael, Michale Molina <p>The aim of the study was to determine the effects of happy emotions during learning on the performances of addition and subtraction among grade 1 Filipino pupils. Specifically, the study sought to determine if happy emotion induced by background music, colorful materials or a combination of the two could improve the performance of grade 1 Filipino pupils in addition and subtraction. Teaching aids were developed utilizing happy emotion through Filipino childrens music as background, colorful materials or a combination of the two. A quasi-experiment was conducted with 4 groups (music group, n=83; color group, n=80; combination of music & color group, n=87 and control group, n=70) from two schools in Manila. The control group was taught the same lessons without the teaching aids. Ten Filipino childrens music were selected to be background music. The results showed that nine out of these ten Filipino childrens music were effective background music in inducing happy emotions. As for the colors, the results showed that gold, yellow, green, rose, orange, red and blue were better inducers of happy emotions than purple, grey and black & white. Statistically significant differences (F(3,316) = 15.009, p < .001) were found in the performance of pupils in addition and subtraction, wherein, the pupils in the music group (m = 1.58, sd = 3.85, p < .001), color group (m = 1.80, sd = 3.276, p < .001), and music & color group (m = 2.25, sd = 3.17, p < .001) performed better than the control group. Nevertheless, there was no statistical significant differences among the three interventions of music, color or music & color. The study concluded that happy emotions, whether with the use of music, color or music & color, was able to significantly improve the addition and subtraction performances of grade 1 pupils. This study recommended that happy emotions be utilized in the teaching of grade 1 Mathematics in the Philippines.</p> 2019 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7467 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7467 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Pusat Penyelidikan Perkembangan Kanak-kanak Negara <p>Abramson JH, & Abramson ZH. (1999). Survey methods in community medicine.</p><p>Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.</p><p></p><p>Adelman, J. S., & Estes, Z. (2013). Emotion and memory: A recognition advantage for</p><p>positive and negative words independent of arousal. Cognition, 129(3), 530-</p><p>535. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.014</p><p></p><p>AlAyash, A., Kane, R. T., Smith, D., & GreenArmytage, P. (2016). The influence of</p><p>color on student emotion, heart rate, and performance in learning environments.</p><p>Color Research & Application, 41(2), 196-205.</p><p></p><p>Andaya, O. J. F. (2014). Factors that affect mathematics achievements of students of</p><p>Philippine Normal University-Isabela Campus. Researchers World, 5(4), 83.</p><p></p><p>Ang, L. (2014). Preschool or prep school? Rethinking the role of early years education.</p><p>Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 15(2), 185-199.</p><p></p><p>Arguedas, M., Daradoumis, A., & Xhafa, F. (2016). Analyzing how emotion awareness</p><p>influences students' motivation, engagement, self-regulation and learning</p><p>outcome. Educational Technology and Society, 19(2), 87-103.</p><p></p><p>Ashcraft, M. H. (2002). Math anxiety: Personal, educational, and cognitive</p><p>consequences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 181-185</p><p></p><p>Ashcraft, M. H., & Kirk, E. P. (2001). The relationships among working memory, math</p><p>anxiety, and performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,</p><p>130(2), 224.</p><p></p><p>Ashcraft, M. H., & Krause, J. A. (2007). Working memory, math performance, and</p><p>math anxiety. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(2), 243-248.</p><p></p><p>Ashcraft, M. H., & Moore, A. M. (2009). Mathematics anxiety and the affective drop</p><p>in performance. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 27(3), 197-205.</p><p></p><p>Azizinezhad, M., Hashemi, M., & Darvishi, S. (2012). Music as an education-related</p><p>service to promote learning and skills acquisition. Procedia-Social and</p><p>Behavioral Sciences, 93, 142-145.</p><p></p><p>Baroody, A. J. (2004). The developmental bases for early childhood number and</p><p>operations standards. Engaging Young Children in Mathematics: Standards for</p><p>Early Childhood Mathematics Education, 173-219.</p><p></p><p></p><p>Baroody, A. J., & Benson, A. (2001). Early childhood corner: Early number instruction.</p><p>Teaching Children Mathematics, 8(3), 154-159.</p><p></p><p>Baroody, A. J., Lai, M. L., & Mix, K. S. (2006). The development of young childrens</p><p>early number and operation sense and its implications for early childhood</p><p>education. Handbook of Research on the Education of Young Children, 2, 187-</p><p>221.</p><p></p><p>Bauer, P., Stennes, L., & Haight, J. (2003). Representation of the inner self in</p><p>autobiography: Women's and men's use of internal states language in personal</p><p>narratives. Memory, 11(1), 27-42.</p><p></p><p>Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., & Muraven, M. (2018). Ego depletion: Is the active</p><p>self a limited resource? In Self-Regulation and Self-Control (pp. 24-52).</p><p>Routledge.</p><p></p><p>Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Twenge, J. M. (2005). Social</p><p>exclusion impairs self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social</p><p>Psychology, 88(4), 589.</p><p></p><p>Beck, D. E. (2000). Outcomes and experiential education. Pharmacotherapy: The</p><p>Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 20(10P2), 297S-306S.</p><p></p><p>Becker, M. W. (2012). Negative emotional photographs are identified more slowly than</p><p>positive photographs. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74(6), 1241-</p><p>1251.</p><p></p><p>Beilock, S. L., & Willingham, D. T. (2014). Math Anxiety: Can Teachers Help Students</p><p>Reduce It? Ask the Cognitive Scientist. American Educator, 38(2), 28.</p><p></p><p>Bench, S. W. (2014). The Role of Boredom in The Pursuit of Negative Experience</p><p>(Doctoral dissertation).</p><p></p><p>Bevan, A. & Butterworth, B. (2002). The responses of students and teachers to math</p><p>disabilities in the classroom. Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience. University</p><p>College London.</p><p></p><p>Biswas, G. (2015). From design to implementation to practice a learning by teaching</p><p>system: Bettys Brain. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in</p><p>Education. 26(1), 350-364.</p><p></p><p>Blair, C. (2002). School readiness: Integrating cognition and emotion in a</p><p>neurobiological conceptualization of children's functioning at school entry.</p><p>American Psychologist, 57(2), 111.</p><p></p><p>Blair, J., Czaja, R. F., & Blair, E. A. (2013). Designing surveys: A guide to decisions</p><p>and procedures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.</p><p></p><p>Blanchard, D. C., & Blanchard, R. J. (1988). Ethoexperimental approaches to the</p><p>biology of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 39(1), 43-68.</p><p></p><p>Blazer, C. (2011). Strategies for Reducing Math Anxiety. Information Capsule. Volume</p><p>1102. Research Services, Miami-Dade County Public Schools.</p><p></p><p>Boekaerts, M. (2002). Bringing about change in the classroom: Strengths and</p><p>weaknesses of the self-regulated learning approachEARLI Presidential</p><p>Address, 2001. Learning and Instruction, 12(6), 589-604.</p><p></p><p></p><p>Bogert, B., Numminen-Kontti, T., Gold, B., Sams, M., Numminen, J., Burunat, I., ... &</p><p>Brattico, E. (2016). Hidden sources of joy, fear, and sadness: explicit versus</p><p>implicit neural processing of musical emotions. Neuropsychologia, 89, 393-</p><p>402.