Pembangunan dan penilaian kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah Malaysia

<p>Kecergasan fizikal kanak-kanak boleh menjadi petunjuk tahap kesihatan mereka pada masa akan datang. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membangun dan menilai kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah</p><p>Malaysia. K...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Jamilah Mohd Basir
Format: thesis
Language:zsm
Published: 2021
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8606
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:8606
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language zsm
topic LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle LB Theory and practice of education
Jamilah Mohd Basir
Pembangunan dan penilaian kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah Malaysia
description <p>Kecergasan fizikal kanak-kanak boleh menjadi petunjuk tahap kesihatan mereka pada masa akan datang. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membangun dan menilai kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah</p><p>Malaysia. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan penyelidikan reka bentuk dan</p><p>pembangunan (PRP) yang terbahagi kepada tiga fasa. Fasa I ialah fasa analisis keperluan yang menggunakan kaedah tinjauan. Soal selidik diedarkan kepada 145</p><p>orang guru prasekolah. Fasa II ialah fasa reka bentuk dan pembangunan kandungan modul. Kaedah Fuzzy Delphi dan protokol temu bual digunakan terhadap 5 orang</p><p>informan dan 17 orang pakar turut terlibat dalam fasa ini. Fasa III ialah fasa penilaian kebolehgunaan yang menggunakan kaedah reka bentuk kumpulan praujian dan</p><p>pascaujian dengan melibatkan 43 orang kanak-kanak prasekolah. Setiap instrumen</p><p>telah mendapat kesahan pakar. Dapatan analisis Fasa I menggunakan Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23.00 menunjukkan 100% responden</p><p>bersetuju dengan pembangunan kandungan modul penilaian ini. Analisis Fuzzy Delphi</p><p>bagi Fasa II menunjukkan komponen komposisi badan, komponen daya tahan otot tangan, komponen fleksibiliti, komponen kekuatan otot kaki, dan komponen daya tahan kardiovaskular diterima sebagai komponen kandungan modul penilaian dan</p><p>disusun mengikut keutamaan komponen. Ujian-ujian yang diterima bagi setiap</p><p>komponen ialah indeks jisim badan, genggaman tangan, jangkauan melunjur, lompat</p><p>jauh berdiri, dan larian ulang alik 20 meter. Hal ini disebabkan oleh semua komponen</p><p>dan ujian telah memenuhi syarat segi tiga fuzzy iaitu nilai ambang (d) 0.2 dan peratus kesepakatan pakar 75.0% serta memenuhi syarat penilaian fuzzy iaitu skor fuzzy (A) nilai -cut = 0.5. Fasa III dianalisis menggunakan SPSS 23.00 dan menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara praujian dan pascaujian bagi ujian dalam kandungan modul. Kajian ini telah menghasilkan kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah Malaysia. Diharapkan hasil kajian dapat digunakan oleh pelbagai pihak berkepentingan terutamanya Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia dalam meningkatkan kecergasan fizikal kanak-kanak prasekolah.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Jamilah Mohd Basir
author_facet Jamilah Mohd Basir
author_sort Jamilah Mohd Basir
title Pembangunan dan penilaian kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah Malaysia
title_short Pembangunan dan penilaian kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah Malaysia
title_full Pembangunan dan penilaian kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah Malaysia
title_fullStr Pembangunan dan penilaian kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed Pembangunan dan penilaian kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah Malaysia
title_sort pembangunan dan penilaian kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah malaysia
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Pusat Penyelidikan Perkembangan Kanak-kanak Negara
publishDate 2021
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8606
_version_ 1776104546270969856
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:86062023-01-16 Pembangunan dan penilaian kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah Malaysia 2021 Jamilah Mohd Basir LB Theory and practice of education <p>Kecergasan fizikal kanak-kanak boleh menjadi petunjuk tahap kesihatan mereka pada masa akan datang. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membangun dan menilai kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah</p><p>Malaysia. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan penyelidikan reka bentuk dan</p><p>pembangunan (PRP) yang terbahagi kepada tiga fasa. Fasa I ialah fasa analisis keperluan yang menggunakan kaedah tinjauan. Soal selidik diedarkan kepada 145</p><p>orang guru prasekolah. Fasa II ialah fasa reka bentuk dan pembangunan kandungan modul. Kaedah Fuzzy Delphi dan protokol temu bual digunakan terhadap 5 orang</p><p>informan dan 17 orang pakar turut terlibat dalam fasa ini. Fasa III ialah fasa penilaian kebolehgunaan yang menggunakan kaedah reka bentuk kumpulan praujian dan</p><p>pascaujian dengan melibatkan 43 orang kanak-kanak prasekolah. Setiap instrumen</p><p>telah mendapat kesahan pakar. Dapatan analisis Fasa I menggunakan Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23.00 menunjukkan 100% responden</p><p>bersetuju dengan pembangunan kandungan modul penilaian ini. Analisis Fuzzy Delphi</p><p>bagi Fasa II menunjukkan komponen komposisi badan, komponen daya tahan otot tangan, komponen fleksibiliti, komponen kekuatan otot kaki, dan komponen daya tahan kardiovaskular diterima sebagai komponen kandungan modul penilaian dan</p><p>disusun mengikut keutamaan komponen. Ujian-ujian yang diterima bagi setiap</p><p>komponen ialah indeks jisim badan, genggaman tangan, jangkauan melunjur, lompat</p><p>jauh berdiri, dan larian ulang alik 20 meter. Hal ini disebabkan oleh semua komponen</p><p>dan ujian telah memenuhi syarat segi tiga fuzzy iaitu nilai ambang (d) 0.2 dan peratus kesepakatan pakar 75.0% serta memenuhi syarat penilaian fuzzy iaitu skor fuzzy (A) nilai -cut = 0.5. Fasa III dianalisis menggunakan SPSS 23.00 dan menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara praujian dan pascaujian bagi ujian dalam kandungan modul. Kajian ini telah menghasilkan kandungan modul penilaian kecergasan fizikal berasaskan kesihatan kanak-kanak prasekolah Malaysia. Diharapkan hasil kajian dapat digunakan oleh pelbagai pihak berkepentingan terutamanya Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia dalam meningkatkan kecergasan fizikal kanak-kanak prasekolah.</p> 2021 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8606 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8606 text zsm closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Pusat Penyelidikan Perkembangan Kanak-kanak Negara <p>Abang Ismail Abang Haji Julhi, Norani Drahman & Puspaleela Habibie Norlela Abdullah. (2008). Ujian Kecergasan Fizikal: Sejauh Manakah Pelaksanaannya Di Sekolah Menengah?. Jurnal Penyelidikan IPBL, 8, 1-13.</p><p></p><p>Abdul Halim Masnan, Nur Ellina Anthony & Nur Arifah Syahindah Zainudin. (2019)</p><p>Pengetahuan Pengajaran Dalam Kalangan Guru Prasekolah. Jurnal Pendidikan</p><p>Awal Kanak-Kanak Kebangsaan, 8, 33-41.</p><p></p><p>Abdul Muqsith Ahmad. (2018). Pembangunan Model Eni Berasaskan Aktiviti Inkuari Bagi Program Latihan Kemahiran Kejuruteraan Institusi Latihan Kemahiran</p><p>Malaysia (Tesis Doktor Falsafah). Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya.</p><p></p><p>Abdullah, N. M., Tumijan, W., Parnabas, V., Fauzee, M. S. O., Nazarudin, M. N., & Sumartiningsih, S. (2012). Predicting the General Physical Fitness Level</p><p>through Series of Field Tests among Students with Hearing-Impaired in Klang</p><p>Valley, Malaysia. Media Ilmu Keolahragaan Indonesia, 2(2). 63-69</p><p></p><p>Abdulrahman, S. O., Mohd Radzani Abdul Razak, Mohd Hanafi Mohd Yasin & Dauwed, M. (2018). Validity and reliability questionnaire for social, environment and self-efficacy related of deaf adolescents physical activity. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 96(21),</p><p>7041-7054.</p><p></p><p>Abdulrahman, S. O., Mohd Radzani Abdul Razak, Mohd Hanafi Mohd Yasin & Dauwed, M. (2019). Impact Social, Environmental, Physical Fitness and</p><p>Psychology On Physical Activity Among Hearing Impairment Adolescent</p><p>Girls: Theoretical Model. Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 12(2), 179-</p><p>193.</p><p></p><p>Adler, M., & Ziglio, E. (1996) Gazing into The Oracle: The Delphi Method and Its Application to Social Policy and Public Health. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.</p><p></p><p>Ahrens, W., Bammann, K., De Henauw, S., Halford, J., Palou, A., Pigeot, I., ... & Sjstrm, M. (2006). European Consortium of the IDEFICS Project Understanding and preventing childhood obesity and related disorders-</p><p>IDEFICS: a European multilevel epidemiological approach. Nutr Metab</p><p>Cardiovasc Dis, 16(4), 302-308.</p><p></p><p>Airasian, P., Gay, L. R., & Mills, G. E. (2003). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.</p><p></p><p>Aizzat Mohd. Nasurdin, Intan Osman & Zainal Ariffin Ahmad. (2006). Pengantar Pengurusan. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.</p><p></p><p>Albrecht, E. C., & Khetani, M. A. (2017). Environmental impact on young children's</p><p>participation in homebased activities. Developmental medicine & child</p><p>neurology, 59(4), 388-394.</p><p></p><p>Alias Mahmud, Nor Hayati Alwi, Tajularipin Sulaiman & Aminuddin Hassan. (2012).</p><p>Penggunaan Model Cipp Dalam Penilaian Kurikulum Separa Perubatan. Prosiding Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan Dan Pembangunan Sumber</p><p>Manusia (PPPSM 2013), 28-29 Februari 2012, Universiti Putra Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Aliza Ali & Zamri Mahamod. (2016). Pembangunan Dan Kebolehgunaan Modul Berasaskan Bermain Bagi Pembelajarn Kemahiran Bahasa Melayu Kanak-</p><p>Kanak Prasekolah. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu, 6(1). 16-29</p><p></p><p>Al-Othman, A., Al-Musharaf, S., Al-Daghri, N. M., Krishnaswamy, S., Yusuf, D. S.,</p><p>Alkharfy, K. M., ... & Chrousos, G. P. (2012). Effect of physical activity and</p><p>sun exposure on vitamin D status of Saudi children and adolescents. BMC pediatrics, 12(1), 1-6.</p><p></p><p>lvarez-Bueno, C., Pesce, C., Cavero-Redondo, I., Snchez-Lpez, M., Garrido-</p><p>Miguel, M., & Martnez-Vizcano, V. (2017). Academic achievement and physical activity: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 140(6).</p><p></p><p>Amenya, P. C. A., Annan, R. A., Apprey, C., & Kpewou, D. E. (2021). Physical fitness</p><p>and cognitive function among schoolaged children in selected basic schools</p><p>in the Ho Municipality of Ghana. Heliyon, 7(3), e06324.</p><p></p><p>Amstrong, K. (2000). The Battle for God. Cet. I,(New York: Alfred A. Knoft, 2000).</p><p></p><p>Andersen, L. B., Harro, M., Sardinha, L. B., Froberg, K., Ekelund, U., Brage, S., &</p><p>Anderssen, S. A. (2006). Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular risk in</p><p>children: a cross-sectional study (The European Youth Heart Study). The Lancet, 368(9532), 299-304.</p><p></p><p>Ardoy, D. N., Fernndez-Rodrguez, J. M., Ruiz, J. R., Chilln, P., Espaa-Romero,</p><p>V., Castillo, M. J., & Ortega, F. B. (2011). Improving physical fitness in</p><p>adolescents through a school-based intervention: the EDUFIT study. Revista</p><p>Espaola de Cardiologa (English Edition), 64(6), 484-491.</p><p></p><p>Artero, E. G., Espana-Romero, V., Castro-Pinero, J., Ortega, F. B., Suni, J., Castillo-</p><p>Garzon, M. J., & Ruiz, J. R. (2011). Reliability of field-based fitness tests in youth. International journal of sports medicine, 32(3), 159-169.</p><p></p><p>Artero, E. G., Espaa-Romero, V., Castro-Piero, J., Ruiz, J., Jimnez-Pavn, D., Aparicio, V., ... & Ortega, F. B. (2012). Criterion-related validity of field-based</p><p>muscular fitness tests in youth. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 52(3), 263-272.</p><p></p><p>Artero, E. G., Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., EspaaRomero, V., VicenteRodrguez, G., Molnar, D., ... & HELENA Study Group. (2011). Muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness are independently associated with metabolic risk in adolescents: the HELENA study. Pediatric diabetes, 12(8), 704-712.</p><p></p><p>Arumugam, S., Kway, E. H., & Zainiah @ Zaniah Binti Mohamed Isa. (2019). Methodology of Developing Symptomatic Behavior Screening Tool (Symbest) For Children Aged 3-4 Years Old with Behavior Problems. Muallim Journal Of Social Science and Humanities, 3(3), 324-341.</p><p></p><p>Azizi Yahya & Mohd Sofie Bahari. (2010). Teori-Teori Tingkah Laku Berisiko. Teori-</p><p>Teori Tingkah Laku Berisiko (pp. 1-7). (Tidak diterbitkan). Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/10403/</p><p></p><p>Azli Ariffin. (2018). Reka Bentuk Model Aktiviti Penggunaan Lagu Kanak-Kanak Melayu Tradisional Untuk Peningkatan Imaginasi-Kreatif Prasekolah (Tesis Doktor Falsafah). Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya.</p><p></p><p>Bahagian Pembangunan Kesihatan. (2017). Garis Panduan Aktiviti Fizikal Malaysia.</p><p>Kemeterian Kesihatan Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2016). Panduan Standard Kecergasan Fizikal</p><p>Kebangsaan Untuk Murid Sekolah Malaysia (SEGAK). Putrajaya:</p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986(23-28).</p><p></p><p>Baranowski, T., Perry, C. L., & Parcel, G. S. (2002). How individuals, environments,</p><p>and health behavior interact. Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice, 3, 165-184.</p><p></p><p>Beauchamp, M. R., Crawford, K. L., & Jackson, B. (2019). Social cognitive theory and physical activity: Mechanisms of behavior change, critique, and</p><p>legacy. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 110-117.</p><p></p><p>Bnfice, E., Four, T., & Malina, R. M. (1999). Early nutritional history and motor</p><p>performance of Senegalese children, 4-6 years of age. Annals of human</p><p>biology, 26(5), 443-455.</p><p></p><p>Benjamin, T. E., Lucas-Thompson, R. G., Little, L. M., Davies, P. L., & Khetani, M. A. (2017). Participation in early childhood educational environments for young</p><p>children with and without developmental disabilities and delays: a mixed methods study. Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics, 37(1), 87-107.</p><p></p><p>Bergstorm, R. C. (1985). How serious are Moniezia infections in catle and sheep</p><p>[xt]. Veter. Med (Edvardswille), 88(11), 72-75.</p><p></p><p>Bergstrm, G., Aniansson, A., Bjelle, A., Grimby, G., Lundgren-Lindquist, B., & Svanborg, A.</p><p>(1985). Functional consequences of joint impairment at age</p><p>79. Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine, 17, 183-190.</p><p></p><p>Berliner, D. C. (2004a). Describing the behavior and documenting the accomplishments of</p><p>expert teachers. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 24(3), 200-212.</p><p></p><p>Berliner, D. C. (2004b). Expert teachers: Their characteristics, development and accomplishments.</p><p>Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 24(3), 200-212.</p><p></p><p>Bianco, A., Jemni, M., Thomas, E., Patti, A., Paoli, A., Roque, J. R., ... & Tabacchi,</p><p>G. (2015). A systematic review to determine reliability and usefulness of the field-based test</p><p>batteries for the assessment of physical fitness in adolescents- The ASSO Project. International</p><p>journal of occupational medicine and environmental health, 28(3), 445-478.</p><p></p><p>Bodjanova, S. (2006). Median Alpha-Levels of A Fuzzy Numbe. Fuzzy Sets And Systems, 157(7),</p><p>879-891.</p><p></p><p>Bouchard, C., Shephard, R. J., & Brubaker, P. H. (1994). Physical Activity, Fitness, And Health.</p><p>Medicine & Science In Sports & Exercise, 26(1), 119.</p><p></p><p>Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American</p><p>psychologist, 32(7), 513-531.</p><p></p><p>Buchheit, M., Laursen, P. B., & Ahmaidi, S. (2007). Parasympathetic reactivation after repeated</p><p>sprint exercise. American journal of physiology-heart and circulatory physiology, 293(1),</p><p>H133-H141.</p><p></p><p>Buchheit, M., Papelier, Y., Laursen, P. B., & Ahmaidi, S. (2007). Noninvasive assessment of cardiac</p><p>parasympathetic function: postexercise heart rate recovery or heart rate variability?. American</p><p>Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 293(1), H8-H10.