Teaching and learning strategies foe English language speaking skill among early childhood education (ECE) undergraduates

Teaching and learning strategies foe English language speaking skill among early childhood education (ECE) undergraduates

<p>This study aimed to develop a provisional framework of English language speaking</p><p>skills for early childhood education (ECE) undergraduates. This study was carried out</p><p>to identify the level of speaking proficiency am...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Hasviniy Padmanathan
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2021
Subjects:
LB Theory and practice of education
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8587
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:8587
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle LB Theory and practice of education
Hasviniy Padmanathan
Teaching and learning strategies foe English language speaking skill among early childhood education (ECE) undergraduates
description <p>This study aimed to develop a provisional framework of English language speaking</p><p>skills for early childhood education (ECE) undergraduates. This study was carried out</p><p>to identify the level of speaking proficiency among the undergraduates, ascertain the</p><p>challenges faced by them in using English, and determine teaching and learning</p><p>strategies to overcome the challenges. The study adopts the mixed-method approach.</p><p>The method used for quantitative data was a survey and speaking test from 90</p><p>respondents. The method used for qualitative data was document analysis of</p><p>90 language test scores and semi-structured interviews with three students from</p><p>each semester and five ECE lecturers. The English proficiency level was acquired</p><p>through the respondents speaking test scores. The online survey was conducted to</p><p>ascertain the challenges faced by undergraduates. The semi-structured interviews of</p><p>students and lecturers were conducted to determine teaching and learning</p><p>strategies towards overcoming those challenges. The survey was analysed using</p><p>descriptive analysis of the statistical data. Thematic analysis was used to analyse</p><p>the interview data. The findings revealed that there were no significant differences</p><p>in speaking proficiency levels between respondents from different semesters (p</p><p>value=.400). This suggested that there had been no significant improvement in their</p><p>speaking proficiency level as they progress in their semesters. The findings on the</p><p>challenges were fear of criticism, limited vocabulary, shyness and no motivation.</p><p>The findings on the strategies were communication-based language learning</p><p>techniques, constant use of English and positive language exploration. In</p><p>conclusion, the provisional Framework of English Language Speaking Skills was</p><p>developed based on the challenges faced by ECE undergraduates and the</p><p>strategies employed by them to overcome those challenges. The implication of this</p><p>study suggests that the framework provides a vital reference for future researchers</p><p>on how to improve ECE undergraduates English speaking skills.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Hasviniy Padmanathan
author_facet Hasviniy Padmanathan
author_sort Hasviniy Padmanathan
title Teaching and learning strategies foe English language speaking skill among early childhood education (ECE) undergraduates
title_short Teaching and learning strategies foe English language speaking skill among early childhood education (ECE) undergraduates
title_full Teaching and learning strategies foe English language speaking skill among early childhood education (ECE) undergraduates
title_fullStr Teaching and learning strategies foe English language speaking skill among early childhood education (ECE) undergraduates
title_full_unstemmed Teaching and learning strategies foe English language speaking skill among early childhood education (ECE) undergraduates