</p><p></p><p>Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001). Reliability</p><p>of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: implications for the classification of</p><p>emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 49.</p><p></p><p>Burgdorf, J., & Panksepp, J. (2006). The neurobiology of positive emotions.</p><p>Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(2), 173-187.</p><p></p><p>Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (2015). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs</p><p>for research. Cambridge, UK : Ravenio Books.</p><p></p><p>Capate, R. N. A., & Lapinid, M. R. C. (2015, March). Assessing the mathematics</p><p>performance of grade 8 students as basis for enhancing instruction and aligning</p><p>with K to 12 curriculum. In Proceedings of the De La Salle University (DLSU)</p><p>Research Congress (Vol. 3).</p><p></p><p>Carson, R. L., & Templin, T. J. (2007, April). Emotional regulation and teacher</p><p>burnout: Who says that the management of emotional expression doesnt</p><p>matter. In American Education Research Association Annual Convention,</p><p>Chicago.</p><p></p><p>Cavanaugh, S. (2007). Understanding math anxiety: Education week. Retrieved July 2,</p><p>2018 from http://www.edweek.org.</p><p></p><p>Chow, J. Y., Davids, K., Hristovski, R., Arajo, D., & Passos, P. (2011). Nonlinear</p><p>pedagogy: Learning design for self-organizing neurobiological systems. New</p><p>Ideas in Psychology, 29(2), 189-200.</p><p></p><p>Chow, J. Y., Davids, K., Shuttleworth, R., Button, C., Renshaw, I., & Arajo, D. (2007).</p><p>From processes to principles: A constraints-led approach to teaching games for</p><p>understanding (TGfU). Review of Educational Research, 77(3), 251-278.</p><p></p><p>Cicchetti, D., Ackerman, B. P., & Izard, C. E. (1995). Emotions and emotion regulation</p><p>in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 7(1),</p><p>1-10.</p><p></p><p>Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009).</p><p>Happiness unpacked: positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building</p><p>resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361.</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative</p><p>research designs: Selection and implementation. The Counseling Psychologist,</p><p>35(2), 236-264.</p><p></p><p>Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention.</p><p>HarperPerennial, New York, 39.</p><p></p><p>Curtain-Phillips, M. (2001). The Causes and Prevention of Math Anxiety. Retrieved</p><p>July 2, 2018 from http:// www.mathgoodies.com/articles/math_anxiety.html.</p><p></p><p>Davids, K., Arajo, D., Vilar, L., Renshaw, I., & Pinder, R. (2013). An ecological</p><p>dynamics approach to skill acquisition: implications for development of talent</p><p>in sport. Talent Development and Excellence, 5(1), 21-34.</p><p></p><p>Davidson, R. J., Schwartz, G. E., & Rothman, L. P. (1976). Attentional style and the</p><p>self-regulation of mode-specific attention: An electroencephalograhic study.</p><p>Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85(6), 611.</p><p></p><p>de Groot, A. M. (2006). Effects of stimulus characteristics and background music on</p><p>foreign language vocabulary learning and forgetting. Language Learning,</p><p>56(3), 463-506.</p><p></p><p>de Weerth, C., & van Geert, P. (2001). Changing patterns of infant behavior and</p><p>motherinfant interaction: Intra-and interindividual variability. Infant Behavior</p><p>and Development, 24(4), 347-371.</p><p></p><p>Deasy, R.J. (2002). Critical links: learning in the arts and student academic and social</p><p>development. Washington, D.C: Arts Education Partnership.</p><p></p><p>Deci, E. L. (1980). The psychology of self-determination. New York, NY: Free Press.</p><p></p><p>Denham, S., & Kochanoff, A. T. (2002). Parental contributions to preschoolers'</p><p>understanding of emotion. Marriage & Family Review, 34(3-4), 311-343.</p><p></p><p>Department of Education. (2015). K-12 Basic education curriculum. Retrieved July 2,</p><p>2018 from http://www.deped.gov.ph/k-to-12/about/k-to-12-basic-education-</p><p>curriculum/</p><p></p><p>Department of Education. (n.d.). Historical perspective of the Philippine educational</p><p>system. Retrieved July 2, 2018, from www.deped.gov.ph/about-deped/history/</p><p></p><p>Di Martino, P., & Zan, R. (2011). Attitude towards mathematics: A bridge between</p><p>beliefs and emotions. Zdm, 43(4), 471-482.</p><p></p><p>Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2011). Happiness: Unlocking the mysteries of</p><p>psychological wealth. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.</p><p></p><p>Dileo, C., & Bradt, J. (2009). Medical music therapy: Evidence-based principles and</p><p>practices. In International Handbook of Occupational Therapy Interventions</p><p>(pp. 445-451). Springer, New York, NY.</p><p></p><p>Dodge, D.T. & Heroman, C. (1999). Building Your Babys Brain: A Parents Guide to</p><p>the First Five Years. Washington, D.C.: Teaching Strategies, Inc.</p><p></p><p>Dolegui, A. S. (2013). The impact of listening to music on cognitive performance.</p><p>Inquiries Journal, 5(09).</p><p></p><p>Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov,</p><p>P., ... & Sexton, H. (2007). School readiness and later achievement.</p><p>Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1428.</p><p></p><p>Dweck, C. S. (2007). The perils and promises of praise. Kaleidoscope, Contemporary</p><p>and Classic Readings in Education, 12, 34-39.</p><p></p><p>Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of</p><p>emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273.</p><p></p><p>Ekman, B. (2004). Community-based health insurance in low-income countries: a</p><p>systematic review of the evidence. Health Policy and Planning, 19(5), 249-270.</p><p></p><p>Ekman, P. (2003). Darwin, deception, and facial expression. Annals of the New York</p><p>Academy of Sciences, 1000(1), 205-221.</p><p></p><p>Ellemor-Collins, D., & Wright, R. B. (2009). Structuring numbers 1 to 20: Developing</p><p>facile addition and subtraction. Mathematics Education Research Journal,</p><p>21(2), 50-75.</p><p></p><p>Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach-avoidance motivation in personality:</p><p>approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality and</p><p>Social Psychology, 82(5), 804.</p><p></p><p>Erez, A., & Isen, A. M. (2002). The influence of positive affect on the components of</p><p>expectancy motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(6), 1055.</p><p></p><p>Fennema, E., & Sherman, J. A. (1976). Fennema-Sherman mathematics attitudes</p><p>scales: Instruments designed to measure attitudes toward the learning of</p><p>mathematics by females and males. Journal for Research in Mathematics</p><p>Education, 7(5), 324-326.</p><p></p><p>Ferguson, Y. L., & Sheldon, K. M. (2013). Trying to be happier really can work: Two</p><p>experimental studies. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(1), 23-33.</p><p></p><p>Flohr, J. W. (1996). Children's Electrophysiological Responses to Music.</p><p></p><p>Foster, C. (2014). Mathematical fluency without drill and practice. Mathematics</p><p>Teaching, 240(5).</p><p></p><p>Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The</p><p>broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3),</p><p>218.</p><p></p><p>Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of</p><p>attention and thoughtaction repertoires. Cognition & Emotion, 19(3), 313-332.</p><p></p><p>Fredrickson, B. L., & Losada, M. F. (2005). Positive affect and the complex dynamics</p><p>of human flourishing. American Psychologist, 60(7), 678.</p><p></p><p>Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open</p><p>hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness</p><p>meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and</p><p>Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045.</p><p></p><p>Fried, L. (2010). Understanding and Enhancing Emotion and Motivation Regulation</p><p>Strategy use in the Classroom. International Journal of Learning, 17(6).