</p><p></p><p>Bueno, S., & Salmeron, J. L. (2008). Fuzzy modeling enterprise resource planning tool selection.</p><p>Computer Standards & Interfaces, 30(3), 137147.</p><p></p><p>Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Alcntara-Moral, F., Sanchez-Delgado, G., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Martinez-Tellez,</p><p>B., Herrador-Colmenero, M., ... & Ortega, F. B. (2014). Assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness in</p><p>preschool children: adaptation of the 20 metres shuttle run test. Nutricion hospitalaria, 30(6),</p><p>1333-1343.</p><p></p><p>Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Martinez-Tellez, B., Sanchez-Delgado, G., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Castro-Piero,</p><p>J., Lf, M., ... & Ortega, F. B. (2016). Assessing physical fitness in preschool children:</p><p>Feasibility, reliability and practical recommendations for the PREFIT battery. Journal of Science</p><p>and Medicine in Sport, 19(11), 910-</p><p>915.</p><p></p><p>Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Sanchez-Delgado, G., Martinez-Tellez, B., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Lf, M.,</p><p>Espaa-Romero, V., ... & Ortega, F. B. (2016). Reliability and validity of different models of TKK</p><p>hand dynamometers. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70(4), 7004300010p1-7004300010p9.</p><p></p><p>Cala, V. C., & Soriano, E. (2014). Health Education From An Ecological Perspective. Adaptation Of</p><p>The Bronfenbrenner Model From An Experience With Adolescents. Procedia - Social And Behavioral</p><p>Sciences, 132, 49-57.</p><p></p><p>Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and</p><p>physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public health reports,</p><p>100(2), 126-131.</p><p></p><p>Castro-Piero, J., Artero, E. G., Espaa-Romero, V., Ortega, F. B., Sjstrm, M., Suni, J., & Ruiz,</p><p>J. R. (2010). Criterion-related validity of field-based fitness tests in youth: a systematic</p><p>review. British journal of sports medicine, 44(13), 934- 943.</p><p></p><p>Castro-Piero, J., Chilln, P., Ortega, F. B., Montesinos, J. L., Sjstrm, M., & Ruiz,</p><p>J. R. (2009). Criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach and modified sit-and- reach test for</p><p>estimating hamstring flexibility in children and adolescents aged 617 years. International journal</p><p>of sports medicine, 30(09), 658-662.</p><p></p><p>Castro-Piero, J., Ortega, F. B., Artero, E. G., Girela-Rejn, M. J., Mora, J., Sjstrm, M., &</p><p>Ruiz, J. R. (2010). Assessing muscular strength in youth: usefulness of standing long jump as a</p><p>general index of muscular fitness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(7),</p><p>1810-1817.</p><p></p><p>Chang, P. T., Huang, L. C., & Lin, H. J. (2000). The fuzzy Delphi method via fuzzy statistics and</p><p>membership function fitting and an application to the human resources. Fuzzy sets and systems,</p><p>112(3), 511-520.</p><p></p><p>Chang, Y. H., Chang, C. W., Tao, C. W., Lin, H. W., & Taur, J. S. (2012). Fuzzy sliding-mode</p><p>control for ball and beam system with fuzzy ant colony optimization. Expert Systems with</p><p>Applications, 39(3), 3624-3633.</p><p></p><p>Cheng, C., & Lin, Y. (2002). Evaluating The Best Main Battle Tank Using Fuzzy 328 Decision Theory</p><p>with Linguistic Criteria Evaluation. European Journal Of Operational Research, 142, 174-186.</p><p></p><p>Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research Methods in Education.</p><p>London: Routledge.</p><p></p><p>Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research Methods in Education.</p><p>London: Routledge.</p><p></p><p>Copeland, K. A., Sherman, S. N., Kendeigh, C. A., Kalkwarf, H. J., & Saelens, B. E. (2012).</p><p>Societal values and policies may curtail preschool childrens physical</p><p>activity in child care centers. Pediatrics, 129(2), 265-274.</p><p></p><p>Corbin, C. B., & Lindsey, R. (1998). Concept Of Physical Fitness With Laboratories</p><p>(6th Edition). Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publisher</p><p></p><p>Corbin, C. B. (2018). Concepts Of Fitness And Wellness: A Comprehensive Lifestyle Approach. S.L.:</p><p>Mcgraw-Hill Co, Inc.</p><p></p><p>Council Of Europe. (1983). Testing Physical Fitness-Eurofit, Provisional Handbook.</p><p>Strasbourg.</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (2nd</p><p>Edition). Sage Publications, Los Angeles.</p><p></p><p>Cveji, D., Pejovi, T., & Ostoji, S. (2013). Assessment of physical fitness in children and</p><p>adolescents. Facta universitatis-series: Physical Education and Sport, 11(2), 135-145.</p><p></p><p>Dale, D., Corbin, C. B., & Dale, K. S. (2000). Restricting opportunities to be active during school</p><p>time: do children compensate by increasing physical activity levels after school?. Research</p><p>quarterly for exercise and sport, 71(3), 240-248.</p><p></p><p>de Castro Pinto, J. B., Cruz, J. P. S., de Pinho, T. M. P., & de Dias Marques, A. S. P. (2020).</p><p>Health-related physical fitness of children and adolescents in Portugal. Children and Youth</p><p>Services Review, 117, 105279.</p><p></p><p>De Decker, E., De Craemer, M., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Wijndaele, K., Duvinage, K., Androutsos, O.,</p><p>... & Cardon, G. (2013). Influencing factors of sedentary behavior in European preschool settings:</p><p>an exploration through focus groups with teachers. Journal of school health, 83(9), 654-661.</p><p></p><p>Dencker, M., Thorsson, O., Karlsson, M. K., Lindn, C., Svensson, J., Wollmer, P., & Andersen, L.</p><p>B. (2006). Daily physical activity and its relation to aerobic fitness in children aged 811</p><p>years. European journal of applied physiology, 96(5), 587-592.</p><p></p><p>Deslandes, S. F., Mendes, C. H. F., Pires, T. D. O., & Campos, D. D. S. (2010). Use of the Nominal</p><p>Group Technique and the Delphi Method to draw up evaluation indicators for strategies to deal with</p><p>violence against children and adolescents in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Sade Materno Infantil,</p><p>10, s29-s37.</p><p></p><p>Dhingra, R., Manhas, S., & Raina, A. (2005). Play pattern in preschool setting. Journal of Human</p><p>Ecology, 18(1), 21-25.</p><p></p><p>Dobbie, A., Rhodes, M., Tysinger, J. W., & Freeman, J. (2004). Using a modified nominal group</p><p>technique as a curriculum evaluation tool. Family Medicine- Kansas City-, 36, 402-406.</p><p></p><p>Donnelly, J. E., Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D., Etnier, J. L., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P., ... &</p><p>Szabo-Reed, A. N. (2016). Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement</p><p>in children: a systematic review. Medicine and science</p><p>in sports and exercise, 48(6), 1197-1222.</p><p></p><p>Eriksson, L., Jaworska, J., Worth, A. P., Cronin, M. T., McDowell, R. M., & Gramatica, P. (2003).</p><p>Methods for reliability and uncertainty assessment and for applicability evaluations of</p><p>classification-and regression-based QSARs. Environmental health perspectives, 111(10), 1361-1375.</p><p></p><p>Eriksson, M., Brown, W. T., Gordon, L. B., Glynn, M. W., Singer, J., Scott, L., ... & Collins, F.</p><p>S. (2003). Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin A cause HutchinsonGilford progeria syndrome.</p><p>Nature, 423(6937), 293-298.</p><p></p><p>Erwan Ismail & Mohd Radzani Abdul Razak. (2017). Tahap Kecergasan Fizikal Berlandaskan Kesihatan</p><p>Dan Corak Aktiviti Fizikal Murid Sekolah Di Gugusan FELDA. Prosiding Seminar Serantau Ke VIII (Pp.</p><p>1052-1056). Bangi: UKM.</p><p></p><p>Espaa-Romero, V., Artero, E. G., Santaliestra-Pasias, A. M., Gutierrez, A., Castillo,</p><p>M. J., & Ruiz, J. R. (2008). Hand span influences optimal grip span in boys and girls aged 6 to 12</p><p>years. The Journal of hand surgery, 33(3), 378-384.</p><p></p><p>Espaa-Romero, V., Ortega, F. B., Vicente-Rodrguez, G., Artero, E. G., Rey, J. P., & Ruiz, J. R.</p><p>(2010). Elbow position affects handgrip strength in adolescents: validity and reliability of Jamar,</p><p>DynEx, and TKK dynamometers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(1), 272-277.</p><p></p><p>Etnier, J. L., Nowell, P. M., Landers, D. M., & Sibley, B. A. (2006). A meta-regression to examine</p><p>the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. Brain research reviews,</p><p>52(1), 119-130.