Determinants of migrant workers remittances: a case study of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries

<p>The purpose of this study is to analyze macroeconomic, non-macroeconomic and</p><p>financial sector development (FSD) factors that influence migrant workers remittances</p><p>in the selected Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) count...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Alnuaimi, Ahmed Abdulla Rashed
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2021
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8626
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:8626
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic HD Industries
Land use
Labor
spellingShingle HD Industries
Land use
Labor
Alnuaimi, Ahmed Abdulla Rashed
Determinants of migrant workers remittances: a case study of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries
description <p>The purpose of this study is to analyze macroeconomic, non-macroeconomic and</p><p>financial sector development (FSD) factors that influence migrant workers remittances</p><p>in the selected Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. An augmentedgravity model</p><p>was employed as the theoretical framework and econometric methods were used to</p><p>examine the relationships between macroeconomics (Gross Domestic Product (GDP),</p><p>exchange rates, and inflation rates), non-macroeconomics (borders, cultural and history,</p><p>partner countries, distances, and language) and FSD factors(credit to private sector</p><p>(CPS) and openness to trade (OT)) towards remittances. Data sources fromWorld Bank</p><p>and group of central banks from 1989 to 2012 wereutilized. The empirical findings</p><p>demonstrated that the GDP of the countries was the most significant factor in</p><p>influencing the remittance flows. Moreover, other macroeconomic factors were also</p><p>found to be significant in affecting the remittances including exchange and inflation</p><p>rate. The result further suggested that, the GCC countries share similar results for the</p><p>following non-macroeconomic factors language,cultural and history do provide the</p><p>opportunity to remit extensively. The results also suggested that the development</p><p>factors in financial sector including CPS and OT were significant and positively</p><p>associated to remittances. In conclusion, the GDP (9.421, p<0.001) which is known as</p><p>macroeconomic factor was found to be the significant in determining migrant workers</p><p>remittances in the selected GCC countries, followed by distance (7.101, p<0.001) for</p><p>non-macroeconomic and CPS (1.449, p<0.001) under FSD factor. The implication of</p><p>the study suggested that GCC governments need to understand the consequences of the</p><p>outflow remittances and were recommended to identify significant factors that shape</p><p>the size of remittance flows. Both regions were proposed to formulate policy systems</p><p>of informal channels, including addressing the weaknesses of the formal systems.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Alnuaimi, Ahmed Abdulla Rashed
author_facet Alnuaimi, Ahmed Abdulla Rashed
author_sort Alnuaimi, Ahmed Abdulla Rashed
title Determinants of migrant workers remittances: a case study of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries
title_short Determinants of migrant workers remittances: a case study of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries
title_full Determinants of migrant workers remittances: a case study of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries
title_fullStr Determinants of migrant workers remittances: a case study of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries
title_full_unstemmed Determinants of migrant workers remittances: a case study of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries
title_sort determinants of migrant workers remittances: a case study of the gulf cooperation council countries
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi
publishDate 2021
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8626
_version_ 1776104548265361408
