Socially productive activities and subjective well-being among rural elderly in Perak, Malaysia
<p>The purpose of this research is study the relationship between socially productive activities and subjective wellbeing among rural elderly in Perak, Malaysia. Quantitative approach and survey method were used in this research. The questionnaire was distributed by simple random sampl...
Saved in:
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | thesis |
Language: | eng |
Published: |
2020
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7544 |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:7544 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
institution |
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
collection |
UPSI Digital Repository |
language |
eng |
topic |
HQ The family Marriage Woman |
spellingShingle |
HQ The family Marriage Woman Nur Syakirah Hamzah Socially productive activities and subjective well-being among rural elderly in Perak, Malaysia |
description |
<p>The purpose of this research is study the relationship between socially productive activities and subjective wellbeing among rural elderly in Perak, Malaysia. Quantitative approach and survey method were used in this research. The questionnaire was distributed by simple random sampling to 480 people age 50 to 80 years old located in Muallim, Perak Tengah and Hulu Perak. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, standard deviation, t-test and Pearson correlation. Findings show that respondents agreed that their level of wellbeing is high (M=3.14, SD=0.41). Nevertheless, there is no difference in the wellbeing of the elderly based on their employment status. The findings also show that there is moderate positive relationship between volunteering activities and subjective wellbeing r(480)=0.52(p>0.05). In conclusion, the study found that elderly experiences high level of wellbeing when they participate in voluntary activities. In implication, elderly should increase their involvement in optional activities as it has positive impact on maintaining their subjective wellbeing.</p> |
format |
thesis |
qualification_name |
|
qualification_level |
Master's degree |
author |
Nur Syakirah Hamzah |
author_facet |
Nur Syakirah Hamzah |
author_sort |
Nur Syakirah Hamzah |
title |
Socially productive activities and subjective well-being among rural elderly in Perak, Malaysia |
title_short |
Socially productive activities and subjective well-being among rural elderly in Perak, Malaysia |
title_full |
Socially productive activities and subjective well-being among rural elderly in Perak, Malaysia |
title_fullStr |
Socially productive activities and subjective well-being among rural elderly in Perak, Malaysia |
title_full_unstemmed |
Socially productive activities and subjective well-being among rural elderly in Perak, Malaysia |
title_sort |
socially productive activities and subjective well-being among rural elderly in perak, malaysia |
granting_institution |
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
granting_department |
Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7544 |
_version_ |
1776104524671352832 |
spelling |
oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:75442022-10-27 Socially productive activities and subjective well-being among rural elderly in Perak, Malaysia 2020 Nur Syakirah Hamzah HQ The family. Marriage. Woman <p>The purpose of this research is study the relationship between socially productive activities and subjective wellbeing among rural elderly in Perak, Malaysia. Quantitative approach and survey method were used in this research. The questionnaire was distributed by simple random sampling to 480 people age 50 to 80 years old located in Muallim, Perak Tengah and Hulu Perak. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, standard deviation, t-test and Pearson correlation. Findings show that respondents agreed that their level of wellbeing is high (M=3.14, SD=0.41). Nevertheless, there is no difference in the wellbeing of the elderly based on their employment status. The findings also show that there is moderate positive relationship between volunteering activities and subjective wellbeing r(480)=0.52(p>0.05). In conclusion, the study found that elderly experiences high level of wellbeing when they participate in voluntary activities. In implication, elderly should increase their involvement in optional activities as it has positive impact on maintaining their subjective wellbeing.