</p><p></p><p>Fadila Mohd Yusof. (2013). Pembangunan Reka Bentuk Permainan Tradisional Sebagai Alat Bantuan</p><p>Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Prasekolah. Universiti Utara Malaysia: Kedah.</p><p></p><p>Firrell, J. C., & Crain, G. M. (1996). Which setting of the dynamometer provides maximal grip</p><p>strength?. The Journal of hand surgery, 21(3), 397-401.</p><p></p><p>Fjrtoft, I., Pedersen, A. V., Sigmundsson, H., & Vereijken, B. (2011). Measuring physical fitness</p><p>in children who are 5 to 12 years old with a test battery that is functional and easy to</p><p>administer. Physical therapy, 91(7), 1087-1095.</p><p></p><p>Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education with</p><p>PowerWeb (6th Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.</p><p></p><p>Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen. E. N. (1996). How to design and evaluate research. United State of</p><p>America: McGraw Hill, Inc</p><p></p><p>Fraenkel, J., & Wallen, N. (1996). How to design and evaluate research in education</p><p>(Edisi kedua). San Francisco, CA: McGraw-Hill</p><p></p><p>Gardner, H., & Hatch, T. (1989). Multiple intelligences go to school: Educational implications of</p><p>the theory of multiple intelligences. Educational Reasearcher,</p><p>18(8), 4-9.</p><p></p><p>Gsior, J. S., Pawowski, M., Jele, P. J., Rameckers, E. A., Williams, C. A., Makuch, R., &</p><p>Werner, B. (2020). TestRetest Reliability of Handgrip Strength Measurement in Children and</p><p>Preadolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8026.</p><p></p><p>Gay, L., & Airasian, P. (2000). Educational research: An introduction. Upper Saddle River, NJ:</p><p>Merrill</p><p></p><p>Ghazali Darussalam. (2010). Program Evaluation In Higher Education. The International Journal Of</p><p>Research And Review, 5(2), 56-65.</p><p></p><p>Golding, L. A., Myers, C. R., & Sinning, W. E. (1989). Ys way to physical fitness (3rd Edition).</p><p>Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Golle, K. (2015). Physical fitness in school-aged children (Tesis Doktor Falsafah).</p><p>Faculty of Human Sciences of the University of Potsdam.</p><p></p><p>Goodway, J. D., & Smith, D. W. (2005). Keeping all children healthy: challenges to leading an</p><p>active lifestyle for preschool children qualifying for at-risk programs. Family & Community Health,</p><p>28(2), 142-155.</p><p></p><p>Gunaydin, S., & Karamete, A. (2016). Material Development to Raise Awareness 0f Using Smart Boards:</p><p>An Example Design and Development Research. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 15(1),</p><p>114-122.</p><p></p><p>Gustafson, K. L., & Branch, R. M. (2002). What is instructional design. Trends and issues in</p><p>instructional design and technology, 2, 10-16.</p><p></p><p>Gutirrez-Marn, D., Escribano, J., Closa-Monasterolo, R., Ferr, N., Venables, M., Singh, P., ...</p><p>& Luque, V. (2021). A novel approach to assess body composition in children with obesity from</p><p>density of the fat-free mass. Clinical Nutrition, 40(3), 1102-1107.</p><p></p><p>Habibah @ Artini Ramlie, Zaharah Hussin, Mohd Ridhuan Mohd Jamil, Ahmad Arifin, Sapar, Saedah Siraj</p><p>& Nurul Rabihah Mat Noh. (2014). Aplikasi Teknik Fuzzy Delphi Terhadap Keperluan Aspek Riadhah</p><p>Ruhiyyah Untuk Profesionalisme Perguruan Pendidikan Islam. The Online Journal Of Islamic</p><p>Education (O-Jie), 2(2), 53-72</p><p></p><p>HgerRoss, C., & Rsblad, B. (2002). Norms for grip strength in children aged 416 years. Acta</p><p>Paediatrica, 91(6), 617-625.</p><p></p><p>Hair, J. F. Jr., Babin, B., Money, A. H., & Samouel, P. (2003). Essential of business research</p><p>methods. John Wiley & Sons: United States of America.</p><p></p><p>Hajhashemi, K., Caltabiano, N., Anderson, N., & Tabibzadeh, S. A. (2018). Multiple intelligences,</p><p>motivations and learning experience regarding video-assisted</p><p>subjects in a rural university. International Journal of Instruction, 11, 167-182.</p><p></p><p>Harvey, N., & Holmes, C. A. (2012). Nominal group technique: an effective method for obtaining</p><p>group consensus. International journal of nursing practice, 18(2), 188-194.</p><p></p><p>Hasson, F., Keeney, S. K., & Mckenna, H. (2000). Research Guidelines for The Delphi Survey</p><p>Technique. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 32(4), 1008-1015.</p><p></p><p>Havlovick, J. (2015). YMCA Fitness Assessment: Tool for Evaluation Withregards to Ergonomics (Tesis</p><p>Sarjana). Montana Tech.</p><p></p><p>Henderson, K. E., Grode, G. M., OConnell, M. L., & Schwartz, M. B. (2015). Environmental factors</p><p>associated with physical activity in childcare centers. International Journal of</p><p>Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), 1-9.</p><p></p><p>Hilgenkamp, T. I., van Wijck, R., & Evenhuis, H. M. (2010). Physical fitness in older people with</p><p>IDConcept and measuring instruments: A review. Research in developmental disabilities, 31(5),</p><p>1027-1038.</p><p></p><p>Holick, M. F., Siris, E. S., Binkley, N., Beard, M. K., Khan, A., Katzer, J. T., ... & de Papp, A.</p><p>E. (2005). Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among postmenopausal North American women</p><p>receiving osteoporosis therapy. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 90(6),</p><p>3215-3224.</p><p></p><p>Hsu, H. M., & Chen, C. T. (1996). Aggregation of fuzzy opinions under group decision making. Fuzzy</p><p>sets and systems, 79(3), 279-285.</p><p></p><p>Huang, C. H. (1981). A Factor Analysis of Physical Fitness Components for Seventh Grade Chinese</p><p>Students (Tesis Sarjana). The Graduate School, Estern Illionis University Charleston, Illinios.</p><p></p><p>International Law Book Services. (2003). Akta Pendidikan 1996 (Akta 550) & Peraturan Peraturan</p><p>Terpilih: Hingga 20hb Mac 2002. Kuala Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Jacobs, D., Steyaert, J., Dierickx, K., & Hens, K. (2020). Parents views and experiences of the</p><p>autism spectrum disorder diagnosis of their young child: a longitudinal interview study. European</p><p>child & adolescent psychiatry, 29(8), 1143-1154.</p><p></p><p>Jacobs, J. M. (1996). Essential Assessment Criteria for Physical Education Teacher Education</p><p>Programs: A Delphi Study (Tesis Doktor Falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan). West Virginia University,</p><p>Morgantown.</p><p></p><p>Jadhav, J. R., Mantha, S. S., & Rane, S. B. (2015). Supply Risks in JIT Implementation.</p><p>International Journal Of Business Performance And Supply Chain Modelling, 7(2), 141-170.</p><p></p><p>Jamilah Mohd Basir, Azizah Zain & Zaharah Osman. (2020). Ujian Kecergasan Fizikal Kanak-Kanak</p><p>Berasaskan Kesihatan. International Journal of Modern</p><p>Trends in Social Sciences, 3(12), 64-71.</p><p></p><p>Jasmine, J. (1996). Teaching with Multiple Intelligences. Professional's Guide. Teacher Created</p><p>Materials, Inc., 6421 Industry Way, Westminster, CA 92683.</p><p></p><p>Jayalakshmi, B., & Pramod, V. R. (2013). Interpretive Structural Modeling of the Prospects of Ict</p><p>Enabled Process Control in The Industry. Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE), 11(2), 57-63</p><p></p><p>Jeoung, B. J., Hong, M., & Lee, Y. C. (2013). The relationship between mental health and</p><p>health-related physical fitness of university students. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 9(6),</p><p>544-548</p><p></p><p>Jones, H., & Twiss, B. L. (1978). Forecasting Technology for Planning Decisions.</p><p>New York: Macmillan.</p><p></p><p>Kabiri, L. (2016). Fitness assessment in the homeschooled: The Faith study (Tesis Doktor Falsafah).</p><p>Texas Womans University School.</p><p></p><p>Katzmarzyk, P. T., Prusse, L., Malina, R. M., Bergeron, J., Desprs, J. P., & Bouchard, C. (2001).</p><p>Stability of indicators of the metabolic syndrome from childhood and adolescence to young</p><p>adulthood: The Quebec Family Study. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 54(2), 190-195.</p><p></p><p>Kaufman, R. A., & English, F. W. (1979). Needs assessment: Concept and application.</p><p>Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Educational Technology Publications.