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:86262023-01-19 Determinants of migrant workers remittances: a case study of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries 2021 Alnuaimi, Ahmed Abdulla Rashed HD Industries. Land use. Labor <p>The purpose of this study is to analyze macroeconomic, non-macroeconomic and</p><p>financial sector development (FSD) factors that influence migrant workers remittances</p><p>in the selected Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. An augmentedgravity model</p><p>was employed as the theoretical framework and econometric methods were used to</p><p>examine the relationships between macroeconomics (Gross Domestic Product (GDP),</p><p>exchange rates, and inflation rates), non-macroeconomics (borders, cultural and history,</p><p>partner countries, distances, and language) and FSD factors(credit to private sector</p><p>(CPS) and openness to trade (OT)) towards remittances. Data sources fromWorld Bank</p><p>and group of central banks from 1989 to 2012 wereutilized. The empirical findings</p><p>demonstrated that the GDP of the countries was the most significant factor in</p><p>influencing the remittance flows. Moreover, other macroeconomic factors were also</p><p>found to be significant in affecting the remittances including exchange and inflation</p><p>rate. The result further suggested that, the GCC countries share similar results for the</p><p>following non-macroeconomic factors language,cultural and history do provide the</p><p>opportunity to remit extensively. The results also suggested that the development</p><p>factors in financial sector including CPS and OT were significant and positively</p><p>associated to remittances. In conclusion, the GDP (9.421, p<0.001) which is known as</p><p>macroeconomic factor was found to be the significant in determining migrant workers</p><p>remittances in the selected GCC countries, followed by distance (7.101, p<0.001) for</p><p>non-macroeconomic and CPS (1.449, p<0.001) under FSD factor. The implication of</p><p>the study suggested that GCC governments need to understand the consequences of the</p><p>outflow remittances and were recommended to identify significant factors that shape</p><p>the size of remittance flows. Both regions were proposed to formulate policy systems</p><p>of informal channels, including addressing the weaknesses of the formal systems.</p> 2021 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8626 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8626 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi <p>Abdelbaki, H. H. (2019). Macroeconomic determinants of non-performing loans in</p><p>GCC economies: does the global financial crisis matter? International Journal</p><p>of Economics and Business Research, 17(4), 433-447.</p><p></p><p>Abdel-Rahman, A.-M. M. (2006). The determinants of foreign worker remittances in</p><p>the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Saud University.</p><p></p><p>Abella, M. I. (1995). Asian migrant and contract workers in the Middle East. The</p><p>Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge University Press,</p><p>Cambridge, 418-423.</p><p></p><p>Acosta, P. (2020). Intra-Household Labor Allocation, Migration, and Remittances in</p><p>Rural El Salvador. The Journal of Development Studies, 56(5), 1030-1047.</p><p></p><p>Acosta, P., Caldern, C., Fajnzylber, P., & Lopez, H. (2008). What is the impact of</p><p>international remittances on poverty and inequality in Latin America? World</p><p>Development, 36(1), 89-114. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.02.016</p><p></p><p>Adams Jr, R. H. (2006). Migration, remittances and development: the critical nexus</p><p>in the Middle East and North Africa. Paper presented at the United Nations</p><p>Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development in The</p><p>Arab Region Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs,</p><p>United Nations Secretariat Beirut.</p><p></p><p>Adams Jr, R. H., & Page, J. (2003). Poverty, Inequality and Growth in Selected</p><p>Middle East and North Africa Countries, 19802000. World Development,</p><p>31(12), 2027-2048. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.04.004</p><p></p><p>Adams, R. H. (2006). International remittances and the household: Analysis and</p><p>review of global evidence. Journal of African Economies, 15(suppl 2), 396-</p><p>425.</p><p></p><p>Adams, R. H. (2009). The determinants of international remittances in developing</p><p>countries. World Development, 37(1), 93-103. doi:</p><p>10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.11.007</p><p></p><p>Adams, R. H., & Cuecuecha, A. (2010). Remittances, household expenditure and</p><p>investment in Guatemala. World Development, 38(11), 1626-1641. doi:</p><p>10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.03.003</p><p></p><p>Adams, R. H., & Cuecuecha, A. (2013). The impact of remittances on investment and</p><p>poverty in Ghana. World Development, 50, 24-40.</p><p></p><p>Adams, R. H., & Page, J. (2003). International migration, remittances, and poverty in</p><p>developing countries: The World Bank.