</p> 2020 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7544 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7544 text eng closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi <p>Ahmad Mahdzan Ayob (2005). Kaedah Penyelidikan Sosioekonomi. Edisi Kelima, Kuala Lumpur; Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</p><p></p><p>Alatartseva, E., & Barysheva, G. (2015). Well-being: Subjective and Objective Aspects. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 166, 36-42.</p><p></p><p>Alias, A. M., & Balakrishnan, V. (2017). Impak Kesukarelawanan Dalam Kalangan Belia Di Kuala Lumpur: Satu Kajian. JuPiDi: Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 3(4), 25-43.</p><p></p><p>Andrew J. Barrett II, E. D., and Peter J. Murk, Ph.D. (2009). Midwest Research-to- Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, Community and Extension Education: C. Northeastern Illinois University, IL.</p><p></p><p>Au, A. M. L., Chan, S. C. Y., Yip, H. M., Kwok, J. Y. C., Lai, K. Y., Leung, K. M., . .. Lai, S. M. K. (2017). Age-Friendliness and Life Satisfaction of Young-Old and Old-Old in Hong Kong. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2017, 10. doi: 10.1155/2017/6215917</p><p></p><p>Azizan, B. (2006). Menjadi Sukarelawan: Qarya Sdn. Bhd.</p><p></p><p>Bakar, A. A., Osman, M. M., Bachok, S., & Ibrahim, M. (2016). Investigating Rationales of Malaysia Quality of Life and Well-being Components and Indicators. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 222, 132-142.</p><p></p><p>Baker, L. A., Cahalin, L. P., Gerst, K., & Burr, J. A. (2005). Productive activities and subjective well-being among older adults: The influence of number of activities and time commitment. Social Indicators Research, 73(3), 431-458.</p><p></p><p>Bell, M. E. (1982). ISAAC, S., & Michael, W. B. Handbook in Research and Evaluation. San Diego: EdITS Publishers, 1981, 234 pp., $8.59 (paper). Psychology in the Schools, 19(3), 413-414.</p><p></p><p>Berger, E. M. (2013). Happy working mothers? Investigating the effect of maternal employment on life satisfaction. Economica, 80(317), 23-43.</p><p></p><p>Berg, B. L. (2004). Methods for the social sciences: Pearson Education Inc, United States of America.</p><p></p><p>Brooks, C. (2012). Older Workers Make More Careful Decisions.</p><p></p><p>Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., & Quinn, J. F. (2013). Retirement patterns and the macroeconomy, 19922010: The prevalence and determinants of bridge jobs, phased retirement, and reentry among three recent cohorts of older Americans. The Gerontologist, 55(3), 384-403.</p><p></p><p>Carlquist, E., Ulleberg, P., Delle Fave, A., Nafstad, H. E., & Blakar, R. M. (2017). Everyday Understandings of Happiness, Good Life, and Satisfaction: Three Different Facets of Well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12(2), 481-505.</p><p></p><p>Carr, D. C., Fried, L. P., & Rowe, J. W. (2015). Productivity & Engagement in an Aging America: The Role of Volunteerism. Daedalus, 144(2), 55-67. doi: 10.1162/DAED_a_00330</p><p></p><p>Chan, A. (2018). Understanding And Evaluating Productive Longevity In An Urban Asian Context: Examples From Singapore. Innovation in Aging, 2(suppl_1), 564-564.</p><p></p><p>Chang, P. J., Lin, Y., & Song, R. (2018). Leisure satisfaction mediates the relationships between leisure settings, subjective well-being, and depression among middle-aged adults in urban China. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1-17.</p><p></p><p>Chen, L. K. (2015). Rethinking successful aging: Older female volunteers perspectives in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 21(3), 215-231</p><p></p><p>Cho, Y. (2018). Part-time employment and worker health in the United States. Social Science Journal, 55(2), 97-107</p><p></p><p>Coakes, S. J. (2013). SPSS: analysisi without anguish: version20 for Windows.</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design:Choosing among five approaches: Sage publications.</p><p></p><p>Department of Statistics, M. (2014). Data Asas Negeri Perak. Retrieved from http://www.perak.gov.my/.</p><p></p><p>Department of Statistic Malaysia, time series data, 2018. Employed person by age group in Malaysia https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/ctimeseries&menu_id=NH JlaGc2Rlg4ZXlGTjh1SU1kaWY5UT09</p><p></p><p>Dodge, R., Daly, A. P., Huyton, J., & Sanders, L. D. (2012). The challenge of defining well-being. International Journal of Well-being, 2(3).