</p><p></p><p>Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</p><p></p><p>Furner, J., & Berman, B. (2005). Confidence in their ability to do mathematics: The</p><p>need to eradicate math anxiety so our future students can successfully compete</p><p>in a high-tech globally competitive world. Dimensions in Mathematics, 18(1),</p><p>28-31.</p><p></p><p>Furnham, A., & Bradley, A. (1997). Music while you work: The differential distraction</p><p>of background music on the cognitive test performance of introverts and</p><p>extraverts. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society</p><p>for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 11(5), 445-455.</p><p></p><p>Gable, P., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2010). The blues broaden, but the nasty narrows:</p><p>Attentional consequences of negative affects low and high in motivational</p><p>intensity. Psychological Science, 21(2), 211-215.</p><p></p><p>Gaines, K. S., & Curry, Z. D. (2011). The Inclusive Classroom: The Effects of Color</p><p>on Learning and Behavior. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences Education,</p><p>29(1).</p><p></p><p>Gallup Incorporated. (2016). Gallup world poll analytics database. Retrieved January</p><p>25, 2016 from www. gallup.com/products/170987/gallup-analytics.aspx.</p><p></p><p>Gardiner, M. F. (2000). Music, learning, and behavior: A case for mental stretching.</p><p>Journal for Learning Through Music, 1(1).</p><p></p><p>Gasteiger, H. (2014). Professionalization of early childhood educators with a focus on</p><p>natural learning situations and individual development of mathematical</p><p>competencies: Results from an evaluation study. In Early mathematics learning</p><p>(pp. 275-290). Springer, New York, NY.</p><p></p><p>Gasteiger, H. (2014). Professionalization of early childhood educators with a focus on</p><p>natural learning situations and individual development of mathematical</p><p>competencies: Results from an evaluation study. In Early mathematics learning</p><p>(pp. 275-290). Springer, New York, NY.</p><p></p><p>Geist, E. (2010). The Anti-Anxiety Curriculum: Combating Math Anxiety in the</p><p>Classroom. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 37(1).</p><p></p><p>Gibson, R., Aust, C. F., & Zillmann, D. (2000). Loneliness of adolescents and their</p><p>choice and enjoyment of love-celebrating versus love-lamenting popular music.</p><p>Empirical Studies of the Arts, 18(1), 43-48.</p><p></p><p>Giles, M. M. (1991). A Little Background Music, Please. Principal, 71(2), 41-44.</p><p></p><p>Ginsburg, H. P., Lee, J. S., & Boyd, J. S. (2008). Mathematics Education for Young</p><p>Children: What It Is and How to Promote It. Social Policy Report. Volume 22,</p><p>Number 1. Society for Research in Child Development.</p><p></p><p>Goetz, T., Pekrun, R., Hall, N., & Haag, L. (2006). Academic emotions from a social</p><p>cognitive perspective: Antecedents and domain specificity of students' affect in</p><p>the context of Latin instruction. British Journal of Educational Psychology,</p><p>76(2), 289-308.</p><p></p><p>Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence Bantam Books. New York.</p><p></p><p>Gould, D., & Krane, V. (1992). The arousalathletic performance relationship: Current</p><p>status and future directions.</p><p></p><p>Greenleaf, R. K. (2002). The adolescent brain: Still ready to learn. Principal</p><p>Leadership, 2(8), 24-28.</p><p></p><p>Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current</p><p>Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 214-219.</p><p></p><p>Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences.</p><p>Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281-291.</p><p></p><p>Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation</p><p>processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of</p><p>Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348.</p><p></p><p>Gumora, G., & Arsenio, W. F. (2002). Emotionality, emotion regulation, and school</p><p>performance in middle school children. Journal of School Psychology, 40(5),</p><p>395-413.</p><p></p><p>Hachey, A. C. (2013). The early childhood mathematics education revolution. Early</p><p>Education & Development, 24(4), 419-430.</p><p></p><p>Hacker, P. M. (2004). The conceptual framework for the investigation of emotions.</p><p>International Review of Psychiatry, 16(3), 199-208.</p><p></p><p>Halfon, N. (2001). Brain development in early childhood. Building Community Systems</p><p>for Young Families Report. 14(1), 1-28.</p><p></p><p>Hallam, S. (2010). The power of music: Its impact on the intellectual, social and</p><p>personal development of children and young people. International Journal of</p><p>Music Education, 28(3), 269-289.</p><p></p><p>Hallam, S., Price, J., & Katsarou, G. (2002). The effects of background music on</p><p>primary school pupils' task performance. Educational Studies, 28(2), 111-122.</p><p></p><p>Hannula, M. S. (2002). Attitude towards mathematics: Emotions, expectations and</p><p>values. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 49(1), 25-46.</p><p></p><p>Hareli, S., & Parkinson, B. (2008). What's social about social emotions?. Journal for</p><p>the Theory of Social Behaviour, 38(2), 131-156.</p><p></p><p>Hargreaves, A. (2000). Mixed emotions: Teachers perceptions of their interactions</p><p>with students. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16(8), 811-826.</p><p></p><p>Harp, S. F., & Mayer, R. E. (1998). How seductive details do their damage: A theory</p><p>of cognitive interest in science learning. Journal of Educational Psychology,</p><p>90(3), 414.</p><p></p><p>Heidig, S., Mller, J., & Reichelt, M. (2015). Emotional design in multimedia learning:</p><p>Differentiation on relevant design features and their effects on emotions and</p><p>learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 81-95.</p><p></p><p>Hellum-Alexander, A. (2010). Effective teaching strategies for alleviating math anxiety</p><p>and increasing self-efficacy in secondary students (Doctoral dissertation,</p><p>Evergreen State College).</p><p></p><p>Helmrich, B. H. (2010). Window of opportunity? Adolescence, music, and algebra.</p><p>Journal of Adolescent Research, 25(4), 557-577.</p><p></p><p>Hembree, R. (1990). The nature, effects, and relief of mathematics anxiety. Journal for</p><p>Research in Mathematics Education, 33-46.</p><p></p><p>Herrero, A. I., Sandi, C., & Venero, C. (2006). Individual differences in anxiety trait</p><p>are related to spatial learning abilities and hippocampal expression of</p><p>mineralocorticoid receptors. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 86(2),</p><p>150-159.</p><p></p><p>Hetland, L. (2000). Learning to make music enhances spatial reasoning. Journal of</p><p>Aesthetic Education, 34(3/4), 179-238.</p><p></p><p>Heuer, F., & Reisberg, D. (1990). Vivid memories of emotional events: The accuracy</p><p>of remembered minutiae. Memory & Cognition, 18(5), 496-506.</p><p></p><p>Hinton, C., Miyamoto, K., & DellaChiesa, B. R. U. N. O. (2008). Brain research,</p><p>learning and emotions: implications for education research, policy and practice</p><p>1. European Journal of Education, 43(1), 87-103.</p><p></p><p>Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2004). Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn?.</p><p>Educational Psychology Review, 16(3), 235-266.</p><p></p><p>Hoffman, D. M. (2009). How (not) to feel: culture and the politics of emotion in the</p><p>American parenting advice literature. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics</p><p>of Education, 30(1), 15-31.</p><p></p><p>Husain, G., Thompson, W. F., & Schellenberg, E. G. (2002). Effects of musical tempo</p><p>and mode on arousal, mood, and spatial abilities. Music Perception: An</p><p>Interdisciplinary Journal, 20(2), 151-171.