</p><p></p><p>Adams, R. H., & Page, J. (2005). Do international migration and remittances reduce</p><p>poverty in developing countries? World Development, 33(10), 1645-1669. doi:</p><p>10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.05.004</p><p></p><p>Adams, T. D. (2006). The IMF: Back to Basics. Reforming the IMF for the 21st</p><p>Century, 19, 133.</p><p></p><p>Adenutsi, D. E. (2014). Macroeconomic Determinants of Workers' Remittances and</p><p>Compensation of Employees In Sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of</p><p>Developing Areas, 48(1), 337-360.</p><p></p><p>Agarwal, R., & Horowitz, A. W. (2002). Are international remittances altruism or</p><p>insurance? Evidence from Guyana using multiple-migrant households. World</p><p>Development, 30(11), 2033-2044.</p><p></p><p>Aggarwal, R., Demirg-Kunt, A., & Pera, M. S. M. (2011). Do remittances promote</p><p>financial development? Journal of Development Economics, 96(2), 255-264.</p><p>doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.10.005</p><p></p><p>Ahmed, J., & Martinez-Zarzoso, I. (2014). What Drives Bilateral Remittances to</p><p>Pakistan? A Gravity Model Approach. A Gravity Model Approach (June 3,</p><p>2014).</p><p></p><p>Asa, R., Andaluz, J., & Larramona, G. (2011). How does bargaining power affect</p><p>remittances? Economic Modelling, 28(12), 47-54. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.10.001</p><p></p><p>Akkoyunlu, S., & Kholodilin, K. A. (2006). What affects the remittances of Turkish</p><p>workers: Turkish or German output? : DIW Berlin, German Institute for</p><p>Economic Research.</p><p></p><p>Al-Assaf, G., & Al-Malki, A. M. (2014). Modelling the Macroeconomic</p><p>Determinants of Workers' Remittances: The Case of Jordan. International</p><p>Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4(3), 514.</p><p></p><p>Ali, S. R., Khan, M. W., Atiq, Z., & Ali, M. W. (2021). The Impact of Geographical</p><p>Distance on Remittances: a Case Study of Pakistani Diaspora. International</p><p>Journal of Management, 12(1).</p><p></p><p>Alkhathlan, K. A. (2013). The Nexus between Remittance Outflows and Growth: A</p><p>Study of Saudi Arabia. Economic Modelling, 33, 695-700.</p><p></p><p>Alleyne, D., Kirton, C. D., & Figueroa, M. (2008). Macroeconomic Determinants of</p><p>Migrant Remittances to Caribbean Countries: Panel Unit roots and</p><p>cointegration. The Journal of Developing Areas, 137-153.</p><p></p><p>Al-Najjar, B. (2001). Dream to Migrate to Wealth: Migrant Labor in the Gulf. Beirut:</p><p>Center for Arab Unity Studies.</p><p></p><p>Alnuaimi, A., & Rambeli, N. (2017). Determining the Factors That Influence Migrant</p><p>Worker Remittance: A Gulf Cooperation Council Case Study. Journal of</p><p>Contemporary Issues and Thought, 7, 10-19.</p><p></p><p>Alper, A. M., & Neyapti, B. (2006). Determinants of Workers' Remittances: Turkish</p><p>Evidence from high-frequency data. Eastern European Economics, 44(5), 91-</p><p>100.</p><p></p><p>Ambrosius, C., & Cuecuecha, A. (2016). Remittances and the Use of Formal and</p><p>Informal Financial Services. World Development, 77, 80-98. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.08.010</p><p></p><p>Amir, A. M., Auzair, S. M., Maelah, R., & Ahmad, A. (2012). Determination of</p><p>Educational Cost in Public UniversityA Modified Activity Based Approach.</p><p>World, 2(2), 34-48.</p><p></p><p>Amjad, R. (1989). To the Gulf and back: studies on the economic impact of Asian</p><p>labor migration.</p><p></p><p>Amjad, R., Irfan, M., & Arif, G. (2013). How to Increase Informal Flows of</p><p>Remittances.</p><p></p><p>Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Mazzolari, F. (2010). Remittances to Latin America from</p><p>migrants in the United States: Assessing the impact of amnesty programs.</p><p>Journal of Development Economics, 91(2), 323-335. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.06.006</p><p></p><p>Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Pozo, S. (2006). Remittances as insurance: evidence from</p><p>Mexican immigrants. Journal of Population Economics, 19(2), 227-254.</p><p></p><p>Anderson, J. E. (1979). A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. American</p><p>economic review, 69(1), 106-116.</p><p></p><p>Anderson, J. E., & Van Wincoop, E. (2001). Gravity with gravitas: a solution to the</p><p>border puzzle: National bureau of economic research.</p><p></p><p>Anh, P. (2018). Microeconomic Determinants of Remittances From Immigrant</p><p>Workers and Migrants-The Case of Vietnam. Available at SSRN 3249055.