</p><p></p><p>Dulin, P. L., Gavala, J., Stephens, C., Kostick, M., & McDonald, J. (2012). Volunteering predicts happiness among older Mori and non-Mori in the New Zealand health, work, and retirement longitudinal study. Aging & mental health, 16(5), 617-624.</p><p></p><p>Fahrudin, A., Yusuf, H., Malek, M. D. H., & Sulaiman, W. A. W. (2016). Psychosocial Dimension of Retirement. Asian Social Work Journal, 1(1), 1-8.</p><p></p><p>Frances Reynolds: Brunel University, U., UK, Alexandra Farrow: Brunel University, U., UK, & Alison Blank: Brunel University, U., UK. (2012). Otherwise it would be nothing but cruises: exploring the subjective benefits of working beyond 65. 7(1), 79-106.</p><p></p><p>Frolova, E. A., & Malanina, V. A. (2016). Social Well-being of Elderly People in Russia. Paper presented at the SHS Web of Conferences.</p><p></p><p>Fryrear, A. (2016). Accessibility Tips for Surveying an Aging Population.</p><p></p><p>Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing statistical assumptions. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates Publishing.</p><p></p><p>Ghubach, R., El Rufaie, O., Zoubeidi, T., Sabri, S., Yousif, S., & Moselhy, H. F. (2010). Subjective life satisfaction and mental disorders among older adults in UAE in general population. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A journal of the psychiatry of late life and allied sciences, 25(5), 458-465.</p><p></p><p>Giang, L. T., Pham, T. H. T., & Phi, P. M. (2018). Productive activities of the older people in Vietnam. Social Science & Medicine.</p><p></p><p>Gilleard, C., Hyde, M., & Higgs, P. (2007). The impact of age, place, aging in place, and attachment to place on the well-being of the over 50s in England. Research on Aging, 29(6), 590-605.</p><p></p><p>Gilmour, H. (2012). Social participation and the health and well-being of Canadian seniors. Health Reports, 23(4), 2332.</p><p></p><p>Goklany, I. M. (2007). The improving state of the world: why we're living longer, healthier, more comfortable lives on a cleaner planet. Cato Institute.</p><p></p><p>Gonzales, E., Lee, Y., & Brown, C. (2017). Back to work? Not everyone. Examining the longitudinal relationships between informal caregiving and paid work after formal retirement. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(3), 532-539.</p><p></p><p>Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement.American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161-178.</p><p></p><p>Hamid, P. D. T. A. T. A. (2015). POPULATION AGING IN MALAYSIA A Mosaic of Issues, Challenges and Prospects. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.</p><p></p><p>Han, C. K., & Hong, S. I. (2011). Assets and life satisfaction patterns among Korean older adults: Latent class analysis. Social Indicators Research, 100(2), 225- 240.</p><p></p><p>Hansen, T., Aartsen, M., Slagsvold, B., & Deindl, C. (2018). Dynamics of volunteering and life satisfaction in midlife and old age: Findings from 12 European countries. Social Sciences, 7(5), 78.</p><p></p><p>Hayes, V., Morris, J., Wolfe, C., & Morgan, M. (1995). The SF-36 Health Survey Questionnaire: Is it Suitable for use with Older Adults? Age and Aging, 24(2), 120-125.</p><p></p><p>Hilbrecht, M., Lero, D. S., Schryer, E., Mock, S. E., & Smale, B. (2017). Understanding the association between time spent caregiving and well-being among employed adults: testing a model of worklife fit and sense of community. Community, Work & Family, 20(2), 162-180.</p><p></p><p>Hopper, J. (2009). Why You Need 4-Point Scales. from http://www.verstaresearch.com/leadership.html</p><p></p><p>Isaac, S., & Michael, W. B. (1995). Handbook in research and evaluation: A collection of principles, methods, and strategies useful in the planning, design, and evaluation of studies in education and the behavioral sciences. Edits publishers.</p><p></p><p>Jenkinson, C. E., Dickens, A. P., Jones, K., Thompson-Coon, J., Taylor, R. S., Rogers, M., . . . Richards, S. H. (2013). Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 773.</p><p></p><p>Johnson, B. T., & Acabchuk, R. L. (2018). What are the keys to a longer, happier life? Answers from five decades of health psychology research. Social Science & Medicine, 196, 218-226.</p><p></p><p>Johnson, W., & Krueger, R. F. (2006). How money buys happiness: Genetic and environmental processes linking finances and life satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90(4), 680-691.</p><p></p><p>Juma, C. (2013). Why We Need Innovation To Prepare For The Global Aging Society. 