title_sort teaching and learning strategies foe english language speaking skill among early childhood education (ece) undergraduates
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
publishDate 2021
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8587
_version_ 1776104542374461440
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:85872023-01-12 Teaching and learning strategies foe English language speaking skill among early childhood education (ECE) undergraduates 2021 Hasviniy Padmanathan LB Theory and practice of education <p>This study aimed to develop a provisional framework of English language speaking</p><p>skills for early childhood education (ECE) undergraduates. This study was carried out</p><p>to identify the level of speaking proficiency among the undergraduates, ascertain the</p><p>challenges faced by them in using English, and determine teaching and learning</p><p>strategies to overcome the challenges. The study adopts the mixed-method approach.</p><p>The method used for quantitative data was a survey and speaking test from 90</p><p>respondents. The method used for qualitative data was document analysis of</p><p>90 language test scores and semi-structured interviews with three students from</p><p>each semester and five ECE lecturers. The English proficiency level was acquired</p><p>through the respondents speaking test scores. The online survey was conducted to</p><p>ascertain the challenges faced by undergraduates. The semi-structured interviews of</p><p>students and lecturers were conducted to determine teaching and learning</p><p>strategies towards overcoming those challenges. The survey was analysed using</p><p>descriptive analysis of the statistical data. Thematic analysis was used to analyse</p><p>the interview data. The findings revealed that there were no significant differences</p><p>in speaking proficiency levels between respondents from different semesters (p</p><p>value=.400). This suggested that there had been no significant improvement in their</p><p>speaking proficiency level as they progress in their semesters. The findings on the</p><p>challenges were fear of criticism, limited vocabulary, shyness and no motivation.</p><p>The findings on the strategies were communication-based language learning</p><p>techniques, constant use of English and positive language exploration. In</p><p>conclusion, the provisional Framework of English Language Speaking Skills was</p><p>developed based on the challenges faced by ECE undergraduates and the</p><p>strategies employed by them to overcome those challenges. The implication of this</p><p>study suggests that the framework provides a vital reference for future researchers</p><p>on how to improve ECE undergraduates English speaking skills.</p> 2021 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8587 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8587 text eng closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia <p>Abawi, K. (2013). Data Collection Instruments (Questionnaire & Interview).</p><p>Training in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Geneva, 1, p.18.</p><p></p><p>Abukhattala, I. (2013). Krashens Five Proposals on Language Learning: Are They</p><p>Valid in Libyan EFL Classes. English Language Teaching, 6(1), 128-131. doi:</p><p>10.5539/elt.v6n1p128</p><p></p><p>Akhtar, I. (2016). Research in Social Science: Interdisciplinary Perspectives; Research</p><p>design (1st ed.).</p><p></p><p>Al-Jardani, K. (2013). Developing A Framework For English Language Curriculum</p><p>Evaluation In Oman (Ph.D). University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Al-Qaysi, N. (2018). The Impact of Child Protection Policy on Omani Classrooms.</p><p>International Journal of Information Technology and Language Studies, 2(1).</p><p></p><p>Alias, N. (2017). My Say: Making graduates more employable. The Edge Malaysia.</p><p>Retrieved from https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/my-say-makinggraduates-</p><p>more-employable</p><p></p><p>Australian higher education institutions Commissioned report. (2014). English</p><p>language proficiency and employability framework. Centre for the Study of</p><p>Higher Education, The University of Melbourne.