</p><p></p><p>Annen, K., Batu, M., & Kosempel, S. (2016). Macroeconomic effects of foreign aid</p><p>and remittances: Implications for aid effectiveness studies. Journal of Policy</p><p>Modeling, 38(6), 1136-1146. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2016.10.003</p><p></p><p>Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte</p><p>Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The review of</p><p>economic studies, 58(2), 277-297.</p><p></p><p>Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable</p><p>estimation of error-components models. Journal of econometrics, 68(1), 29-</p><p>51.</p><p></p><p>Assaad, R., & Roudi-Fahimi, F. (2007). Youth in the Middle East and North Africa:</p><p>Demographic opportunity or challenge? : Population Reference Bureau</p><p>Washington, DC.</p><p></p><p>Atamanov, A., & Van den Berg, M. (2012). Heterogeneous Effects of International</p><p>Migration and Remittances on Crop Income: Evidence from the Kyrgyz</p><p>Republic. World Development, 40(3), 620-630. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.008</p><p></p><p>Atkinson, A., & Messy, F.-A. (2015). Financial Education for Migrants and their</p><p>Families. OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private</p><p>Pensions(38), 1.</p><p></p><p>Aydas, O. T., Metin-Ozcan, K., Neyapti, B., & Metin-zcan, K. (2005). Determinants</p><p>of Workers' Remittances: The Case of Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance &</p><p>Trade, 41(3), 53-69. doi: 10.2307/27750447</p><p></p><p>Babu, S. C., Gajanan, S. N., & Hallam, J. A. (2017). Chapter 5 - Macroeconomic</p><p>Aspects of Nutrition Policy Nutrition Economics (pp. 63-77). San Diego:</p><p>Academic Press.</p><p></p><p>Backus, D. K., & Smith, G. W. (1993). Consumption and real exchange rates in</p><p>dynamic economies with non-traded goods. Journal of International</p><p>Economics, 35(3), 297-316.</p><p></p><p>Bagehot, W. (1978). Lombard Street. New York: Arno Press.</p><p></p><p>Balli, F., Louis, R. J., & Osman, M. (2011). The patterns of cross-border portfolio</p><p>investments in the GCC region: do institutional quality and the number of</p><p>expatriates play a role? Journal of Economics and Finance, 35(4), 434-455.</p><p></p><p>Baltagi, B. H., Bresson, G., & Pirotte, A. (2003). Fixed effects, random effects or</p><p>HausmanTaylor?: A pretest estimator. Economics letters, 79(3), 361-369.</p><p></p><p>Bang, J. T., Mitra, A., & Wunnava, P. V. (2016). Do remittances improve income</p><p>inequality? An instrumental variable quantile analysis of the Kenyan case.</p><p>Economic Modelling, 58, 394-402. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.04.004</p><p></p><p>Barajas, A., Chami, R., Fullenkamp, C., Gapen, M., & Montiel, P. (2009). Do</p><p>workers' remittances promote economic growth? : International Monetary</p><p>Fund Washington, DC.</p><p></p><p>Barajas, M. A., Chami, M. R., Ebeke, M. C., & Tapsoba, M. S. J.-A. (2012). Workers</p><p>Remittances: An Overlooked Channel of International Business Cycle</p><p>Transmission? : International Monetary Fund.</p><p></p><p>Barua, S. (2007). Determinants of workers remittances in Bangladesh: An empirical</p><p>study. Policy Analysis Unit (PAU), Bangladesh Bank Working Paper No. WP,</p><p>713.</p><p></p><p>Barua, S., & Rafiq, F. (2020). Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances and</p><p>Implications for Economic Growth: Evidence from Bangladesh Bangladesh's</p><p>Macroeconomic Policy (pp. 371-392): Springer.</p><p></p><p>Bayangos, V., & Jansen, K. (2011). Remittances and Competitiveness: The Case of</p><p>the Philippines. World Development, 39(10), 1834-1846. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.019</p><p></p><p>Becker, G. S. (1981). Altruism in the Family and Selfishness in the Market Place.</p><p>Economica, 48(189), 1-15.</p><p></p><p>Bekaert, G., Harvey, C. R., & Lundblad, C. (2006). Growth volatility and financial</p><p>liberalization. Journal of International Money and Finance, 25(3), 370-403.</p><p>doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2006.01.003</p><p></p><p>Bergstrand, J. H. (1985). The gravity equation in international trade: some</p><p>microeconomic foundations and empirical evidence. The review of economics</p><p>and statistics, 474-481.</p><p></p><p>Bettin, G., Presbitero, A., & Spatafora, M. N. (2014). Remittances and vulnerability in</p><p>developing countries: International Monetary Fund.</p><p></p><p>Billmeier, A., & Massa, I. (2009). What drives stock market development in emerging</p><p>marketsinstitutions, remittances, or natural resources? Emerging Markets</p><p>Review, 10(1), 23-35.