</p><p></p><p>Kaufmann, A., & Gupta, M. M. (1988). Fuzzy Mathematical Models in Engineering And Management</p><p>Science. Newyork: Elsevier Science Inc.</p><p></p><p>Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L. (2020). Physiology Of Sport And Exercise.</p><p>Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Khairu Nuzul @ Mohd Khairul Nuzul Hassan. (2019). Reka Bentuk Dan Pembangunan Model Pengajaran</p><p>E-TVET Bagi Program Mekanikal Dan Pembuatan Di Kolej Vokasional Zon Utara (Tesis Doktor Falsafah).</p><p>Perak: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.</p><p></p><p>Kim, J. K., Son, W. I., Sim, Y. J., Lee, J. S., & Oli Saud, K. (2020). The Study of Health-Related</p><p>Fitness Normative Scores for Nepalese Older Adults. International journal of environmental</p><p>research and public health, 17(8), 2723.</p><p></p><p>Kolimechkov, S. (2017). Physical Fitness Assesment In Children And Adolescents: A Systematic</p><p>Review. European Journal Of Physical Education And Sport Scinces, 65-79.</p><p></p><p>Kolimechkov, S., Castro Piero, J., Petrov, L., & Alexandrova, A. (2020). The effect of elbow</p><p>position on the handgrip strength test in children: validity and reliability of TKK 5101 and DynX</p><p>dynamometers. Pedagogy of Physical</p><p>Culture And Sports, 24(5), 240-247.</p><p></p><p>Koslow, R. E. (1987). Sit and reach flexibility measures for boys and girls aged three through</p><p>eight years. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 64(3_suppl), 1103-1106.</p><p></p><p>Kronologi COVID-19 di Malaysia. (2020). Berita Harian Online. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/03/666122/kronologi- covid-19-di-malaysia</p><p></p><p>Lachin, J. M. (2004). The role of measurement reliability in clinical trials. Clinical trials,</p><p>1(6), 553-566.</p><p></p><p>Lang, J. J., Belanger, K., Poitras, V., Janssen, I., Tomkinson, G. R., & Tremblay, M.</p><p>S. (2018). Systematic review of the relationship between 20 m shuttle run performance and health</p><p>indicators among children and youth. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(4), 383-397.</p><p></p><p>Lang, S. S. (2005). Urie Bronfenbrenner, father of Head Start program and pre- eminent'human</p><p>ecologist,'dies at age 88. Cornell Chronicle.</p><p></p><p>Larkin, D., & Hands, B. (2002). Physical fitness and developmental cordination disorder. In</p><p>Developmental coordination disorder (pp. 172-184). Singular Publishing Group.</p><p></p><p>Lazear, E. P. (1991). Labor economics and the psychology of organizations. Journal of Economic</p><p>perspectives, 5(2), 89-110.</p><p></p><p>Lee, J. Y., So, T. Y., & Thackray, J. (2013). A review on vitamin d deficiency treatment in</p><p>pediatric patients. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 18(4), 277-291.</p><p></p><p>Leedy, P., & Ormrod, J. (2001). Practical research: Planning and design (7th Edition). Upper Saddle</p><p>River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.</p><p></p><p>Lee-Valkov, P. M., Aaron, D. H., Eladoumikdachi, F., Thornby, J., & Netscher, D. T. (2003).</p><p>Measuring normal hand dexterity values in normal 3-, 4-, and 5-year- old children and their</p><p>relationship with grip and pinch strength. Journal of Hand Therapy, 16(1), 22-28.</p><p></p><p>Lim, C. Y., Law, M., Khetani, M., Pollock, N., & Rosenbaum, P. (2016). Participation in</p><p>out-of-home environments for young children with and without developmental disabilities.</p><p>OTJR: occupation, participation and health, 36(3), 112-125.</p><p></p><p>Lindsay, A. C., Salkeld, J. A., Greaney, M. L., & Sands, F. D. (2015). Latino family childcare</p><p>providers beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to promotion of healthy behaviors among</p><p>preschool children: a qualitative study. Journal of</p><p>obesity, 2015.</p><p></p><p>Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Brand, S., HolsboerTrachsler, E., & Phse, U. (2016). Acute effects of</p><p>moderate aerobic exercise on specific aspects of executive function in different age and fitness</p><p>groups: A metaanalysis. Psychophysiology, 53(11), 1611-1626.</p><p></p><p>Luqman, M. S. (2016). The Development of Physical Fitness Test and Its Norms for Boys (8th to 10th</p><p>Class) (Tesis Sarjana). Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education Faculty of Sciences</p><p>Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan.</p><p></p><p>Mack, Z., & Sharples, S. (2009). The importance of usability in product choice: A mobile phone case</p><p>study. Ergonomics, 52(12), 1514-1528.</p><p></p><p>Mak Soong Sang. (2008). Pedagogi Untuk Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran. Kuala Lumpur. Penerbitan</p><p>Multimedia Sdn. Bhd</p><p></p><p>Malina, R. M., Bouchard, C., & Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity.</p><p>Champaign: IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Manuel, J. C. G. (2012). The ALPHA health-related fitness test battery for children and Adolescents</p><p>test manual. School of Medicine, University of Granada</p><p></p><p>Mariani Md Nor. (2006). Realiti Trend Dan Isu Dalam Pendidikan Awal Kanak- Kanak. Masalah</p><p>Pendidikan, 29, 81-90.</p><p></p><p>Martin, J. J., Kulinna, P. H., McCaughtry, N., Cothran, D., Dake, J., & Fahoome, G. (2005). The</p><p>theory of planned behavior: Predicting physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in African</p><p>American children. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27(4), 456-469.</p><p></p><p>Martin, J. J., McCaughtry, N., Flory, S., Murphy, A., & Wisdom, K. (2011). Validity and</p><p>reliability of the school physical activity environment questionnaire. Measurement in</p><p>Physical Education and Exercise Science, 15(4), 274-282.</p><p></p><p>Mathiowetz, V., Rennells, C., & Donahoe, L. (1985). Effect of elbow position on grip and key pinch</p><p>strength. The Journal of hand surgery, 10(5), 694-697.</p><p></p><p>McArdle, G. E. H. (1998). Conducting a needs analysis. A Fifty-Minute Series Book.</p><p>Menlo Park, CA: Course PTR.</p><p></p><p>Mckillip, J. (1987). Need Analysia: Tools For The Human Services And Education.</p><p>Newbery Park, CA. SAGE</p><p></p><p>McWilliams, C., Ball, S. C., Benjamin, S. E., Hales, D., Vaughn, A., & Ward, D. S. (2009).</p><p>Best-practice guidelines for physical activity at child care. Pediatrics, 124(6), 1650-1659.</p><p></p><p>Meredi h, M. D., & Welk, G. J. (2010). FITNESSGRAM & ACTIVITYGRAM Test</p><p>Admistration Manual. USA: The Cooper Institute.</p><p></p><p>Miller, M. G., & Housner, L. (1998). A survey of health-related physical fitness knowledge among</p><p>preservice and inservice physical educators. Physical Educator, 55(4), 176.</p><p></p><p>Milosevic, V., & Petrovic, A. (2015). Reliability of field-based tests for monitoring and assessing</p><p>physical fitness in preschool children. Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 9(1), 20-26.</p><p></p><p>Mohad Anizu. (2011). Kecergasan Fizikal Ke Arah Hidup Sihat Sepanjang Hayat.</p><p>Johor Bahru: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Press.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Najib Ghaffar. (2003). Penyelidikan Pendidikan. Johor Bahru: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia</p><p>Press.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Radzani Abdul Razak & Nur Syaza Zahrina Mustafa. (2018). Perbandingan Tahap Kecergasan Fizikal</p><p>Antara Pelajar Asli Dan Pelajar Biasa Di Gombak. Seminar Antarabangsa Isu-Isu Pendidikan</p><p>(ISPEN2018), Auditorium Utama, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya</p><p></p><p>Mohd Ridhuan Mohd Jamil & Nurulrabihah Mat Noh. (2020). Kepelbagaian Metodologi Dalam Penyelidikan</p><p>Reka Bentuk Dan Pembangunan. Selangor: Qaisar Prestige Resources.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Ridhuan Mohd Jamil, Shariza Said & Mohd Ibrahim K. Azeez. (2014). Kompetensi Guru Terhadap</p><p>Pengurusan Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran: Suatu Pendekatan Teknik Fuzzy Delphi. Jurnal Kepimpinan</p><p>Pendidikan (Jupidi), 1(3), 77-88.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Ridhuan Mohd Jamil. (2016). Model Kurikulum Latihan Skives Bagi Program Pengajian Kejuruteraan</p><p>Pembelajaran Berasaskan Kerja (WBL) Politeknik Malaysia (Tesis Doktor falsafah). Kuala Lumpur:</p><p>Universiti Malaya.