</p><p></p><p>Bashir, Marriam & Azeem, Muhammad & Ashiq, Dr & Dogar, Hussain. (2011). Factor</p><p>Effecting Students' English Speaking Skills. British Journal of Arts and Social</p><p>Sciences ISSN. 2. 2046-9578.</p><p></p><p>Bozorgian, H. (2012). The Relationship between Listening and Other Language Skills</p><p>in International English. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(4), 657-</p><p>663.</p><p></p><p>Castillo-Montoya, M. (2016). Preparing for interview research: The interview protocol</p><p>refinement framework. Qualitative Report, 21(5), 811831.</p><p></p><p>Che Musa, N., Yiew Lee, K., & Azman, H. (2012). Exploring English Language</p><p>Learning And Teaching In Malaysia. GEMA OnlineTM Journal of Language</p><p>Studies, 12(1), 37. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11492256.pdf</p><p></p><p>Cheong, K., Hill, C., Fernandez-Chung, R., & Leong, Y. (2015). Employing the unemployable:</p><p>employer perceptions of Malaysian graduates. Studies in Higher Education, 41(12), 2253-2270. doi:</p><p>10.1080/03075079.2015.1034260</p><p></p><p>Council of Europe. (2019). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning,</p><p>teaching, assessment (CEFR). [online] Available at:</p><p>https://www.coe.int/en/web/language-policy/cefr.</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J. (2018). Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches + a crash course in</p><p>statistics. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J. (2018). Educational Research. Sydney: Pearson Education.</p><p></p><p>Davison, C. B., & Dustova, G. (2017). A quantitative assessment of student performance and</p><p>examination format. Journal of Instructional Pedagogies, 18.</p><p></p><p>Dayat, D. (2017). Analysis on English Speaking Performance: Exploring Students Errors and The</p><p>Causes. JETL (Journal Of Education, Teaching and Learning), 2(1), 130. doi:</p><p>10.26737/jetl.v2i1.149</p><p></p><p>Denham, S., Bassett, H., & Zinsser, K. (2012). Early Childhood Teachers as Socializers of Young</p><p>Childrens Emotional Competence. Early Childhood Education Journal, 40(3), 137-143. doi:</p><p>10.1007/s10643-012-0504-2</p><p></p><p>Derakhshan, A., Khalili, A., & Beheshti, F. (2016). Developing EFL Learners Speaking Ability,</p><p>Accuracy and Fluency. English Language And Literature Studies, 6(2), 177. doi:</p><p>10.5539/ells.v6n2p177</p><p></p><p>Devi, V. (2018). Taking steps to address decline in English proficiency. The Star Online. [online]</p><p>Available at: https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-</p><p>news/2018/04/02/taking-steps-to-address-decline-in-english-proficiency-</p><p>conference-to-gather-teachers-from-around-the/.</p><p></p><p>Dincer, A., & Yesilyurt, S. (2013). Pre-Service English Teachers Beliefs on Speaking Skills Based</p><p>on Motivational Orientations. English Language Teaching, 6(7), 88-95.</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n7p88</p><p></p><p>Dixon, T., & O'Hara, M. (2010). Communication Skills. University of Ulster.</p><p></p><p>Efrizal, D. (2012). Improving Students Speaking through Communicative Language</p><p>Teaching Method at Mts Ja-alhaq, Sentot Ali Basa Islamic Boarding School of</p><p>Bengkulu, Indonesia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,</p><p>2(20), 127134.</p><p></p><p>Eshtehardi, R. (2017). Needs Analysis and Course Design; A Framework for Designing</p><p>Exam Courses. International Journal Of Applied Linguistics And English</p><p>Literature, 6(6), 274. doi: 10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.6p.274</p><p></p><p>Fan, J., & Yan, X. (2020). Assessing Speaking Proficiency: A Narrative Review of</p><p>Speaking Assessment Research Within the Argument-Based Validation</p><p>Framework. Frontiers In Psychology, 11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00330</p><p></p><p>Francis, Kristina & Mutty, Bharathi & Kaur, Malvin & Kunalan, Ranjini & Mohd Anis,</p><p>Nurullashkeen. (2020). Undergraduates' Awareness and Obstacles on English</p><p>Language Speaking Skill. International Journal of Education, Psychology and</p><p>Counseling. 