</p><p></p><p>Blumenstock, J., Callen, M., & Ghani, T. (2014). Violence and financial decisions:</p><p>Evidence from mobile money in Afghanistan. University of Washington.</p><p></p><p>Borjas, G. J. (1989). Economic theory and international migration. International</p><p>migration review, 457-485.</p><p></p><p>Bouhga-Hagbe, J. (2006). Altruism and workers' remittances: evidence from selected</p><p>countries in the Middle East and Central Asia: International Monetary Fund.</p><p></p><p>Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its</p><p>applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic</p><p>studies, 239-253.</p><p></p><p>Broome, A. (2015). Back to basics: the great recession and the narrowing of IMF</p><p>policy advice. Governance, 28(2), 147-165.</p><p></p><p>Brown, R. P. (1994). Migrants' remittances, savings and investment in the South</p><p>Pacific. Int'l Lab. Rev., 133, 347.</p><p></p><p>Brown, R. P. (1997). Estimating remittance functions for Pacific Island migrants.</p><p>World Development, 25(4), 613-626.</p><p></p><p>Brown, R. P., & Carmignani, F. (2015). Revisiting the effects of remittances on bank</p><p>credit: a macro perspective. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 62(5), 454-</p><p>485.</p><p></p><p>Brown, R. P. C., & Jimenez-Soto, E. (2015). Chapter 20 - Migration and Remittances.</p><p>In R. C. Barry & W. M. Paul (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of</p><p>International Migration (Vol. Volume 1, pp. 1077-1140): North-Holland.</p><p></p><p>Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2011). Business research methods (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford</p><p>University Press.</p><p></p><p>Bugamelli, M., & Paterno, F. (2009). Do Workers Remittances Reduce the</p><p>Probability of Current Account Reversals? World Development, 37(12), 1821-</p><p>1838.</p><p></p><p>Bugamelli, M., & Patern, F. (2011). Output growth volatility and remittances.</p><p>Economica, 78(311), 480-500.</p><p></p><p>Busch, C., Kuckulenz, A., & Le Manchec, M.-H. (2002). Worker Remittances and</p><p>Capital Flows: Kiel Working Paper.</p><p></p><p>Calderon, C., Chong, A., & Loayza, N. (2000). Determinants of current account</p><p>deficits in developing countries (Vol. 51): World Bank, Latin America and the</p><p>Caribbean Region, Regional Studies Program.</p><p></p><p>Callen, M. T., Cherif, R., Hasanov, F., Hegazy, M. A., & Khandelwal, P. (2014).</p><p>Economic diversification in the GCC: Past, present, and future: International</p><p>Monetary Fund.</p><p></p><p>Callen, M. T., Cherif, R., Hasanov, F., Hegazy, M. A., & Khandelwal, P. (2014).</p><p>Economic diversification in the GCC: Past, present, and future: International</p><p>Monetary Fund.</p><p></p><p>Canuto, O., & Rafha, D. (2011). Migration and Remittances. Factbook 2011.</p><p>Carling, J. (2008). The determinants of migrant remittances. Oxford Review of</p><p>Economic Policy, 24(3), 581-598. doi: 10.1093/oxrep/grn022</p><p></p><p>CastilloPonce, R. A., TorresPreciado, V. H., & ManzanaresRivera, J. L. (2011).</p><p>Macroeconomic determinants of remittances for a dollarized economy: the</p><p>case of El Salvador. Journal of Economic Studies, 38(5), 562-576. doi:</p><p>doi:10.1108/01443581111161823</p><p></p><p>Catrinescu, N., Leon-Ledesma, M., Piracha, M., & Quillin, B. (2009). Remittances,</p><p>institutions, and economic growth. World Development, 37(1), 81-92.</p><p></p><p>Chami, R., Barajas, A., Cosimano, T., Fullenkamp, C., Gapen, M., & Montiel, P.</p><p>(2008). Macroeconomic consequences of remittances: International Monetary</p><p>Fund.</p><p></p><p>Chami.Ralph, C. F., Samir. Jahjah. (2005). Are immigrant remittance flows a source</p><p>of capital for development? International Monetary Fund, 52, p55.</p><p></p><p>Chimhandamba, N. (2009). Reconciling the benefits of formal and informal</p><p>remittance channels: a Zimbabwean migrants perspective. Citeseer.</p><p></p><p>Chinn, M. D., & Prasad, E. S. (2003). Medium-term determinants of current accounts</p><p>in industrial and developing countries: an empirical exploration. Journal of</p><p>International Economics, 59(1), 47-76.</p><p></p><p>Choucri, N. (1986). The hidden economy: A new view of remittances in the Arab</p><p>world. World Development, 14(6), 697-712. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(86)90013-6</p><p></p><p>Chowdhury, M. B. (2011). Remittances flow and financial development in</p><p>Bangladesh. Economic Modelling, 28(6), 2600-2608.