2017 Forbes Media LLC. All Rights Reserved.</p><p></p><p>Kim, B., Park, S., & Antonucci, T. C. (2016). Longitudinal changes in social networks, health and well-being among older Koreans. Aging and Society, 36(9), 1915-1936.</p><p></p><p>Kim, E. S., & Konrath, S. H. (2016). Volunteering is prospectively associated with health care use among older adults. Social Science & Medicine, 149, 122-129.</p><p></p><p>Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques: New Age International.</p><p></p><p>Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610.</p><p></p><p>Kwon, K., Park, J. B., Lee, K.-J., & Cho, Y.-S. (2016). Association between employment status and self-rated health: Korean working conditions survey. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 28(1), 43.</p><p></p><p>La Placa, V., McNaught, A., & Knight, A. (2013). Discourse on well-being in research and practice. International Journal of Well-being, 3(1).</p><p></p><p>Lantz, P. M., House, J. S., Mero, R. P., & Williams, D. R. (2005). Stress, Life Events, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Health: Results from the Americans' Changing Lives Study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46(3), 274- 288.</p><p></p><p>Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods-Volantary Participation.</p><p></p><p>Lawrence, K. E. (2012). Working for life: An analysis of life satisfaction and delayed retirement among older college faculty. Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, Order No. 3536713(1318856882).</p><p></p><p>Lee, Y. H., & Salman, A. (2016). Evaluation of using the Chinese version of the Spirituality Index of Well-Being (SIWB) scale in Taiwanese elders. Applied Nursing Research, 32, 206-211.</p><p></p><p>Lee, J., & Kim, M.-H. (2017). The effect of employment transitions on physical health among the elderly in South Korea: A longitudinal analysis of the Korean Retirement and Income Study. Social Science & Medicine, 181, 122- 130.</p><p></p><p>Liu, E. Y., & Mencken, F. C. (2010). Fatalistic voluntarism and life happiness in post- socialist China. Sociological Spectrum, 30(3), 270-288.</p><p></p><p>Loeb, S., Dynarski, S., McFarland, D., Morris, P., Reardon, S., & Reber, S. (2017). Descriptive Analysis in Education: A Guide for Researchers. NCEE 2017- 4023. National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance.</p><p></p><p>Luo, Y., Pan, X., & Zhang, Z. (2018). Productive activities and cognitive decline among older adults in China: Evidence from the China health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Social Science & Medicine.</p><p></p><p>Maimaris, W., Hogan, H., & Lock, K. (2010). The Impact of Working Beyond Traditional Retirement Ages on Mental Health: Implications for Public Health and Welfare Policy. Public Health Reviews, 32(2), 532-548.</p><p></p><p>Malanina, V. A., Frolova, E. A., & Lei, H. (2017). Social and Economic Activity of the Elder Generation in Tomsk Region. The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences (EpSBS). Vol. 19: Lifelong Well-being in the World (WELLSO 2016).Nicosia, 2017., 192016, 217-222.</p><p></p><p>Martinson, M., & Halpern, J. (2011). Ethical implications of the promotion of elder volunteerism: A critical perspective. Journal of Aging Studies, 25(4), 427-435.</p><p></p><p>Malul, M. (2009). Older workers employment in dynamic technology changes. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(5), 809-813.</p><p></p><p>Mao, R., Xu, J., & Zou, J. (2018). The labor force age structure and employment structure of the modern sector. China Economic Review.</p><p></p><p>Malhotra, N. K. (2010). Marketing Research An Applied Orientation (Sixth Edition ed.).</p><p></p><p>Matz-Costa, C., Besen, E., Boone James, J., & Pitt-Catsouphes, M. (2012). Differential impact of multiple levels of productive activity engagement on</p><p></p><p>psychological well-being in middle and later life. The Gerontologist, 54(2), 277-289.</p><p></p><p>McGorry, S. Y. (2000). Measurement in a cross-cultural environment: survey translation issues. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 3(2), 74-81.</p><p></p><p>McMunn, A., Nazroo, J., Wahrendorf, M., Breeze, E., & Zaninotto, P. (2009). Participation in socially-productive activities, reciprocity and well-being in later life: baseline results in England. Aging Soc, 29.</p><p></p><p>McNaught, A. (2011). Defining well-being. Understanding well-being: An introduction for students and practitioners of health and social care, 7-23.