5. 176-188. 10.35631/IJEPC.5340014.</p><p></p><p>Gan, Z. (2012). Understanding L2 Speaking Problems: Implications for ESL</p><p>Curriculum Development in a Teacher Training Institution in Hong</p><p>Kong. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1). doi:</p><p>10.14221/ajte.2012v37n1.4</p><p></p><p>Goh, P. S. C. (2019). Preschool Teachers Perspectives on Using English Language to</p><p>Teach. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 19(4), 346362. doi:</p><p>10.17576/gema-2019-1904-18</p><p></p><p>Gong, Y. (2018). Design and implementation of english for academic purpose online</p><p>learning system based on browser/server framework. International Journal Of</p><p>Emerging Technologies In Learning, 13(3), 141-153. doi:</p><p>https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i03.8399</p><p></p><p>Grover, V. (2015). Research approach: An overview. International Multidisciplinary</p><p>Research Journal, 4(8).</p><p></p><p>Hadijah, S. (2014). Investing the Problems of English Speaking of Islamic Boarding</p><p>School Program at Stain Samarinda. Dinamika Ilmu: Jurnal Pendidikan, 14(2),</p><p>240247.</p><p></p><p>Haidari, Y. (2016). Psychological Factor Affecting English Speaking Performance for</p><p>the English Learners in Indonesia. Universal Journal Of Educational Research,</p><p>4(7), 1501-1505. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2016.040701</p><p></p><p>Hamad, M. (2013). Factors Negatively Affect Speaking Skills at Saudi Colleges for</p><p>Girls in the South. Canadian Center Of Science And Education, 6(12), 87-97.</p><p>doi: doi:10.5539/elt.v6n12p87</p><p></p><p>Harmer, J. (2015). The practice of English language teaching (5th ed.). Harlow, UK:</p><p>Pearson Longman.</p><p></p><p>Heriansyah, H. (2012). Speaking Problems Faced By The English Department Students</p><p>Of Syiah Kuala University. Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa Dan</p><p>Pembelajaran Bahasa, 6(1), 37-44. doi:10.24036/ld.v6i1.7398</p><p></p><p>Hughes, R. (2011). Teaching and researching speaking. London: Longman.</p><p></p><p>Husnawati. (2017). Retrieved from https://repository.arraniry.</p><p>ac.id/id/eprint/1236/2/Husnawati.pdf</p><p></p><p>Hussain, S. (2017). Teaching Speaking Skills in Communication</p><p>Classroom. International Journal Of Media, Journalism And Mass</p><p>Communications, 3(3). doi: 10.20431/2454-9479.0303003</p><p></p><p>Huwari, I. (2019). Problems Faced by Jordanian Undergraduate Students in Speaking</p><p>English. International Journal Of Innovation, Creativity And Change, 8(9),</p><p>203-217. Retrieved from http://www.ijicc.net</p><p></p><p>Ijasan, K., & Ahmed, V. (2016). Studentification and the housing needs of international</p><p>students in Johannesburg: An embedded mixed methods approach. Research</p><p>Methodology in the Built Environment: A Selection of Case Studies, (March),</p><p>129146. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315725529</p><p></p><p>Iksan, Z., Zakaria, E., Meerah, T., Osman, K., Lian, D., Mahmud, S., & Krish, P.</p><p>(2012). Communication Skills among University Students. Procedia-Social</p><p>And Behavioral Sciences, 59, 71-76. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.247</p><p></p><p>Ishtiaq, M. (2019). Book Review Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative,</p><p>Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:</p><p>Sage. English Language Teaching, 12(5), 40.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n5p40</p><p></p><p>Ivinson, A. J. (2001). Societys stake in xenotransplantation. Quarterly Review of</p><p>Biology, 76. https://doi.org/10.1086/393991</p><p></p><p>Jingxia, L. (2010). Teachers code-switching to the L1 in EFL classroom. The Open</p><p>Applied Linguistics Journal, 3(10), 10-23.