</p><p></p><p>Clemens, M. A., zden, ., & Rapoport, H. (2015). Reprint of: Migration and</p><p>Development Research is Moving Far Beyond Remittances. World</p><p>Development, 65, 1-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.009</p><p></p><p>Collier, W., Piracha, M., & Randazzo, T. (2011). Remittances and return migration:</p><p>IZA Institute of Labor Economics.</p><p></p><p>Collins, R. D., Selin, N. E., De Weck, O. L., & Clark, W. C. (2017). Using inclusive</p><p>wealth for policy evaluation: Application to electricity infrastructure planning</p><p>in oil-exporting countries. Ecological Economics, 133, 23-34.</p><p></p><p>Collis, J., Hussey, R., Crowther, D., Lancaster, G., Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Gill, J.</p><p>(2003). Business research methods: Palgrave Macmillan, New York.</p><p></p><p>Coulibaly, D. (2009). Macroeconomic Determinants of Migrants' Remittances: New</p><p>Evidence from a panel VAR.</p><p></p><p>Craigwell, R. C., & Samaroo, S. (1997). Dynamic modelling of the current accounts:</p><p>Evidence from the Caribbean. International Economic Journal, 11(4), 39-50.</p><p></p><p>Cropper, P., & Cook, R. (2000). Developments: Activity-Based Costing in Universities</p><p>Five Years On. Public Money and Management, 20(2), 61-68.</p><p></p><p>Cunha, M. R., Lambrecht, B. M., & Pawlina, G. (2011). Household liquidity and</p><p>incremental financing decisions: Theory and evidence. Journal of Business</p><p>Finance & Accounting, 38(7-8), 1016-1052.</p><p></p><p>David, F. R. (2007). Strategic management: Concepts and cases: Pearson Prentice</p><p>Hall.</p><p></p><p>Davis, J., & Brazil, N. (2016). Disentangling fathers absences from household</p><p>remittances in international migration: The case of educational attainment in</p><p>Guatemala. International Journal of Educational Development, 50, 1-11. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.05.004</p><p></p><p>De Haas, H. (2005). International migration, remittances and development: myths and</p><p>facts. Third World Quarterly, 26(8), 1269-1284. doi:</p><p>10.1080/01436590500336757</p><p></p><p>De Luna-Martinez, J. (2005). Workers' remittances to developing countries: A survey</p><p>with central banks on selected public policy issues: World Bank Publications.</p><p></p><p>Debarsy, N., Ertur, C., & LeSage, J. P. (2012). Interpreting dynamic spacetime panel</p><p>data models. Statistical Methodology, 9(1), 158-171.</p><p></p><p>Desiraju, G. R., & Steiner, T. (2001). Weak hydrogen Bond: Oxford University Press</p><p>New York.</p><p></p><p>DeVoretz, D. J. (2006). Immigration Policy: Methods of Economic Assessment1.</p><p>International migration review, 40(2), 390-418.</p><p></p><p>Docquier, F., Rapoport, H., & Salomone, S. (2012). Remittances, migrants' education</p><p>and immigration policy: Theory and evidence from bilateral data. Regional</p><p>Science and Urban Economics, 42(5), 817-828.</p><p></p><p>Docquier, F., Rapoport, H., & Salomone, S. (2012). Remittances, migrants' education</p><p>and immigration policy: Theory and evidence from bilateral data. Regional</p><p>Science and Urban Economics, 42(5), 817-828.</p><p></p><p>Dornbusch, R. (1976). Expectations and exchange rate dynamics. Journal of political</p><p>Economy, 84(6), 1161-1176.</p><p></p><p>Dramance, C. (2009). Macroeconomic Determinants of Migrants' Remittances: New</p><p>Evidence from a panel VAR: CES Working Papers.</p><p></p><p>Dramance, C. (2009). Macroeconomic Determinants of Migrants' Remittances: New</p><p>Evidence from a panel VAR: CES Working Papers.</p><p></p><p>Duran-Fernandez, R., & Santos, G. (2014). Gravity, distance, and traffic flows in</p><p>Mexico. Research in transportation economics, 46, 30-35.</p><p></p><p>Durdu, C. B., & Sayan, S. (2010). Emerging Market Business Cycles with Remittance</p><p>Fluctuations. IMF Staff Papers, 57(2), 303-325. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/imfsp.2009.3</p><p></p><p>Dustmann, C., & Mestres, J. (2010). Remittances and temporary migration. Journal of</p><p>Development Economics, 92(1), 62-70. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.12.002</p><p></p><p>Ecer, S., & Tompkins, A. (2010). An econometric analysis of the remittance</p><p>determinants among Ghanaians and Nigerians in the United States, United</p><p>Kingdom, and Germany. International Migration.</p><p></p><p>Edelbloude, J., Sers, C. F., & Makhlouf, F. (2017). Do remittances respond to</p><p>revolutions? The Evidence from Tunisia. Research in International Business</p><p>and Finance, 42, 94-101.</p><p></p><p>Edwards, S. (2002). Does the current account matter? Preventing currency crises in</p><p>emerging markets (pp. 21-76): University of Chicago Press.