</p><p></p><p>Merz, E. M., & Huxhold, O. (2010). Wellbeing depends on social relationship characteristics: Comparing different types and providers of support to older adults. Ageing & Society, 30(5), 843-857.</p><p></p><p>Murphy, J., Schwerin, M., Eyerman, J., & Kennet, J. (2008). Barriers to survey participation among older adults in the national survey on drug use and health: The importance of establishing trust. Survey Practice, 1(2).</p><p></p><p>Musa, H. D., Yacob, M. R., Abdullah, A. M., & Ishak, M. Y. (2018). Enhancing subjective well-being through strategic urban planning: Development and application of community happiness index. Sustainable Cities and Society, 38, 184-194.</p><p></p><p>Nations, U. (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. (ESA/P/WP/248).</p><p></p><p>Nawi, N. R. C., Asmuni, A., & Pendidikan, F. P. (2013). Motivasi sukarelawan terhadap penglibatan dalam kerja sukarela di Yayasan Salam Malaysia. Paper presented at the Dalam Seminar Pasca Siswazah dalam Pendidikan (GREDUC 2013).</p><p></p><p>Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., & Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116(9), 1094.</p><p></p><p>O'rand, A. (2018). Age and inequality: Diverse pathways through later life. Routledge</p><p></p><p>Pallant, A., & Lee, H.-S. (2015). Constructing scientific arguments using evidence from dynamic computational climate models. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 24(2-3), 378-395.</p><p></p><p>Perneger, T. V., Courvoisier, D. S., Hudelson, P. M., & Gayet-Ageron, A. (2015). Sample size for pre-tests of questionnaires. Quality of Life Research, 24(1), 147-151.</p><p></p><p>Pesta, B. J., McDaniel, M. A., & Bertsch, S. (2010). Toward an index of well-being for the fifty US states. Intelligence, 38(1), 160-168.</p><p></p><p>Peterson, R. A. (1994). A meta-analysis of Cronbach's coefficient alpha. Journal of consumer research, 21(2), 381-391.</p><p></p><p>Pillemer, K., Wells, N. M., Meador, R. H., Schultz, L., Henderson, J. C. R., & Cope,M. T. (2017). Engaging Older Adults in Environmental Volunteerism: The Retirees in Service to the Environment Program. The Gerontologist, 57(2), 367-375.</p><p></p><p>Pitt-Catsouphes, M., McNamara, T., James, J., & Halvorsen, C. (2017). Innovative pathways to meaningful work: Older adults as volunteers and self-employed entrepreneurs The Palgrave Handbook of Age Diversity and Work , 195-224, Springer.</p><p></p><p>Pozzi, M., Marta, E., Marzana, D., Gozzoli, C., & Ruggieri, R. A. (2014). The Effect of the Psychological Sense of Community on the Psychological Well-Being in Older Volunteers (Vol. 10).</p><p></p><p>Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. 2017, from http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/contact/en/</p><p></p><p>Ramli, Z. B. (2016). Laporan Statistik Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat: Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat.</p><p></p><p>Sabbath, E. L., Matz-Costa, C., Rowe, J. W., Leclerc, A., Zins, M., Goldberg, M., & Berkman, L. F. (2016). Social Predictors of Active Life Engagement. Research on Aging, 38(8), 864-893.</p><p></p><p>Sarracino, F. (2010). Social capital and subjective well-being trends: Comparing 11 western European countries. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 39(4), 482-517.</p><p></p><p>Schibye, B., Hansen, A. F., Sgaard, K., & Christensen, H. (2001). Aerobic power and muscle strength among young and elderly workers with and without physically demanding work tasks. Applied Ergonomics, 32(5), 425-431.</p><p></p><p>Schmiedeberg, C., & Schrder, J. (2017). Leisure Activities and Life Satisfaction: an Analysis with German Panel Data. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12(1), 137-151.</p><p></p><p>Sekaran, U. a. B., R. . (2009). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (5th Edition ed.).</p><p></p><p>Shah, K. N., Lin, F. V., Yu, F., & McMahon, J. M. (2016). Activity engagement and physical function in old age sample. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 69, 55-60.</p><p></p><p>Shenk, J. S., & Westerhaus, M. O. (1991). Population Definition, Sample Selection, and Calibration Procedures for Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy. Crop Science, 31(2), 469-474.</p><p></p><p>Siegrist, J., von dem Knesebeck, O. & Pollack, C. Soc Theory Health (2004). Social Productivity and Well-being of Older People: A Sociological Exploration. Social Theory & Health, 2(1), 117.