</p><p></p><p>Jun, S. W. (21st May, 2015) Half of English Teacher have poor English Skills. Free</p><p>Malaysia Today. Retrieved from</p><p>https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2019/05/21/half-ofenglish-</p><p>teachers-have-poor-english-skills-says-don/</p><p></p><p>Lin, A. M. Y. (2017). Code-Switching in the Classroom: Research Paradigms and</p><p>Approaches. Research Methods in Language and Education, 487501.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02249-9_34</p><p></p><p>Kabir, Syed Muhammad. (2014). Methods of Data Collection.</p><p></p><p>Kapur, Radhika. (2018). Early Childhood Education.</p><p></p><p>Khalijah Nor, Masliza Razali, Nashrah Talib, Nurbarirah Ahmad, Rosnita Sarkarji,</p><p>Aisyah Amni Saferdin, & Aishah Nor. (2019). Students Problems in Learning</p><p>English as a Second Language Among MDAB Students at Uitm Malacca.</p><p>International Journal of Humanities, Philosophy and Language, 2(7), 0112.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.27001</p><p></p><p>Kencanawati, D. (2014). Designing Communication Strategy in the English Speaking</p><p>Class at University (pp. 509-512). Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia: The 61</p><p>TEFLIN International Conference.</p><p></p><p>Kim, L. S., Siong, L. K., & Fei, W. F. (2010). The English language and its impact on</p><p>identities of multilingual malaysian undergraduates. GEMA Online Journal</p><p>of Language Studies, 10(1), 87101. Retrieved from</p><p>http://journalarticle.ukm.my/2324/1/page1_21.pdf</p><p></p><p>Kustati, M. (2014). An Analysis of Code-Mixing and Code-Switching in EFL Teaching</p><p>of Cross Cultural Communication Context. Al-Ta'lim, 21, 174-182.</p><p></p><p>Krashen, S. (1995). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Hemel</p><p>Hempstead, Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall Europe.</p><p></p><p>Lantolf, J. (2017). Sociocultural theory and second language learning. Oxford: Oxford</p><p>University Press.</p><p></p><p>Leong, L., & Ahmadi, S. (2017). An Analysis of Factors Influencing Learners English</p><p>Speaking Skill. International Journal of Research in English Education, 2(1),</p><p>34-41. doi: 10.18869/acadpub.ijree.2.1.34</p><p></p><p>Lestari, S. (2018). Exploring the Factors Affecting Student's English Speaking Fluency.</p><p>Ar-Raniry Islamic State University.</p><p></p><p>Liando, N. V. F., & Lumettu, R. (2017). Students Personal Initiative towards their</p><p>Speaking Performance. International Education Studies, 10(8), 21. doi:</p><p>10.5539/ies.v10n8p21</p><p></p><p>Lopez, J. V. (August 29, 2018). Communication Disorders: Types and Classification -</p><p>SAERA. Retrieved January 17, 2021, from Saera.eu website:</p><p>https://www.saera.eu/en/2018/08/29/communication-disorders-types-andclassification/</p><p></p><p>Lumettu, A., & Runtuwene, T. L. (2018). Developing the Students English Speaking</p><p>Ability Through Impromptu Speaking Method. Journal of Physics: Conference</p><p>Series, 953, 012035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/953/1/012035</p><p></p><p>Mat Saad, N., Sidek, H., Baharun, H., Idrus, M., & Yunus, M. (2016). A Conceptual</p><p>Framework To Explore The English Language Learning Experiences Of</p><p>International Students In Malaysia. IJAEDU- International E-Journal of</p><p>Advances In Education, 2(6), 453-453. doi: 10.18768/ijaedu.281043</p><p></p><p>Mahajan, R. (2015). The key role of communication skills in the life of professionals.</p><p>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), Volume</p><p>20(Issue 12, Ver. II), 36-39. doi: DOI: 10.9790/0837-201223639</p><p></p><p>Mahmood, M. & Harun, H. N. (4 December 2015) Q & A with Tan Sri Arsyad Ayub.</p><p>The News Straits Time. Retrieved from</p><p>https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/12/115394/q-tan-sri-arshad-ayub</p><p></p><p>Malaysian Employers Federation. (2016, 24 November). English Proficiency Critical</p><p>To Enhance Employability of Graduates [Press release]. Retrieved from</p><p>https://www.mef.org.my/Attachments/PR161124b.pdf</p><p></p><p>Mathers N, Fox N. and Hunn A. Surveys and Questionnaires. The NIHR RDS for the</p><p>East Midlands / Yorkshire & the Humber, 2009.