</p><p></p><p>Eelens, F., Schampers, T., & Speckmann, J. D. (1992). Labor migration to the Middle</p><p>East: from Sri Lanka to the Gulf.</p><p></p><p>Ekwuyasi, F. O. (2015). Labor migration and human trafficking: a case study of the</p><p>Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).</p><p></p><p>Elbadawi, I., & Rocha, R. R. (1992). Determinants of expatriate workers' remittances</p><p>in North Africa and Europe (pp. ii, 56 p.). Washington, DC: Country</p><p>Economics Dept., World Bank.</p><p></p><p>El-Sakka, M. I. T., & McNabb, R. (1999). The macroeconomic determinants of</p><p>emigrant remittances. World Development, 27(8), 1493-1502. doi:</p><p>10.1016/s0305-750x(99)00067-4</p><p></p><p>Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction:</p><p>representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the</p><p>Econometric Society, 251-276.</p><p></p><p>Fajnzylber, P., & Lpez, J. H. (2008). The development impact of remittances in</p><p>Latin America. Remittances and Development: Lessons from Latin America,</p><p>1-19.</p><p></p><p>Fasano, U., & Iqbal, Z. (2003). GCC countries: from oil dependence to</p><p>diversification: International Monetary Fund.</p><p></p><p>Fayissa, B., & Nsiah, C. (2010). The impact of remittances on economic growth and</p><p>development in Africa. The American Economist, 55(2), 92-103.</p><p></p><p>Fayissa, B., & Nsiah, C. (2010). The impact of remittances on economic growth</p><p>development in Africa American Economist, 55(2).</p><p></p><p>Fergany, N. (2001). Aspects of labor migration and unemployment in the Arab region.</p><p>Almishkat Center for Research, Cairo, 3.</p><p></p><p>Ferriani, F., & Oddo, G. (2018). More distance, more remittance? Remitting behavior,</p><p>travel cost, and the size of the informal channel. Economic Notes: Review of</p><p>Banking, Finance and Monetary Economics.</p><p></p><p>Finkelstein Shapiro, A., & Mandelman, F. S. (2016). Remittances, entrepreneurship,</p><p>and employment dynamics over the business cycle. Journal of International</p><p>Economics, 103, 184-199. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2016.10.001</p><p></p><p>Frankel, J. (2011). Are bilateral remittances countercyclical? Open Economies</p><p>Review, 22(1), 1-16.</p><p></p><p>Freund, C., & Spatafora, N. (2008). Remittances, transaction costs, and informality.</p><p>Journal of Development Economics, 86(2), 356-366.</p><p></p><p>Freund, C., & Spatafora, N. (2008). Remittances, transaction costs, and informality.</p><p>Journal of Development Economics, 86(2), 356-366.</p><p></p><p>Gapen, M. T., Barajas, A., Chami, R., Montiel, P., & Fullenkamp, C. (2009). Do</p><p>workers' remittances promote economic growth? : International Monetary</p><p>Fund.</p><p></p><p>Garca-Alonso, C. R., Arenas-Arroyo, E., & Prez-Alcal, G. M. (2012). A macroeconomic</p><p>model to forecast remittances based on Monte-Carlo simulation and</p><p>artificial intelligence. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(9), 7929-7937.</p><p>doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.01.108</p><p></p><p>Garcia-Fuentes, P. A., & Kennedy, P. L. (2009). Remittances and economic growth in</p><p>Latin America and the Caribbean: The Impact of the human capital</p><p>development. Paper presented at the Selected Paper prepared for presentation</p><p>at the Southern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta,</p><p>Georgia.</p><p></p><p>Giuliano, P., & Ruiz-Arranz, M. (2009). Remittances, financial development, and</p><p>growth. Journal of Development Economics, 90(1), 144-152. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.10.005</p><p></p><p>Glytsos, N. (1988). Remittances in temporary migration: A theoretical Model and its</p><p>Testing with the Greek-German experience Review of World Economics</p><p>124(3). doi: 10.1007/BF02708664</p><p></p><p>Glytsos, N. P. (1993). Measuring the income effects of migrant remittances: a</p><p>methodological approach applied to Greece. Economic Development and</p><p>Cultural Change, 42, 131-131.</p><p></p><p>Glytsos, N. P. (2002). Dynamic effects of migrant remittances on growth: an</p><p>econometric model with an application to Mediterranean countries: Centre of</p><p>Planning and Economic Research.</p><p></p><p>Glytsos, N. P. (2005). The contribution of remittances to growth: a dynamic approach</p><p>and empirical analysis. Journal of Economic Studies, 32(6), 468-496.