</p><p></p><p>Molarius, A., Berglund, K., Eriksson, C., Lambe, M., Nordstrm, E., Eriksson, H. G., & Feldman, I.</p><p>(2007). Socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle factors, and self- rated health among men and women in</p><p>Sweden. The European Journal of Public Health, 17(2), 125-133.</p><p></p><p>Molenaar HM, Zuidam JM, Selles RW, Stam HJ, Hovius SE. Age-Specifi C Reliability Of Two</p><p>Grip-Strength Dynamometers When Used By Children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90: 1053 1059</p><p></p><p>Molenaar, H. M., Selles, R. W., Willemsen, S. P., Hovius, S. E., & Stam, H. J. (2011). Growth</p><p>diagrams for individual finger strength in children measured with the RIHM. Clinical Orthopaedics</p><p>and Related Research, 469(3), 868-876.</p><p></p><p>Moliner-Urdiales, D., Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., Jimnez-Pavn, D., Vicente- Rodriguez, G.,</p><p>Rey-Lpez, J. P., ... & Groups, H. S. (2010). Secular trends in health-related physical fitness in</p><p>Spanish adolescents: the AVENA and</p><p>HELENA studies. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 584-588.</p><p></p><p>Muhammad Ridhuan Tony Lim Abdullah. (2014). Development of activity-based mLearning implementation</p><p>model for undergraduate English Language learning (Tesis Doktor Falsafah). Kuala Lumpur: Universiti</p><p>Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Mukesh, M., Harris, E., Jena, R., Evans, P., & Coles, C. (2012). Relationship between irradiated</p><p>breast volume and late normal tissue complications: a systematic review. Radiotherapy and Oncology,</p><p>104(1), 1-10.</p><p></p><p>Murray, Jr. J. W., & Hammons, J. O. (1995). Delphi: A Versatile Methodology for Conducting</p><p>Qualitative Research. Review of Higher Education, 18(4), 423- 436.</p><p></p><p>Murray, T. J., Pipino, L. L., & VanGigch, J. P. (1985). A Pilot Study of Fuzzy Set Modification of</p><p>Delphi. Human System Management, 5(1), 6-80.</p><p></p><p>Myers, A. M., & Huddy, L. (1985). Evaluating physical capabilities in the elderly: The relationship</p><p>between ADL self-assessments and basic abilities. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du</p><p>vieillissement, 4(4), 189-200.</p><p></p><p>Nicolopoulou, A. (2010). The Alarming Disappearance of Play from Early Childhood Education. Human</p><p>Development, 53(1), 1-4.</p><p></p><p>Niederer, I., Kriemler, S., Zahner, L., Brgi, F., Ebenegger, V., Marques-Vidal, P., & Puder, J. J.</p><p>(2012). BMI group-related differences in physical fitness and physical activity in preschool-age</p><p>children: a cross-sectional analysis. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 83(1), 12-19.</p><p></p><p>Nishida, C., Barba C., & Cavalli-Sforza, T. (2004). Appropriate body-mass index for Asian</p><p>populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies WHO. Lancet (London,</p><p>England), 363, 9043.</p><p></p><p>Noor Amy Afiza Mohd Yusof, Saedah Siraj, Mariani Md Nor & Azli Ariffin. (2018). Mengenal Pasti</p><p>Keperluan Pembinaan Model Kandungan Kurikulum Pendidikan Keamanan Berasaskan Multibudaya</p><p>Untuk Kanak-Kanak Prasekolah. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-Kanak, 7, 12-18.</p><p></p><p>Nor Mashitah. (2017). Pembinaan Dan Pengesahan Instrumen Pentaksiran Prestasi Standard Awal</p><p>Pembelajaran Dan Perkembanagn Awal Kanak-Kanak (Tesis Doktor Falsafah). Kuala Lumpur: Universiti</p><p>Malaya.</p><p></p><p>Noraini Idris. (2010). Dimensions of education. Gyan Publishing House.</p><p></p><p>Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd Edition). New York, NY: Mcgraw</p><p>Hill.</p><p></p><p>Nur Nazuha Beevi Abdul Aziz. (2018). Kajian Reka Bentuk Dan Pembangunan Modul Peningkatan Efikasi</p><p>Mengajar Bahasa Inggeris (MPEBI) Guru Pendidikan Awal Kanak-Kanak. 4th International Conference On</p><p>Teaching Learning And</p><p>Development.</p><p></p><p>Oja, L., & Jrime, T. (1997). Assessment of motor ability of 4and 5yearold children. American</p><p>Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, 9(5), 659-664.</p><p></p><p>Okinda, O. F. (2016). Assessment of health related physical fitness and motor skill ability of 9-11</p><p>year old school children in Nairobi County, Kenya (Tesis Doktor Falsafah). Department Of Recreation</p><p>Management And Exercise Science Kenyatta University.</p><p></p><p>O'Neil, M. J., & Jackson, L. (1983). Nominal group technique: a process for initiating curriculum</p><p>development in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 8(2), 129-138.</p><p></p><p>Ornstein, A. C., Hunkins, F. P. (2009). Curriculum: Foundations, Principles and Issues. United</p><p>States. Pearson</p><p></p><p>Ortega, F. B., Cadenas-Snchez, C., Snchez-Delgado, G., Mora-Gonzlez, J., Martnez-Tllez, B.,</p><p>Artero, E. G., ... & Ruiz, J. R. (2015). Systematic review and proposal of a field-based physical</p><p>fitness-test battery in preschool children: the PREFIT battery. Sports medicine, 45(4), 533-555.</p><p></p><p>Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & Sjstrm, M. (2008). Physical fitness in childhood</p><p>and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. International journal of obesity, 32(1), 1-11.</p><p></p><p>Ortega, F. B., Silventoinen, K., Tynelius, P., & Rasmussen, F. (2012). Muscular strength in male</p><p>adolescents and premature death: cohort study of one million participants. Bmj, 345, e7279.</p><p></p><p>Pagnini, D., Wilkenfeld, R., King, L., Booth, M., & Booth, S. (2007). Early childhood sector staff</p><p>perceptions of child overweight and obesity: the Weight of Opinion Study. Health promotion journal</p><p>of Australia, 18(2), 149-154.</p><p></p><p>Pangrazi, R. (2008). Factor That Influence Physical Fitness In Children And Adolescents.</p><p>FITNESSGRAM / ACTIVITYGRAM Reference Guide, 1-9.</p><p></p><p>Pangrazi, R. P., & Beighle, A. (2016). Dynamic physical education for elementary school children</p><p>(18th Edition). Person. United States of America.</p><p></p><p>Paquette, D., & Ryan, J. (2001). Bronfrenbrenners Ecological System Theory. Available </p><p> from:</p><p>Https://S3.Amazonaws.Com/Academia.Edu.Documents/44165922/Bronfenbr enners_Eological.Pdf</p><p></p><p>Park, C., Kim, S. Y., Zittel, L. L., & Looney, M. (2017). Validity and reliability evidence of the</p><p>physical activity level screening for preschoolers with developmental delays and/or</p><p>disabilities. Journal of exercise</p><p>rehabilitation, 13(2), 210-213.</p><p></p><p>Patel, P., & Iqbal, R. (2020). Health-Related Physical Fitness Levels Among the Young Male Workers</p><p>Performing Moderate and Heavy Physical Activity. International Journal of Health Sciences and</p><p>Research, 10(3).</p><p></p><p>Peng, K. A., Mohd Asri Mohd Noor & Nor Azrin Md Latip. (2020). Pengaruh Kecerdasan Pelbagai</p><p>terhadap Pencapaian Akademik Pelajar bagi Subjek Pengajian Perniagaan di Larut Matang dan Selama,</p><p>Perak. Akademika, 90(3), 115-130.</p><p></p><p>Perry, J., & Linsley, S. (2006). The use of the nominal group technique as an evaluative tool in</p><p>the teaching and summative assessment of the inter-personal skills of student mental health nurses.</p><p>Nurse education today, 26(4), 346-353.</p><p></p><p>Pescatello, L. S. (2014). ACSM's Guidelines For Exercise Testing and Prescription.</p><p>Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health</p><p></p><p>Pescatello, L. S., Riebe, D., & Thompson, P. D. (Eds.). (2014). ACSM's guidelines for exercise</p><p>testing and prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</p><p></p><p>Petrie, H., & Bevan, N. (2009). The Evaluation of Accessibility, Usability, and User Experience.</p><p>The universal access handbook, 1, 1-16.</p><p></p><p>Pica, R. (2006). Physical fitness and the early childhood curriculum. YC Young Children, 61(3),</p><p>12-19.</p><p></p><p>Pillsbury, L., Oria, M., & Pate, R. (Eds.). (2013). Fitness measures and health outcomes in youth.</p><p></p><p>Plowman, S. A. (2008). Muscular Strength, Endurance, And Flexibility Assessments. In G. J. Welk &</p><p>M. D. Meredith (Eds.). FITNESSGRAM Reference Guide (Pp. 129168). Dallas, TX: The Cooper</p><p>Institute.</p><p></p><p>Plowman, S. A., Sterling, C. L., Corbin, C. B., Meredith, M. D., Welk, G. J., & Morrow, J. R.