</p><p></p><p>Isen, A. M. (2002). A role for neuropsychology in understanding the facilitating</p><p>influence of positive affect on social behavior and cognitive processes.</p><p>Handbook of Positive Psychology, 528-540.</p><p></p><p>Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates</p><p>creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6),</p><p>1122.</p><p></p><p>Isen, A. M., Shalker, T. E., Clark, M., & Karp, L. (1978). Affect, accessibility of</p><p>material in memory, and behavior: A cognitive loop? Journal of Personality</p><p>and Social Psychology, 36(1), 1.</p><p></p><p>Izard, C. E. (2002). Translating emotion theory and research into preventive</p><p>interventions. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 796.</p><p></p><p>Izard, C. E. (2007). Basic emotions, natural kinds, emotion schemas, and a new</p><p>paradigm. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(3), 260-280.</p><p></p><p>Izard, C. E. (2009). Emotion theory and research: Highlights, unanswered questions,</p><p>and emerging issues. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 1-25.</p><p></p><p>Izard, C., Stark, K., Trentacosta, C., & Schultz, D. (2008). Beyond emotion regulation:</p><p>Emotion utilization and adaptive functioning. Child Development Perspectives,</p><p>2(3), 156-163.</p><p></p><p>Jaeger, A. J., & Wiley, J. (2014). Do illustrations help or harm metacomprehension</p><p>accuracy? Learning and Instruction, 34, 58-73.</p><p></p><p>Jncke, L., & Sandmann, P. (2010). Music listening while you learn: No influence of</p><p>background music on verbal learning. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6(1), 3.</p><p></p><p>Jrvenoja, H., & Jrvel, S. (2009). Emotion control in collaborative learning</p><p>situations: Do students regulate emotions evoked by social challenges. British</p><p>Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(3), 463-481.</p><p></p><p>Jerome, E. M., Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2009). Teacherchild relationships from</p><p>kindergarten to sixth grade: Early childhood predictors of teacherperceived</p><p>conflict and closeness. Social Development, 18(4), 915-945.</p><p></p><p>Jocano, F. L. (2000). Work values of successful Filipinos. Quezon City, Philippines:</p><p>PUNLAD Research House.</p><p></p><p>Jordan, N. C., Kaplan, D., Locuniak, M. N., & Ramineni, C. (2007). Predicting first</p><p>grade math achievement from developmental number sense trajectories.</p><p>Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 22(1), 36-46.</p><p></p><p>Jordan, N. C., Kaplan, D., Ramineni, C., & Locuniak, M. N. (2009). Early math matters:</p><p>Kindergarten number competence and later mathematics outcomes.</p><p>Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 850.</p><p></p><p>Juslin, P. N., & Sloboda, J. A. (2001). Music and emotion: Theory and research.</p><p>England, UK: Oxford University Press.</p><p></p><p>Kannan, J., & Miller, J. L. (2009). The Positive Role of Negative Emotions: Fear,</p><p>Anxiety, Conflict and Resistance as Productive Experiences in Academic Study</p><p>and in the Emergence of Learner Autonomy. International Journal of Teaching</p><p>and Learning in Higher Education, 20(2), 144-154.</p><p></p><p>Kelso, J. S. (1995). Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior.</p><p>Cambridge, MA: MIT press.</p><p></p><p>Kelso, J. S. (2012). Multistability and metastability: understanding dynamic</p><p>coordination in the brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:</p><p>Biological Sciences, 367(1591), 906-918.</p><p></p><p>Kelso, J. S., & Tognoli, E. (2009). Toward a complementary neuroscience: metastable</p><p>coordination dynamics of the brain. In Downward causation and the</p><p>neurobiology of free will (pp. 103-124). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.</p><p></p><p>Kim, C., Park, S. W., & Cozart, J. (2014). Affective and motivational factors of learning</p><p>in online mathematics courses. British Journal of Educational Technology,</p><p>45(1), 171-185.</p><p></p><p>Kim, J., Wigram, T., & Gold, C. (2009). Emotional, motivational and interpersonal</p><p>responsiveness of children with autism in improvisational music therapy.</p><p>Autism, 13(4), 389-409.</p><p></p><p>Knrzer, L., Brnken, R., & Park, B. (2016). Facilitators or suppressors: Effects of</p><p>experimentally induced emotions on multimedia learning. Learning and</p><p>Instruction, 44, 97-107.</p><p></p><p>Konradt, U., Filip, R., & Hoffmann, S. (2003). Flow experience and positive affect</p><p>during hypermedia learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34(3),</p><p>309-327.</p><p></p><p>Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review.</p><p>Cognition and Emotion, 23(1), 4-41.</p><p></p><p>Kort, B., Reilly, R., & Picard, R. W. (2001). An affective model of interplay between</p><p>emotions and learning: Reengineering educational pedagogy-building a</p><p>learning companion. In Proceedings IEEE International Conference on</p><p>Advanced Learning Technologies (pp. 43-46). IEEE. doi:</p><p>10.1109/ICALT.2001.943850</p><p></p><p>Krinzinger, H., Kaufmann, L., & Willmes, K. (2009). Math anxiety and math ability in</p><p>early primary school years. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 27(3),</p><p>206-225. doi: 10.1177/ 0734282908330583</p><p></p><p>Kuhbandner, C., & Pekrun, R. (2013). Affective state influences retrieval-induced</p><p>forgetting for integrated knowledge. PloS One, 8(2), e56617.</p><p></p><p>Kuhbandner, C., Spitzer, B., & Pekrun, R. (2011). Read-out of emotional information</p><p>from iconic memory: The longevity of threatening stimuli. Psychological</p><p>Science, 22(5), 695-700.</p><p></p><p>Kuhl, J., & Fuhrmann, A. (1998). Decomposing self-regulation and self-control: The</p><p>volitional components inventory.</p><p></p><p>Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2007). Introduction to interview research. Doing</p><p>Interviews, 2-11.</p><p></p><p>Langer, J. A. (2000). Excellence in English in middle and high school: How teachers'</p><p>professional lives support student achievement. American Educational</p><p>Research Journal, 37(2), 397-439.</p><p></p><p>Langsdorf, P., Izard, C. E., Rayias, M., & Hembree, E. A. (1983). Interest expression,</p><p>visual fixation, and heart rate changes in 2-and 8-month-old infants.</p><p>Developmental Psychology, 19(3), 375.</p><p></p><p>LeDoux, J. (1998). Fear and the brain: where have we been, and where are we going?.</p><p>Biological Psychiatry, 44(12), 1229-1238.</p><p></p><p>Leng, X., & Shaw, G. L. (1991). Toward a neural theory of higher brain function using</p><p>music as a window. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company.</p><p></p><p>Leng, X., Shaw, G. L., & Wright, E. L. (1990). Coding of musical structure and the</p><p>trion model of cortex. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(1), 49-</p><p>62.</p><p></p><p>Lerner, J. S., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Emotion and decision</p><p>making. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 799-823.</p><p></p><p>Levie, W. H., & Lentz, R. (1982). Effects of text illustrations: A review of research.</p><p>Ectj, 30(4), 195-232.</p><p></p><p>LeVine, R. A., Dixon, S., LeVine, S., Keefer, C. H., Richman, A., Leiderman, P. H., &</p><p>Brazelton, T. B. (1996). Child care and culture: Lessons from Africa.</p><p>Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</p><p></p><p>Lewis, M. D. (2000). Emotional self-organization at three-time scales. Emotion,</p><p>development, and self-organization: Dynamic Systems Approaches to</p><p>Emotional Development, 37-69.</p><p></p><p>Liew, T. W., & Tan, S. M. (2016). The effects of positive and negative mood on</p><p>cognition and motivation in multimedia learning environment. Journal of</p><p>Educational Technology & Society, 19(2), 104-115.</p><p></p><p>Linnenbrink, E. A., & Pintrich, P. R. (2000). Multiple pathways to learning and</p><p>achievement: The role of goal orientation in fostering adaptive motivation,</p><p>affect, and cognition. In Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (pp. 195-227).