</p><p></p><p>Majzub, R.M. (2013). Critical Issues in Preschool Education in Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Mihas, P., & Odum Institute. (2019). Learn to use an exploratory sequential mixed</p><p>method design for instrument development. In SAGE Research Methods</p><p>Datasets Part 2. SAGE Publications, Ltd.</p><p>https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781526496454</p><p></p><p>Ministry of Education. (2012). Preliminary Report Malaysian Education Blueprint</p><p>2013-2025. Putrajaya, Malaysia: Retrieved from</p><p>https://www.moe.gov.my/menumedia/media-cetak/penerbitan/dasar/1207-</p><p>malaysia-education-blueprint-2013-2025/file</p><p></p><p>Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019).</p><p>Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac</p><p>anaesthesia, 22(1), 6772. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18</p><p></p><p>Mohajan, H. K. (2017). Two Criteria for Good Measurements in Research: Validity</p><p>and Reliability. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 17(4), 59</p><p>82. https://doi.org/10.26458/1746</p><p></p><p>Mohd Razali, Nornadiah & Yap, Bee. (2011). Power Comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk,</p><p>Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling Tests. J. Stat. Model.</p><p>Analytics. 2.</p><p></p><p>Mohideen, H. (2018). Building proficiency in English. The Star Online. Retrieved from</p><p>https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2018/03/01/building-proficiencyin-</p><p>english/</p><p></p><p>Mustafa, M. C., Ngajib, S. H., Isa, Z. M., Omar, A., Osman, Z., Ahmad, N. A., Amran,</p><p>A. N. F. M. (2018). Early Childhood Teachers Challenges in Using English to</p><p>Interact with Young English Language Learners. International Journal of</p><p>Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(6). doi:</p><p>10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i6/4179</p><p></p><p>Mustafa, Z. (2018). Proficient ways to better English. New Straits Times. Retrieved</p><p>from https://www.nst.com.my/education/2018/07/389562/proficient-waybetter-</p><p>english</p><p></p><p>Nishanthi, R. (2018). The Importance of Learning English in Today World.</p><p>International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development,</p><p>Volume-3(Issue-1), 871874. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd19061</p><p></p><p>Nooreiny Maarof, & Indira Malani Munusamy. (2015). Learners Learning</p><p>Experiences & Difficulties towards (ESL) among UKM Undergraduates.</p><p>Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 6(3), 8487.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.3p.83</p><p></p><p>Nunan, D., & Carter, R. (Eds.). (2001). The Cambridge guide to teaching English to</p><p>speakers of other languages. Ernst Klett Sprachen.</p><p></p><p>Nuraeni, B. L., Farid, M. Z., & Cahyati, S. S. (2018). The Use Of Indonesian English</p><p>Code Mixing On Instagram Captions. PROJECT (Professional Journal of</p><p>English Education), 1(4), 448. https://doi.org/10.22460/project.v1i4.p448-453</p><p></p><p>Permana, G.K., Sofyan, D., & Kasmaini, K. (2019). An Analysis of Communication</p><p>Strategies Applied by English Study Program Students in Speaking for</p><p>Presentation. Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, 3, 494-505.</p><p></p><p>Richards, J. C. (2006). Communicative language teaching today. Cambridge, UK:</p><p>Cambridge University Press.</p><p></p><p>Rosmiaty, R., Ratnawaty, R., & Muhri, A. (2020). Investigating Code-Mixing As</p><p>Persuasive Strategies In Advertising: A Study Of Code-Mixing In Indonesian</p><p>Commercial Context. ELT Worldwide: Journal of English Language Teaching,</p><p>7(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.26858/eltww.v7i1.15108</p><p></p><p>Rusli, R., Md Yunus, M., & Hashim, H. (2018). Low Speaking Proficiency Among The</p><p>Malaysian Undergraduates: Why And How?. In e-Prosiding Persidangan</p><p>Antarabangsa Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan 2018 (pp. 678-689). Selangor:</p><p>Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor.</p><p></p><p>Saeed, K. M., Ismail, S. A. M. M., & Eng, L. S. (2019). Malaysian Speaking Proficiency</p><p>Assessment Effectiveness for Undergraduates Suffering from Minimal</p><p>Descriptors. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 1059-1076.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12168a</p><p></p><p>Sangoseni, O., Hellman, M., & Hill, C. (2013). Development and validation of a</p><p>questionnaire to assess the effect of online learning on behaviours, attitudes, and</p><p>clinical practices of physical therapists in the United States regarding evidence</p><p>based clinical practices. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and</p><p>Practice, 11(2), 1-12</p><p></p><p>Shahini, Gholamhossein & Shahamirian, Fatemeh. (2017). Improving English</p><p>Speaking Fluency: The Role of Six Factors. Advances in Language and Literary</p><p>Studies. 8. 100. 10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.6p.100.</p><p></p><p>Shen, M., & Chiu, T. (2019). EFL Learners English Speaking Difficulties and Strategy</p><p>Use. Education And Linguistics Research, 5(2), 88. doi: 10.5296/elr.v5i2.15333</p><p></p><p>Stephanie Glen. (2020). "Welcome to Statistics How To!" From StatisticsHowTo.com:</p><p>Elementary Statistics for the rest of us from https://www.statisticshowto.com/</p><p></p><p>Sternberg, R. J. & Williams, W. M. (2002). Educational psychology. Boston: Pearson</p><p>Education Company.</p><p></p><p>Tabanick, B., & Fidell, L. (2013). Using multivariant statistics (6th ed.). Boston:</p><p>Pearson Education, Inc.</p><p></p><p>The Malay mail. (2021). Make a study on students poor English language proficiency,</p><p>says NUTP. Retrieved from</p><p>https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/19/make-a-study-onstudents-</p><p>poor-english-language-proficiency-says-nutp/1754475</p><p></p><p>The Star Online. (2021). Early Childhood Education a reward in itself. Retrieved from</p><p>https://www.thestar.com.my/starpicks/2021/08/12/early-childhood-educationa-</p><p>reward-in-itself</p><p></p><p>The Star Online. (2017). English proficiency still a big problem for many Malaysian</p><p>grads. Retrieved from</p><p>https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/01/21/english-proficiency-stilla-</p><p>big-problem-for-many-msian-grads/</p><p></p><p>Too, W. (2017). English language teaching and policies at the tertiary level in Malaysia</p><p>English Education At The Tertiary Level In Asia, 109-129. doi:</p><p>10.4324/9781315391588-7</p><p></p><p>Tuan, N. H., & Mai, T. N. (2015). Factors Affecting Students Speaking Performance</p><p>at Le Thanh Hien High School. Asian Journal of Educational Research, 3, 8-</p><p>23.</p><p></p><p>Tricomi, E. T. (1986). KrashenS Second-Language Acquisition Theory and the</p><p>Teaching of Edited American English. Journal of Basic Writing, 5(2), 5969.</p><p></p><p>Vygotsky, L., Cole, M., Stein, S., & Sekula, A. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge,</p><p>Mass.: Harvard University Press.</p><p></p><p>Weale, A. (2005). The Essential Guide to Doing Research. Journal of Advanced</p><p>Nursing, 51(6), 665665. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03567_1.x</p><p></p><p>Wolf, M. K., Everson, P., Lopez, A., Hauck, M., Pooler, E., & Wang, J. (2014).</p><p>Building a Framework for a Next-Generation English Language Proficiency</p><p>Assessment System. ETS Research Report Series, 2014(2), 148. doi:</p><p>10.1002/ets2.12034</p><p></p><p>Yahaya, A., Yahaya, N., Lean, O., Bon, A., & Ismail, S. (2011). Factors contributing</p><p>to proficiency in English as a second language among Chinese students in Johor</p><p>Bahru. Elixir Psychology, 41, 5837-5848. Retrieved from</p><p>http://www.elixirjournal.org</p><p></p><p>Yang, M., & Rau, D. A Conceptual Framework for Developing e-learning materials</p><p>from endangered language documentation. In ALR Workshop. Jeju Island,</p><p>Korea.</p><p></p><p>Zyoud, M. M. (2016). Theoretical Perspective on How to Develop Speaking Skill. An</p><p>International Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(1), 110.</p><p></p>

Similar Items