</p><p></p><p>Sneed, R. S., & Cohen, S. (2013). A prospective study of volunteerism and hypertension risk in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 28(2), 578.</p><p></p><p>Sone, T., Nakaya, N., Ohmori, K., Shimazu, T., Higashiguchi, M., Kakizaki, M.,Tsuji,I. (2008). Sense of life worth living (ikigai) and mortality in Japan: Ohsaki Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(6), 709-715.</p><p></p><p>Sooryanarayana, R. (2016). Elder Abuse Among Rural Community Dwellling Elders in Kuala Pilah District, Negeri Sembilan State, Malaysia (Doctoral dissertation, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya).</p><p></p><p>Staubli, S., & Zweimller, J. (2013). Does raising the early retirement age increase employment of older workers?,Journal of public economics, 108, 17-32.</p><p></p><p>Staudinger, U. M., Finkelstein, R., Calvo, E., & Sivaramakrishnan, K. (2016). A Global View on the Effects of Work on Health in Later Life. The Gerontologist, 56(Suppl_2), S281-S292. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnw032</p><p></p><p>Stephens, C., Breheny, M., & Mansvelt, J. (2015). Volunteering as reciprocity: Beneficial and harmful effects of social policies to encourage contribution in older age. Journal of Aging Studies, 33, 22-27. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2015.02.003</p><p></p><p>Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (2012) Using Multivariate Statistics. 6h Edition, Person Education, Boston</p><p></p><p>Taghian, M., D'Souza, C., & Polonsky, M. (2012). A study of older Australians volunteering and quality of life: Empirical evidence and policy implications. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 24(2), 101-122.</p><p></p><p>Thomas Akintayo & Niina Hkl & Katja Ropponen & Elsa Paronen & Sari Rissanen, 2016. "Predictive Factors for Voluntary and/or Paid Work among Adults in their Sixties," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 128(3), pages 1387-1404, September.</p><p></p><p>Veenhoven, Ruut. (2012). Happiness: Also Known as Life Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being. 10.1007/978-94-007-2421-1_3.</p><p></p><p>Virtanen, M., Kivimki, M., Joensuu, M., Virtanen, P., Elovainio, M., & Vahtera, J. (2005). Temporary employment and health: a review. International journal of epidemiology, 34(3), 610-622.</p><p></p><p>Vozikaki, M., Linardakis, M., Micheli, K., & Philalithis, A. (2017). Activity Participation and Well-Being Among European Adults Aged 65 years and Older. Social Indicators Research, 131(2), 769-795.</p><p></p><p>Wan Ahmad, W. I. a. R., Marof and Emby, Zahid and Hamid, Abdul Halin (2009). Kesejahteraan subjektif wargatua di Malaysia : kes masyarakat desa Kelantan. International Journal of Management Studies, 16 (2), pp. 63-96.</p><p></p><p>Ward, J., & Greene, A. M. (2018). Too Much of a Good Thing? The Emotional Challenges of Managing Affectively Committed Volunteers. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47(6), 1155-1177.</p><p></p><p>WHO. (2015). World report on aging and health: World Health Organization.</p><p></p><p>Yiengprugsawan, V., Seubsman, S. A., Khamman, S., Lim, L. Y., Sleigh, A. C., & Thai Cohort Study Team. (2010). Personal wellbeing index in a national cohort of 87,134 Thai adults. Social Indicators Research, 98(2), 201-215.</p><p></p><p>Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (2014) is in its fifth edition, United States of America: Sage publications.</p><p></p><p>Yogreesvaran, K. (2013). The Malaysian Well-Being Report 2013. Economic Planning Unit: Prime Ministers Department.</p><p></p><p>Yu, R. P., McCammon, R. J., Ellison, N. B., & Langa, K. M. (2016). The relationships that matter: social network site use and social well-being among older adults in the United States of America. Aging and Society, 36(9), 1826- 1852. doi: 10.1017/s0144686x15000677</p><p></p><p>Yusoff, M., & Zabdi, J. (2009). Jenayah dalam keluarga: Penderaan dan pengabaian warga tua di Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Zakaria, S. M., Alavi, K., & Subhi, N. (2013). Risiko kesunyian dalam kalangan warga tua di Rumah Seri Kenangan. Jurnal Psikologi dan Pembangunan Manusia, 1(1), 49-56.</p><p></p><p>Zhang, W., Feng, Q., Lacanienta, J., & Zhen, Z. (2017). Leisure participation and subjective well-being: Exploring gender differences among elderly in Shanghai, China. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 69, 45-54. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.11.010</p> |