</p><p>Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.</p><p></p><p>Luistro, A.A. (2012). The state of basic education: It is more than just K-12.</p><p>[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from</p><p>https://www.slideshare.net/arangkadaph/state-of-education-in-the-philippines-</p><p>2012</p><p></p><p>Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J. K., & Sheldon, K. M. (2011). Becoming</p><p>happier takes both a will and a proper way: an experimental longitudinal</p><p>intervention to boost well-being. Emotion, 11(2), 391.</p><p></p><p>Ma, X. (1999). A meta-analysis of the relationship between anxiety toward</p><p>mathematics and achievement in mathematics. Journal for Research in</p><p>Mathematics Education, 30(5), 520.</p><p></p><p>Mkivirta, J. (2002). Cognitive Emotional Learning. Journal of Cognitive Pedagogy.</p><p>1, 12-40.</p><p></p><p>Mariam Adawiah, D., & Muhammad Faiz, M. (2013). The influence of colour on</p><p>memory performance: A review. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:</p><p>MJMS, 20(2), 3.</p><p></p><p>Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., & Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport.</p><p>Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>May, B., & Fray, R. (2010). The influence of emotion, confidence, experience and</p><p>practice on the learning process in mathematics. Learning and Teaching</p><p>Mathematics, 2010(8), 15-19.</p><p></p><p>Mayer, R. E., & Estrella, G. (2014). Benefits of emotional design in multimedia</p><p>instruction. Learning and Instruction, 33, 12-18.</p><p></p><p>Mazer, J. P., McKenna-Buchanan, T. P., Quinlan, M. M., & Titsworth, S. (2014). The</p><p>dark side of emotion in the classroom: Emotional processes as mediators of</p><p>teacher communication behaviors and student negative emotions.</p><p>Communication Education, 63(3), 149-168.</p><p></p><p>McEwing, H. E. (2011). Music, movement, and early literacy: A best practices primer</p><p>for" gotta move!". Children & Libraries, 9(2), 29.</p><p></p><p>McGeehan, J. (2001). Brain-compatible learning. Green Teacher, 64(7), 7-12.</p><p></p><p>McLeod, D. B. (1992). Research on affect in mathematics education: A</p><p>reconceptualization. Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and</p><p>Learning, 1, 575-596.</p><p></p><p>McLeod, D. B. (1994). Research on affect and mathematics learning in the JRME: 1970</p><p>to the Present. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education</p><p></p><p>McLeod, J. D., Fettes, D. L., Jensen, P. S., Pescosolido, B. A., & Martin, J. K. (2007).</p><p>Public knowledge, beliefs, and treatment preferences concerning attention-</p><p>deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Services, 58(5), 626-631.</p><p></p><p>McNamara, C. (2009). General guidelines for conducting interviews. Retrieved January</p><p>11, 2010.</p><p></p><p>Melhuish, E., Ereky-Stevens, K., Petrogiannis, K., Ariescu, A., Penderi, E., Rentzou,</p><p>K., ... & Leseman, P. (2015). A review of research on the effects of Early</p><p>Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) upon child development.</p><p></p><p>Melnick, S. M., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2000). Emotion regulation and parenting in AD/HD</p><p>and comparison boys: Linkages with social behaviors and peer preference.</p><p>Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(1), 73-86.</p><p></p><p>Miendlarzewska, E. A., & Trost, W. J. (2014). How musical training affects cognitive</p><p>development: rhythm, reward and other modulating variables. Frontiers in</p><p>Neuroscience, 7, 279.</p><p></p><p>Mobbs, D., Petrovic, P., Marchant, J. L., Hassabis, D., Weiskopf, N., Seymour, B., ...</p><p>& Frith, C. D. (2007). When fear is near: threat imminence elicits prefrontal-</p><p>periaqueductal gray shifts in humans. Science, 317(5841), 1079-1083.</p><p></p><p>Moreno, R., & Mayer, R. E. (2000). A learner-centered approach to multimedia</p><p>explanations: Deriving instructional design principles from cognitive theory.</p><p>Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal of Computer-Enhanced Learning,</p><p>2(2), 12-20.</p><p></p><p>Morrison, G. R., Ross, S. J., Morrison, J. R., & Kalman, H. K. (2019). Designing</p><p>effective instruction. New York, NY: Wiley.</p><p></p><p>Mulac, A., Bradac, J. J., & Gibbons, P. (2001). Empirical support for the gender-as-</p><p>culture hypothesis: An intercultural analysis of male/female language</p><p>differences. Human Communication Research, 27(1), 121-152.</p><p></p><p>Mutodi, P., & Ngirande, H. (2014). Exploring mathematics anxiety: Mathematics</p><p>students experiences. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 283.</p><p></p><p>Myers, R. G. (2005). In search of quality in programmes of early childhood care and</p><p>education (ECCE). A paper prepared for the.</p><p></p><p>National Council of Teachers Mathematics. (2013). Mathematics in early childhood</p><p>learning: A position of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.</p><p>Retrieved from https://www.nctm.org/Standards-and-Positions/Position-</p><p>Statements/Mathematics-in-Early-Childhood-Learning/</p><p></p><p>National Statistics Office. (2015). Poverty incidence among Filipinos registered 21.6%</p><p>in 2015-PSA. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/content/poverty-incidence-</p><p>among-filipinos-registered-216-2015-psa</p><p></p><p>Newell, K. (1986). Constraints on the development of coordination. In M.G Wade &</p><p>H.T.A. Whiting (Eds). Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination</p><p>and control. (pp. 341-360). Dordect. The Netherlands: Nihjoff.</p><p></p><p>North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J., & O'Neill, S. A. (2000). The importance of music to</p><p>adolescents. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70(2), 255-272.</p><p></p><p>OConnor, K. E. (2008). You choose to care: Teachers, emotions and professional</p><p>identity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(1), 117-126.</p><p></p><p>hman, A. (2005). The role of the amygdala in human fear: automatic detection of</p><p>threat. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), 953-958.</p><p></p><p>hman, A. (2008). Fear and anxiety. Handbook of Emotions, 709-729.</p><p></p><p>hman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved</p><p>module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108(3), 483.</p><p></p><p>hman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001). Emotion drives attention: detecting the</p><p>snake in the grass. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(3), 466.</p><p></p><p>Op't Eynde, P. (2004). A socio-constructivist perspective on the study of affect in</p><p>mathematics education. In Proceedings of the 28th conference of the</p><p>international group for the psychology of mathematics education (pp. 118-122).</p><p>Bergen University; Bergen.</p><p></p><p>Osterman, K. F. (2000). Students' need for belonging in the school community. Review</p><p>of Educational Research, 70(3), 323-367.</p><p></p><p>Pan, Y. (2010). Attentional capture by working memory contents. Canadian Journal of</p><p>Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Exprimentale,</p><p>64(2), 124.</p><p></p><p>Pantev, C., Oostenveld, R., Engelien, A., Ross, B., Roberts, L. E., & Hoke, M. (1998).</p><p>Increased auditory cortical representation in musicians. Nature, 392(6678), 811.</p><p></p><p>Paoletti, J. B. (2012). Pink and blue: Telling the boys from the girls in America.Indiana,</p><p>IN: Indiana University Press.</p><p></p><p>Park, B., Flowerday, T., & Brnken, R. (2015). Cognitive and affective effects of</p><p>seductive details in multimedia learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 44,</p><p>267-278. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.061</p><p></p><p>Park, B., Knrzer, L., Plass, J. L., & Brnken, R. (2015). Emotional design and positive</p><p>emotions in multimedia learning: An eyetracking study on the use of</p><p>anthropomorphisms. Computers & Education, 86, 30-42.</p><p></p><p>Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle</p><p>childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and</p><p>social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 611.</p><p></p><p>Pekrun, R. (1992). The impact of emotions on learning and achievement: Towards a</p><p>theory of cognitive/motivational mediators. Applied Psychology, 41(4), 359-</p><p>376.</p><p></p><p>Pekrun, R. (2000). A social cognitive, control-value theory of achievement emotions.</p><p>In J. Heckhausen (ed.) Motivational psychology of human development. Oxford,</p><p>UK: Elsevier Science.</p><p></p><p>Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions,</p><p>corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educational</p><p>Psychology Review, 18(4), 315-341.</p><p></p><p>Pekrun, R., & Linnenbrink-Garcia, L. (2014). Introduction to emotions in education. In</p><p>International handbook of emotions in education (pp. 11-20). England, UK:</p><p>Routledge.</p><p></p><p>Pekrun, R., & Perry, R. P. (2014). Control-value theory of achievement emotions. In</p><p>International handbook of emotions in education (pp. 130-151). England, UK:</p><p>Routledge.</p><p></p><p>Pekrun, R., Cusack, A., Murayama, K., Elliot, A. J., & Thomas, K. (2014). The power</p><p>of anticipated feedback: Effects on students' achievement goals and</p><p>achievement emotions. Learning and Instruction, 29, 115-124.</p><p></p><p>Pekrun, R., Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2009). Achievement goals and achievement</p><p>emotions: Testing a model of their joint relations with academic performance.</p><p>Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(1), 115.</p><p></p><p>Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Perry, R. P., Kramer, K., Hochstadt, M., & Molfenter, S. (2004).</p><p>Beyond test anxiety: Development and validation of the Test Emotions</p><p>Questionnaire (TEQ). Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 17(3), 287-316.</p><p></p><p>Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Titz, W., & Perry, R. P. (2002). Academic emotions in students'</p><p>self-regulated learning and achievement: A program of qualitative and</p><p>quantitative research. Educational Psychologist, 37(2), 91-105.</p><p></p><p>Pekrun, R., Hall, N. C., Goetz, T., & Perry, R. P. (2014). Boredom and academic</p><p>achievement: Testing a model of reciprocal causation. Journal of Educational</p><p>Psychology, 106(3), 696.</p><p></p><p>Pekrun, R., Vogl, E., Muis, K. R., & Sinatra, G. M. (2017). Measuring emotions during</p><p>epistemic activities: the Epistemically-Related Emotion Scales. Cognition and</p><p>Emotion, 31(6), 1268-1276.</p><p></p><p>Pelletier, C. L. (2004). The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: A meta-</p><p>analysis. Journal of Music Therapy, 41(3), 192-214.</p><p></p><p>Peretz, I. & Morais, J. (1993). Specificity for music. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science</p><p>Publishers</p><p></p><p>Perham, N., & Currie, H. (2014). Does listening to preferred music improve reading</p><p>comprehension performance? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(2), 279-284.</p><p></p><p>Philippine Statistics Authority. (2015). 2015 Yearbook of labor and statistics. Retrieved</p><p>from https://psa.gov.ph/content/yearbook-labor-statistics-yls</p><p></p><p>Phillips, J. M., & Gully, S. M. (1997). Role of goal orientation, ability, need for</p><p>achievement, and locus of control in the self-efficacy and goal--setting process.</p><p>Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 792.</p><p></p><p>Pimta, S., Tayraukham, S., & Nuangchalerm, P. (2009). Factors Influencing</p><p>Mathematic Problem-Solving Ability of Sixth Grade Students. Online</p><p>Submission, 5(4), 381-385.</p><p></p><p>Pincus, D. B., & Friedman, A. G. (2004). Improving childrens coping with everyday</p><p>stress: Transporting treatment interventions to the school setting. Clinical Child</p><p>and Family Psychology Review, 7(4), 223-240.</p><p></p><p>Plass, J. L., Heidig, S., Hayward, E. O., Homer, B. D., & Um, E. (2014). Emotional</p><p>design in multimedia learning: Effects of shape and color on affect and learning.</p><p>Learning and Instruction, 29, 128-140.</p><p></p><p>Plass, J. L., Homer, B. D., & Hayward, E. O. (2009). Design factors for educationally</p><p>effective animations and simulations. Journal of Computing in Higher</p><p>Education, 21(1), 31-61.</p><p></p><p>Plass, J. L., O'keefe, P. A., Homer, B. D., Case, J., Hayward, E. O., Stein, M., & Perlin,</p><p>K. (2013). The impact of individual, competitive, and collaborative</p><p>mathematics game play on learning, performance, and motivation. Journal of</p><p>Educational Psychology, 105(4), 1050. doi:10.1037/a0032688</p><p></p><p>Prizmic, Z. (2000). Mood regulation strategies and subjective health. Unpublished</p><p>doctoral dissertation, University of Zagreb, Croatia.</p><p></p><p>Raedeke, T. D. (2007). The relationship between enjoyment and affective responses to</p><p>exercise. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(1), 105-115.</p><p></p><p>Ransdell, S. E., & Gilroy, L. (2001). The effects of background music on word</p><p>processed writing. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 141-148.</p><p></p><p>Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., Levine, L. J., & Wright, E. L. (1993). Pilot study indicates</p><p>music training of three-year-olds enhances specific spatial reasoning skills.</p><p>First Economic Summit of the National Association of Music Merchants in</p><p>Newport Beach, CA. Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory,</p><p>University of California, Irvine, CA, 92717.</p><p></p><p>Rauscher, F., Shaw, G., Levine, L., Wright, E., Dennis, W., & Newcomb, R. (1997).</p><p>Music training causes long-term enhancement of preschool childrens spatial</p><p>temporal reasoning. Neurological Research, 19(1), 2-8. doi: 10.1016/S0747-</p><p>5632(00)00043-1</p><p></p><p>Republic of the Philippines Official Gazette. (1994). Republic act 7722: Higher</p><p>education act of 1994. Retrieved July 2, 2018 from</p><p>https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1994/ra_7722_1994.html</p><p></p><p>Republic of the Philippines Official Gazette. (1994). Republic act no. 7796: Technical</p><p>educational and skills development act of 1994. Retrieved July 2, 2018 from</p><p>www.congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/basic_17/HB04596.pdf</p><p></p><p>Republic of the Philippines Official Gazette. (2011). Republic act 9155: Governance</p><p>of basic education act of 2001. Retrieved July 2, 2018 from</p><p>https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/08/11/republic-act-no-9155/</p><p></p><p>Republic of the Philippines Official Gazette. (2013). Republic act. 10533: Enhanced</p><p>basic education act of 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2018 from</p><p>https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10533/</p><p></p><p>Reschly, A. L., Huebner, E. S., Appleton, J. J., & Antaramian, S. (2008). Engagement</p><p>as flourishing: The contribution of positive emotions and coping to adolescents'</p><p>engagement at school and with learning. Psychology in the Schools, 45(5), 419-</p><p>431.</p><p></p><p>Rey, G. D. (2012). A review of research and a meta-analysis of the seductive detail</p><p>effect. Educational Research Review, 7(3), 216-237.</p><p></p><p>Richardson, F. C., & Suinn, R. M. (1972). The mathematics anxiety rating scale:</p><p>psychometric data. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19(6), 551.</p><p></p><p>Rittle-Johnson, B., Siegler, R. S., & Alibali, M. W. (2001). Developing conceptual</p><p>understanding and procedural skill in mathematics: An iterative process.