</p><p>(2006). The history of FITNESSGRAM. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3(s2), S5-S20.</p><p></p><p>Powell, C. (2003). The Delphi Technique: Myths and Realities. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(4),</p><p>376-382.</p><p></p><p>Pratt, D. (1994). Curriculum Perspective. In Curriculum planning: A handbook for professionals.</p><p>Wadsworth Publishing Company.</p><p></p><p>President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (U.S.). (1986). The National Conference on Youth</p><p>Fitness: summary of presentations, June 8-9, 1984.</p><p></p><p>President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. (1997). The President's Challenge</p><p>Physical Fitness Program Packet, 1997-1998. United Stated.</p><p></p><p>Ragin, C. C. (2007). Fuzzy sets: Calibration versus measurement. Methodology volume</p><p>of Oxford handbooks of political science, 2.</p><p></p><p>Ramlan Mustapha & Ghazali Darusalam. (2018). Aplikasi Kaedah Fuzzy Delphi Dalam Penyelidikan Sains</p><p>Sosial. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Univeraiti Malaya.</p><p></p><p>Rashidah Elias. (2017). Keberkesanan KitAB Cerdas terhadap pencapaian bacaan awal kanak-kanak taska</p><p>(Tesis Doktor Falsafah). Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.</p><p></p><p>Rashidah Mohd, Saedah Siraj & Zaharah Hussin. (2018). Aplikasi Kaedah Fuzzy Delphi Dalam</p><p>Pembangunan Modul Pengajaran Pantun Melayu Berasaskan Maksud Al-Quran Mengenai Keindahan Flora,</p><p>Fauna Dan Langit Tingkatan 2. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu, 8(2), 57-67.</p><p></p><p>Rathi, A., & Sharma, P. (2017). Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Related Health Effects: An Indian</p><p>Perspective. International Journal Of Innovative Research And Advanced Studies, 4(3), 178-181</p><p></p><p>Reed E. S. (1996a). Encountering The World: Toward An Ecological Psychology. New York: Oxford</p><p>University Ress.</p><p></p><p>Richards, L. G., Olson, B., & Palmiter-Thomas, P. (1996). How forearm position affects grip</p><p>strength. American journal of occupational therapy, 50(2), 133- 138.</p><p></p><p>Richey, R. C., & Klein, J. D. (2005). Developmental research methods: Creating knowledge from</p><p>instructional design and development practice. Journal of Computing in higher Education, 16(2),</p><p>23-38.</p><p></p><p>Richey, R. C., & Klein, J. D. (2014). Design and Development Research Methods, Strategies, And</p><p>Issues. Florence: Taylor and Francis.</p><p></p><p>Richey, R. C., & Klien, J. D. (2007). Design and Development Research: Method, Strategies and</p><p>Issues. London: Erlbaum.</p><p></p><p>Roberts, H. C., Denison, H. J., Martin, H. J., Patel, H. P., Syddall, H., Cooper, C., & Sayer, A.</p><p>A. (2011). A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies:</p><p>towards a standardised approach. Age and ageing, 40(4), 423-429.</p><p></p><p>Robertson-Wilson, J., Lvesque, L., & Holden, R. R. (2007). Development of a questionnaire</p><p>assessing school physical activity environment. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise</p><p>Science, 11(2), 93-107.</p><p></p><p>Romn, P. . L., Lpez, D. M., Snchez, M. F., Snchez, J. S., Coronas, F. M., & Garca-Pinillos,</p><p>F. (2015). Test-retest reliability of a field-based physical fitness assessment for children aged</p><p>3-6 years. Nutricion hospitalaria, 32(4),</p><p>1683-1688.</p><p></p><p>Romero, V., Artero, E., Jimenez-Pavn, D., Cuenca-Garcia, M., Ortega, F. B., Castro- Pinero, J.,</p><p>... & Ruiz, J. R. (2010). Assessing health-related fitness tests in the school setting:</p><p>reliability, feasibility and safety; the ALPHA Study. Int J Sports Med, 10, 0030-1251990.</p><p></p><p>Ruiz, J. R., Castro-Piero, J., Artero, E. G., Ortega, F. B., Sjstrm, M., Suni, J., & Castillo,</p><p>M. J. (2009). Predictive validity of health-related fitness in youth: a systematic review. British</p><p>journal of sports medicine, 43(12), 909-923.</p><p></p><p>Ruiz, J. R., Castro-Piero, J., Espaa-Romero, V., Artero, E. G., Ortega, F. B., Cuenca,</p><p>M. M., ... & Castillo, M. J. (2011). Field-based fitness assessment in young people: the ALPHA</p><p>health-related fitness test battery for children and adolescents. British journal of sports</p><p>medicine, 45(6), 518-524.</p><p></p><p>Ruiz, J. R., Espaa-Romero, V., Ortega, F. B., Sjstrm, M., Castillo, M. J., & Gutierrez, A.</p><p>(2006b). Hand span influences optimal grip span in male and female teenagers. The Journal of hand</p><p>surgery, 31(8), 1367-1372.</p><p></p><p>Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., Gutierrez, A., Meusel, D., Sjstrm, M., & Castillo, M. J. (2006a).</p><p>Health-related fitness assessment in childhood and adolescence: a European approach based on</p><p>the AVENA, EYHS and HELENA studies. Journal of Public Health, 14(5), 269-277.</p><p></p><p>Ruiz-Ruiz, J., Mesa, J. L., Gutirrez, A., & Castillo, M. J. (2002). Hand size influences optimal</p><p>grip span in women but not in men. The Journal of hand surgery, 27(5), 897-901.</p><p></p><p>Rutkauskiene, L., & Lendraitiene, E. (2019). Batteries assessing functional fitness of older</p><p>people: a brief review. Journal of Complexity in Health Sciences, 2(2), 64-69.</p><p></p><p>Saedah Siraj, Muhammad Ridhuan Tony Lim Abdullah & Rozaini Muhammad Rozkee. (2020). Pendekatan</p><p>Penyelidikan Reka Bentuk Dan Pembangunan. UPSI Press: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak.</p><p></p><p>Saedah Siraj, Norlidah Alias, Dewitt, D., & Zaharah Hussin. (2013). Design and Developmental</p><p>Research: Emergent Trends In Educational Research. Kuala Lumpur: Pearson Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.</p><p></p><p>Safrit, M. J., & Wood, T. M. (1987). The test battery reliability of the health-related physical</p><p>fitness test. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 58(2), 160- 167.</p><p></p><p>Saltin, B. (1973). Oxygen transport by the circulatory system during exercise in man. Limiting</p><p>factors of physical performance, 235-252.</p><p></p><p>Sanchez-Delgado, G., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Martinez-Tellez, B., Chilln, P., Lf,</p><p>M., ... & Ruiz, J. R. (2015). Assessment of handgrip strength in preschool children aged 3 to 5</p><p>years. Journal of Hand Surgery (European</p><p>Volume), 40(9), 966-972.</p><p></p><p>Sandseter, E. B. H., Cordovil, R., Hagen, T. L., & Lopes, F. (2020). Barriers for outdoor play in</p><p>early childhood education and care (ECEC) institutions: Perception of risk in childrens play among</p><p>European parents and ECEC practitioners. Child Care in Practice, 26(2), 111-129.</p><p></p><p>Schreuders, T. A., Roebroeck, M. E., Goumans, J., van Nieuwenhuijzen, J. F., Stijnen,</p><p>T. H., & Stam, H. J. (2003). Measurement error in grip and pinch force measurements in patients</p><p>with hand injuries. Physical therapy, 83(9), 806-815.</p><p></p><p>Seels, B. B., & Richey, R. C. (1994). Instructional technology: The definition and domains of the</p><p>field. Washington: Association for Educational Communications and Technology.</p><p></p><p>Shingo, N., & Takeo, M. (2002). The educational experiments of school health promotion for the</p><p>youth in Japan: analysis of the sport testover the past 34 years. Health Promotion International,</p><p>17(2), 147-160.</p><p></p><p>Sibley, B. A., & Etnier, J. L. (2003). The relationship between physical activity and cognition in</p><p>children: a meta-analysis. Pediatric exercise science, 15(3), 243- 256.</p><p></p><p>Siti Rahayah Ariffin, Roseni Ariffin, Arbaiyah Md Zin & Nik Noralhuda Nik Mohamed. (2011). Faktor</p><p>Kecerdasan Pelbagai dalam Pembentukan Profil Remaja. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction,</p><p>8, 183-204.</p><p></p><p>Skulmoski, G. J., Hartman, F. T., & Krahn, J. (2007). The Delphi method for graduate research.</p><p>Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 6(1), 1-21.</p><p></p><p>Smith, M. F. (2001). Evaluation: Preview of the future# 2. American Journal of Evaluation, 22(3),</p><p>281-300.</p><p></p><p>Smits-Engelsman, B. C., Smit, E., Doe-Asinyo, R. X., Lawerteh, S. E., Aertssen, W., Ferguson, G., &</p><p>Jelsma, D. L. (2021). Inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability of the Performance and</p><p>Fitness (PERF-FIT) test battery for children: a test for motor skill related fitness. BMC</p><p>pediatrics, 21(1), 1-11.