</p><p>Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(2), 346.</p><p></p><p>Roberts, D. F., & Christenson, P. G. (2001). Popular music in childhood and</p><p>adolescence. Handbook of Children and the Media, 395-413.</p><p></p><p>Rowe, A. D., Fitness, J., & Wood, L. N. (2014). The role and functionality of emotions</p><p>in feedback at university: A qualitative study. The Australian Educational</p><p>Researcher, 41(3), 283-309.</p><p></p><p>Rowe, A. D., Fitness, J., & Wood, L. N. (2015). University student and lecturer</p><p>perceptions of positive emotions in learning. International Journal of</p><p>Qualitative Studies in Education, 28(1), 1-20.</p><p></p><p>Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion.</p><p>Psychological Review, 110(1), 145.</p><p></p><p>Ryan, A. M., & Patrick, H. (2001). The classroom social environment and changes in</p><p>adolescents motivation and engagement during middle school. American</p><p>Educational Research Journal, 38(2), 437-460.</p><p></p><p>Sadler, P. M., & Tai, R. H. (2007). The two high-school pillars supporting college</p><p>science. Science, 317(5837), 457-458.</p><p></p><p>Sarama, J., & Clements, D. H. (2004). Building blocks for early childhood</p><p>mathematics. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19(1), 181-189.</p><p></p><p>Sarvi, J., Munger, F., & Pillay, H. (2015). Transitions to k12 education systems:</p><p>experiences from five case countries. Mandaluyong, Philippines: Asian</p><p>Development Bank.</p><p></p><p>Scarpello, G. (2007). Helping students get past math anxiety. Techniques: Connecting</p><p>Education and Careers (J1), 82(6), 34-35.</p><p></p><p>Schmidt, L. A., & Trainor, L. J. (2001). Frontal brain electrical activity (EEG)</p><p>distinguishes valence and intensity of musical emotions. Cognition & Emotion,</p><p>15(4), 487-500.</p><p></p><p>Schneider, S., Nebel, S., & Rey, G. D. (2016). Decorative pictures and emotional design</p><p>in multimedia learning. Learning and Instruction, 44, 65-73.</p><p></p><p>Schraw, G., Flowerday, T., & Lehman, S. (2001). Increasing situational interest in the</p><p>classroom. Educational Psychology Review, 13(3), 211-224.</p><p></p><p>Schukajlow, S., & Rakoczy, K. (2016). The power of emotions: Can enjoyment and</p><p>boredom explain the impact of individual preconditions and teaching methods</p><p>on interest and performance in mathematics? Learning and Instruction, 44, 117-</p><p>127.</p><p></p><p>Schutz, P. A., & Lanehart, S. L. (2002). Introduction: Emotions in education.</p><p>Educational Psychologist.</p><p></p><p>Schutz, P. A., Hong, J. Y., Cross, D. I., & Osbon, J. N. (2006). Reflections on</p><p>investigating emotion in educational activity settings. Educational Psychology</p><p>Review, 18(4), 343-360.</p><p></p><p>Schwartz, R. W., Ayres, K. M., & Douglas, K. H. (2017). Effects of music on task</p><p>performance, engagement, and behavior: A literature review. Psychology of</p><p>Music, 45(5), 611-627.</p><p></p><p>Seligman, L. (2011). Diagnosis and treatment planning in counseling. Springer Science</p><p>& Business Media.</p><p></p><p>Shamoon, S. (2014). Understanding the role of mathematical anxiety, disaffect and</p><p>emotion in learning and teaching the subject of mathematics: A qualitative study</p><p>of Swedish student teachers experiences and feelings towards mathematics</p><p>education.</p><p></p><p>Sherman, H. J., Richardson, L. I., & Yard, G. J. (2014). Teaching learners who struggle</p><p>with mathematics: Systematic intervention and remediation. London, England:</p><p>Pearson Higher Ed.</p><p></p><p>Shernoff, D.J., Abdi, B., & Anderson, B. (2014). Flow in schools revisited: Cultivating</p><p>engaged learners and optimal learning environments. In Handbook of positive</p><p>psychology in schools (pp. 219-234). England, UK: Routledge.</p><p></p><p>Simon, R. W., & Nath, L. E. (2004). Gender and emotion in the United States: Do men</p><p>and women differ in self-reports of feelings and expressive behavior?. American</p><p>Journal of Sociology, 109(5), 1137-1176.</p><p></p><p>Singh, M., Singh, M. M., & Singhal, N. (2013). Ann based emotion recognition.</p><p>Emotion, 1, 56-60.</p><p></p><p>Slater, J., Strait, D. L., Skoe, E., O'Connell, S., Thompson, E., & Kraus, N. (2014).</p><p>Longitudinal effects of group music instruction on literacy skills in low-income</p><p>children. PLoS One, 9(11), e113383.</p><p></p><p>Sloboda, J. A., & Oneill, S. A. (2001). Emotions in everyday listening to music. Music</p><p>and Emotion: Theory and Research, 415-429.</p><p></p><p>Smeltzer Erb, C. (2004). The emotional experiences of beginning teacher learning.</p><p>Ontario, CA: Research in Ontario secondary schools.</p><p></p><p>Sparks, S. D. (2011). Researchers probe causes of math anxiety. Education Week, 30,</p><p>31.</p><p></p><p>Spencer, J. P., Clearfield, M., Corbetta, D., Ulrich, B., Buchanan, P., & Schner, G.</p><p>(2006). Moving toward a grand theory of development: In memory of Esther</p><p>Thelen. Child Development, 77(6), 1521-1538.</p><p></p><p>Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Harris, E., Hanish, L., Fabes, R. A., Kupanoff, K., ... &</p><p>Holmes, J. (2004). The relation of children's everyday nonsocial peer play</p><p>behavior to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning.</p><p>Developmental Psychology, 40(1), 67.</p><p></p><p>Strickland, S. J. (2001). Music and the brain in childhood development. Childhood</p><p>Education, 78(2), 100.</p><p></p><p>Suan, A.O. (2017). Research Engagement Through Designed Interventions For Reform</p><p>And Effectiveness In A Constructivist Technique): A Way To Make Action</p><p>Research Alive To Teachers. International Conference on Teaching, Education</p><p>and Learning (ICTEL).</p><p></p><p>Surez-Pellicioni, M., Nez-Pea, M. I., & Colom, . (2016). Math anxiety: A</p><p>review of its cognitive consequences, psychophysiological correlates, and brain</p><p>bases. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 16(1), 3-22.</p><p></p><p>Suk, H. J., & Irtel, H. (2010). Emotional response to color across media. Color</p><p>Research & Application: Endorsed by InterSociety Color Council, The Colour</p><p>Group (Great Britain), Canadian Society for Color, Color Science Association</p><p>of Japan, Dutch Society for the Study of Color, The Swedish Colour Centre</p><p>Foundation, Colour Society of Australia, Centre Franais de la Couleur, 35(1),</p><p>64-77.</p><p></p><p>Sullivan, M. J., Thibault, P., Savard, A., Catchlove, R., Kozey, J., & Stanish, W. D.</p><p>(2006). The influence of communication goals and physical demands on</p><p>different dimensions of pain behavior. Pain, 125(3), 270-277.</p><p></p><p>Sutton, R. E. (2004). Emotional regulation goals and strategies of teachers. Social</p><p>Psychology of Education, 7(4), 379-398.</p><p></p><p>Sutton, R. E. (2007). Teachers' anger, frustration, and self-regulation. In Emotion in</p><p>education (pp. 259-274). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.</p><p></p><p>Sutton, R. E., & Wheatley, K. F. (2003). Teachers' emotions and teaching: A review of</p><p>the literature and directions for future research. Educational Psychology</p><p>Review, 15(4), 327-358.</p><p></p><p>Sutton, T. M., & Altarriba, J. (2016). Color associations to emotion and emotion-laden</p><p>words: A collection of norms for stimulus construction and selection. Behavior</p><p>Research Methods, 48(2), 686-728.</p><p></p><p>Sylva, K., Melhuish, E., Sammons, P., Siraj, I., Taggart, B., Smees, R., ... &</p><p>Welcomme, W. (2014). Students educational and developmental outcomes at</p><p>age 16. Effective Pre-school, Primary and Secondary Education EPPSE, 3-16.</p><p></p><p>Sylwester, R. (1994). How emotions affect learning. Educational Leadership, 52(2),</p><p>60-65.</p><p></p><p>Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral</p><p>behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58, 345-372.