</p><p></p><p>Stalsberg, R., & Pedersen, A. V. (2010). Effects of socioeconomic status on the physical activity</p><p>in adolescents: a systematic review of the evidence. Scandinavian journal of medicine &</p><p>science in sports, 20(3), 368- 383.</p><p></p><p>Strand, B., & Mauch, L. (2008). Assessing and Improving Fitness In Elementary Physical Education</p><p>(2nd Edition). Reston, VA: National Assosioation For Sport And Physical Education.</p><p></p><p>Stufflebeam, D. L., Herold & Beulah, M. K. (2003). The CIPP Model For Evaluation.</p><p>Annual Conference Of Oregon Program Evaluators Network (OPEN).</p><p></p><p>Stufflebeam. D. L. (1971). The Relevance of CIPP Evaluation Model For Educational Accountability.</p><p>Journal Of Research And Development In Education, 5(1) 19- 25</p><p></p><p>Su, C. Y., Lin, J. H., Chien, T. H., Cheng, K. F., & Sung, Y. T. (1994). Grip strength in different</p><p>positions of elbow and shoulder. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 75(7), 812-815.</p><p></p><p>Sufean Hussen. (2004). Pendidikan Di Malaysia: Sejarah, Sistem Dan Falsafah. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan</p><p>Bahasa Dan Pustaka.</p><p></p><p>Sundarajan, K. K. (2016). Kesan Program Permainan Terhadap Kemahiran Motor Kasar Kanak-Kanak</p><p>Prasekolah di Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia (Tesis Sarjana). Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Szeszulski, J., Lorenzo, E., OConnor, T., Hill, J. L., Shaibi, G. Q., Buman, M. P., ... & Lee, R.</p><p>E. (2021). Exploring Correlates of Preschool-Aged Childrens Locomotor Skills: Individual and</p><p>Parent Demographics and Home Environment. Perceptual and motor skills, 128(2), 649-671.</p><p></p><p>Tajul Ariffin Noordin. (1997). Pendidikan Dan Pembangunan Manusia: Satu Pendekatan Bersepadu.</p><p>Konvensyen Kebangsaan Pendidikan Moral dan Nilai dam Pembangunan Manusia ke Arah Pembentukan Acuan</p><p>Pembangunan Negara. Anjuran Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Fakulti Pendidikan,</p><p></p><p>Tang, C. W., & Wu, C. T. (2010). Obtaining A Picture of Undergraduate Education Quality: A Voice</p><p>From Inside The University, Springer. Higher Education, 60, 269-286.</p><p></p><p>The Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (ACHPER), Victorian Branch.</p><p>(2009). Phase Module Physical Activity and Fitness Education. Melbourne.</p><p></p><p>The Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. (2000). Definitions: Health, Fitness, and</p><p> Physical Activity. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>http://www.fitness.gov/publications/digests/digest_mar2000.html</p><p></p><p>Thomas, P. D., Campbell, M. J., Kejariwal, A., Mi, H., Karlak, B., Daverman, R., ... & Narechania,</p><p>A. (2003). PANTHER: a library of protein families and subfamilies indexed by function. Genome</p><p>research, 13(9), 2129-2141.</p><p></p><p>Tomporowski, P. D. (2003a). Cognitive and behavioral responses to acute exercise in youths: A</p><p>review. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15(4), 348-359.</p><p></p><p>Tomporowski, P. D. (2003b). Effects of acute bouts of exercise on cognition. Acta</p><p>psychologica, 112(3), 297-324.</p><p></p><p>Trampisch, U. S., Franke, J., Jedamzik, N., Hinrichs, T., & Platen, P. (2012). Optimal Jamar</p><p>dynamometer handle position to assess maximal isometric hand grip strength in epidemiological</p><p>studies. The Journal of hand surgery, 37(11), 2368-2373.</p><p></p><p>Tuan, S. H., Li, C. H., Sun, S. F., Li, M. H., Liou, I. H., Weng, T. P., ... & Lin, K. L.</p><p>(2019). Comparison of cardiorespiratory fitness between preschool children with normal and excess</p><p>body adipose~ An observational study. PloS one, 14(10), e0223907.</p><p></p><p>Tucker, G. E., McCoy, S. W., Whittaker, A. C., Roberts, G. P., Lancaster, S. T., & Phillips, R.</p><p>(2011). Geomorphic significance of postglacial bedrock scarps on normalfault footwalls. Journal</p><p>of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 116(F1).</p><p></p><p>Tucker, P., VanZandvoort, M. M., Burke, S. M., & Irwin, J. D. (2011). The influence of parents and</p><p>the home environment on preschoolers' physical activity behaviours: A qualitative investigation</p><p>of childcare providers' perspectives. BMC public health, 11(1), 1-7.</p><p></p><p>VanZandvoort, M., Tucker, P., Irwin, J. D., & Burke, S. M. (2010). Physical activity at daycare:</p><p>issues, challenges and perspectives. Early years, 30(2), 175-188.</p><p></p><p>Vazou, S., Pesce, C., Lakes, K., & Smiley-Oyen, A. (2019). More than one road leads to Rome: a</p><p>narrative review and meta-analysis of physical activity intervention effects on cognition in youth.</p><p>International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(2), 153-178.</p><p></p><p>Wallace, L. S., Buckworth, J., Kirby, T. E., & Sherman, W. (2000). Characteristics Of Exercise</p><p>Behavior Among College Students: Application Of Social Cognitive Theory To Predicting Stage Of</p><p>Change. Preventive Medicine, 31(5), 494-505.</p><p></p><p>Watanabe, T., Owashi, K., Kanauchi, Y., Mura, N., Takahara, M., & Ogino, T. (2005). The short-term</p><p>reliability of grip strength measurement and the effects of posture and grip span. The Journal of</p><p>hand surgery, 30(3), 603-609.</p><p></p><p>Whitebread, D., & Bingham, S. (2013). Too much, too young. New scientist, 220(2943),</p><p>28-29.</p><p></p><p>Williams, H. G., Pfeiffer, K. A., O'Neill, J. R., & Dowda, M. (2008). Motor skill performance and</p><p>physical activity in preschool children. Obesity (Silver Spring), 16(6), 1421-1426.</p><p></p><p>Wind, A. E., Takken, T., Helders, P. J., & Engelbert, R. H. (2010). Is grip strength a predictor</p><p>for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults?. European journal of</p><p>pediatrics, 169(3), 281-287.</p><p></p><p>Winters, E. R., Petosa, R. L., & Charlton, T. E. (2003). Using social cognitive theory to explain</p><p>discretionary, leisure-time physical exercise among high school</p><p>students. Journal of adolescent health, 32(6), 436-442.</p><p></p><p>Witkin, B. R., Altschuld, J. W., & Altschuld, J. (1995). Planning and conducting needs assessments:</p><p>A practical guide. Thousand Oaks, CA, London, New Delhi: Sage Publications</p><p></p><p>Witkin, H. A., Moore, C. A., Goodenough, D. R., & Cox, P. W. (1977). Field- dependent and</p><p>field-independent cognitive styles and their educational implications. Review of educational</p><p>research, 47(1), 1-64.</p><p></p><p>Wojcicki, M. (2012). The effects of physical activity education on exercise self-efficacy and</p><p>physical activity: A comparison study between exercise science and physical education teacher</p><p>education (Tesis Doktor Falsafah) University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville,</p><p></p><p>Woldeyes, E. T., Deyou, M., & Rani, S. (2014). Comparative study of health related physical fitness</p><p>components of urban and rural female students of guder secondary and preparatory school, Ethiopia.</p><p>International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences, 4(2), 123-134.</p><p></p><p>Worthen, B. R., & Sanders, J. R. (1987). Educational Evaluation. Alternative Approaches and</p><p>Practical Guidelines. New York: Longman.</p><p></p><p>Yoshizawa, S., Ishizaki, T., & Honda, H. (1977). Physical fitness of children aged 5 and 6 years.</p><p>Journal of human ergology, 6(1), 41-51.</p><p></p><p>Zarina Eshak, Azizah Zain & Mazlina Che Mustafa. (2020). Analisis Masalah dan Jenis Kemahiran</p><p>Pendidikan Seksualiti Kanak-Kanak Prasekolah dari Sudut Pandangan Guru dan Ibubapa. International</p><p>Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 5(35), 152-166.</p><p></p><p>Zarina Eshak. (2020). Pembinaan Modul Seksualiti Pekasa Berasaskan Latihan Mempertahankan Diri</p><p>Bagi Kanak-Kanak Prasekolah (Tesis Doktor Falsafah). Perak: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.</p><p></p><p>Zuidam, J. M., Selles, R. W., Stam, H. J., & Hovius, S. E. (2008). Age-specific reliability of</p><p>two grip-strength dynamometers when used by</p><p>children. JBJS, 90(5), 1053-1059.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>