</p><p></p><p>Tendler, A., & Wagner, S. (2015). Different types of theta rhythmicity are induced by</p><p>social and fearful stimuli in a network associated with social memory. ELife, 4.</p><p>doi:10.7554/eLife.03614</p><p></p><p>Thalheimer, W. (2004). Bells, whistles, neon, and purple prose: When interesting</p><p>words, sounds, and visuals hurt learning and performance-a review of the</p><p>seductive-augmentation research. Retrieved July 2, 2018.</p><p></p><p>Thelen, E. (2005). Dynamic systems theory and the complexity of change.</p><p>Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 15(2), 255-283.</p><p></p><p>Thelen, E., & Bates, E. (2003). Connectionism and dynamic systems: Are they really</p><p>different? Developmental Science, 6(4), 378-391.</p><p></p><p>Thelen, E., & Smith, L. B. (1996). A dynamic systems approach to the development of</p><p>cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.</p><p></p><p>Thompson, G. (Ed.). (1991). Markets, hierarchies and networks: the coordination of</p><p>social life. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications</p><p></p><p>Thompson, W. F., Schellenberg, E. G., & Letnic, A. K. (2012). Fast and loud</p><p>background music disrupts reading comprehension. Psychology of Music,</p><p>40(6), 700-708.</p><p></p><p>Thomson, S., Rowe, K., Underwood, C., & Peck, R. (2005). Numeracy in the Early</p><p>Years: Project Good Start. Teaching and Learning and Leadership, 4.</p><p></p><p>Trawick-Smith, J. (2014). The physical play and motor development of young children:</p><p>A review of literature and implications for practice. Center for Early Childhood</p><p>Education Eastern Connecticut State University: http://www. easternct. edu.</p><p></p><p>Tsui, J. M., & Mazzocco, M. M. (2007). Effects of math anxiety and perfectionism on</p><p>timed versus untimed math testing in mathematically gifted sixth graders.</p><p>Roeper Review, 29(2), 132-139.</p><p></p><p>Turner, J. C., Meyer, D. K., & Schweinle, A. (2003). The importance of emotion in</p><p>theories of motivation: Empirical, methodological, and theoretical</p><p>considerations from a goal theory perspective. International Journal of</p><p>Educational Research, 39(4-5), 375-393.</p><p></p><p>Tyng, C. M., Amin, H. U., Saad, M. N., & Malik, A. S. (2017). The influences of</p><p>emotion on learning and memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1454.</p><p></p><p>Um, E., Plass, J. L., Hayward, E. O., & Homer, B. D. (2012). Emotional design in</p><p>multimedia learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(2), 485.</p><p></p><p>United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (2009). Secondary</p><p>education regional information base: Country profile-Philippines. UNESCO</p><p>Bangkok, Thailand: Author.</p><p></p><p>Vail, P. (2016). The role of emotions in learning. Retrieved February 17, 2017,</p><p>http://www.greatschools.org/gk/author/priscillalvailmat/</p><p></p><p>Valdez, E.A., & Guiab, M.R. (2015). Predictors of mathematics performance of grade</p><p>VI pupils in a school district in Northern Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of</p><p>Research. Vol. I. Issue XXXIV</p><p></p><p>Valiente, C., Swanson, J., & Eisenberg, N. (2012). Linking students emotions and</p><p>academic achievement: When and why emotions matter. Child development</p><p>Perspectives, 6(2), 129-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011. 00192.x</p><p></p><p>Van Dillen, L. F., & Koole, S. L. (2007). Clearing the mind: a working memory model</p><p>of distraction from negative mood. Emotion, 7(4), 715.</p><p></p><p>Wang, B., & Sun, B. (2015). Time-limited effects of emotional arousal on item and</p><p>source memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68(11),</p><p>2274-2290.</p><p></p><p>Warren, J. E., Sauter, D. A., Eisner, F., Wiland, J., Dresner, M. A., Wise, R. J., ... &</p><p>Scott, S. K. (2006). Positive emotions preferentially engage an auditorymotor</p><p>mirror system. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(50), 13067-13075.</p><p></p><p>Watts, T. W., Duncan, G. J., Siegler, R. S., & Davis-Kean, P. E. (2014). Whats past is</p><p>prologue: Relations between early mathematics knowledge and high school</p><p>achievement. Educational Researcher, 43(7), 352-360. doi:</p><p>10.3102/0013189X14553660</p><p></p><p>Waugh, C. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). Nice to know you: Positive emotions, self</p><p>other overlap, and complex understanding in the formation of a new</p><p>relationship. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 93-106.</p><p></p><p>Weare, K. (2004). The international alliance for child and adolescent mental health and</p><p>schools (INTERCAMHS). Health Education, 104(2), 65-67.</p><p></p><p>Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2014). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology</p><p>6th Edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Weisberg, D. S., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. M. (2013). Embracing Complexity:</p><p>Rethinking the Relation between Play and Learning--Comment on Lillard et al.,</p><p>(2013). Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 35-39.</p><p></p><p>Wells, A., & Hakanen, E. A. (1991). The emotional use of popular music by</p><p>adolescents. Journalism Quarterly, 68(3), 445-454.</p><p></p><p>Wentzel, Kathryn R. Social relationships and motivation in middle school: The role of</p><p>parents, teachers, and peers. Journal of Educational Psychology 90, no. 2</p><p>(1998): 202.</p><p></p><p>Westermann, R., Spies, K., Stahl, G., & Hesse, F. W. (1996). Relative effectiveness</p><p>and validity of mood induction procedures: A metaanalysis. European Journal</p><p>of Social Psychology, 26(4), 557-580.</p><p></p><p>White, C. J. (2013). Higher education emotions: a scale development exercise. Higher</p><p>Education Research & Development, 32(2), 287-299.</p><p></p><p>Wichmann, F. A., Sharpe, L. T., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2002). The contributions of</p><p>color to recognition memory for natural scenes. Journal of Experimental</p><p>Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(3), 509.</p><p></p><p>Wigfield, A., & Meece, J. L. (1988). Math anxiety in elementary and secondary school</p><p>students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(2), 210.</p><p></p><p>Wilms, L., & Oberfeld, D. (2018). Color and emotion: effects of hue, saturation, and</p><p>brightness. Psychological Research, 82(5), 896-914.</p><p></p><p>Winzelberg, A. J., & Luskin, F. M. (1999). The effect of a meditation training in stress</p><p>levels in secondary school teachers. Stress Medicine, 15(2), 69-77.</p><p></p><p>Wolfe, P. (2006). The role of meaning and emotion in learning. The Neuroscience of</p><p>Adult Learning: New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, Number</p><p>110, 81, 35.</p><p></p><p>Wood, E., & Attfield, J. (2005). Play, Learning and the Early Childhood Curriculum.</p><p>England, UK: Paul Chapman Publishing.</p><p></p><p>Wood, E., & Attfield, J. (2005). Play, learning and the early childhood curriculum.</p><p>Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.</p><p></p><p>Woodman, T., Davis, P. A., Hardy, L., Callow, N., Glasscock, I., & Yuill-Proctor, J.</p><p>(2009). Emotions and sport performance: An exploration of happiness, hope,</p><p>and anger. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 31(2), 169-188. doi:</p><p>10.1123/jsep.31.2.169</p><p></p><p>Zeidner, M. (2014). Anxiety in education. In International Handbook of Emotions in</p><p>Education. Alexander, P.A.</p><p></p><p>Zembylas, M. (2007). Emotional ecology: The intersection of emotional knowledge</p><p>and pedagogical content knowledge in teaching. Teaching and Teacher</p><p>Education, 23(4), 355-367.</p><p></p><p>Zins, J. E., Bloodworth, M. R., Weissberg, R. P., & Walberg, H. J. (2007). The scientific</p><p>base linking social and emotional learning to school success. Journal of</p><p>Educational and Psychological Consultation, 17(2-3), 191-210.</p>