</p><p></p><p>Goschin, Z. (2014). Remittances as an Economic Development Factor. Empirical</p><p>Evidence from the CEE Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 10, 54-</p><p>60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00277-9</p><p></p><p>Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis: Pearson Education India.</p><p></p><p>Group, W. B. (2012). World Development Indicators 2012: World Bank Publications.</p><p>Guetat, I., & Sridi, D. (2017). Institutional quality effect on remittances in MENA</p><p>region. Middle East Development Journal, 9(1), 84-100.</p><p></p><p>Guha, P. (2013). Macroeconomic effects of international remittances: The case of</p><p>developing economies. Economic Modelling, 33, 292-305.</p><p></p><p>Gujarti, D. (1978). Basic econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.</p><p></p><p>Gupta, S., Pattillo, C. A., & Wagh, S. (2007). Impact of remittances on poverty and</p><p>financial development in Sub-Saharan Africa (Vol. 7): International Monetary</p><p>Fund.</p><p></p><p>Gupta, S., Pattillo, C. A., &Wagh, S. (2009). Effect of Remittances on Poverty and</p><p>Financial Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 37(1),</p><p>104-115. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.05.007</p><p></p><p>Gupta, S., Pattillo, C. A., &Wagh, S. (2009). Effect of remittances on poverty and</p><p>financial development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 37(1),</p><p>104-115.</p><p></p><p>HagenZanker, J., & Siegel, M. (2007). The determinants of remittances: A review of</p><p>the literature.</p><p></p><p>Hansen, B. E. (1995). Time series analysis. Econometric theory, 11(03), 625-630. doi:</p><p>doi:10.1017/S0266466600009440</p><p></p><p>Hansen, L. P. (1982). Large sample properties of generalized method of moments</p><p>estimators. Econometric: journal of the Econometric Society, 1029-1054.</p><p></p><p>Hassan, G. (2010). Remittances and Poverty: Panel Evidence from High Remittance</p><p>Economies.</p><p></p><p>Hassan, G. M. (2011). Growth Effects of Remittances: Cross-country and Time Series</p><p>Analysis: University of Western Sydney.</p><p></p><p>Hassan, G. M., & Holmes, M. J. (2014). Do Remittances Facilitate a Sustainable</p><p>Current Account?</p><p></p><p>Hassan, G. M., & Holmes, M. J. (2016). Do Remittances Facilitate a Sustainable</p><p>Current Account? The World Economy, 39(11), 1834-1853.</p><p></p><p>Hathroubi, S., & Aloui, C. (2016). On interactions between remittance outflows and</p><p>Saudi Arabian macroeconomic: New evidence from wavelets. Economic</p><p>Modelling, 59, 32-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.06.018</p><p></p><p>Heffernan, O. (2018). The Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances Received in</p><p>Four Regions. The Park Place Economist, 26(1), 14.</p><p></p><p>Hendry, D. F., Pagan, A. R., & Sargan, J. D. (1984). Dynamic specification.</p><p>Handbook of econometrics, 2, 1023-1100.</p><p></p><p>Hicks, D. T. (2005). Good decisions require good models: Developing activity-based</p><p>solutions that work for decision makers. Journal of cost management, 19(3),</p><p>32-40.</p><p></p><p>Higgins, M. L., Hysenbegasi, A., & Pozo, S. (2004). Exchange-rate uncertainty and</p><p>workers' remittances. Applied Financial Economics, 14(6), 403-411.</p><p></p><p>Hirvonen, K., & Liller, H. B. (2015). Going Back Home: Internal Return Migration</p><p>in Rural Tanzania. World Development, 70, 186-202. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.01.007</p><p></p><p>Hoddinott, J. (1992). Modelling remittance flows in Kenya. Journal of African</p><p>Economies, 1(2), 206-232.</p><p></p><p>Hor, C., & Pheang, P. (2017). Analysis determinant factors effect on migrant workers</p><p>remittances flow to the CLMV Countries. International Journal of Economics</p><p>and Financial Issues, 7(2), 202.</p><p></p><p>Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of panel data (Vol. 34): Cambridge university press.</p><p>Hussain, R., & Anjum, G. A. (2014). Workers Remittances and GDP Growth in</p><p>Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4(2), 376-</p><p>381.</p><p></p><p>Ilahi, N., & Jafarey, S. (1999). Guest worker migration, remittances and the extended</p><p>family: evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Development Economics, 58(2),</p><p>485-512. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00122-9</p><p></p><p>Ilahi, N., & Shendy, R. (2008). Do the Gulf oil-producing countries influence regional</p><p>growth? The impact of financial and remittance flows: International Monetary</p><p>Fund.</p><p></p><p>ILO, G. a. (2015). Labor market trends analysis and labor migration from South Asia</p><p>to Gulf Cooperation Council countries, India and Malaysia (Vol. 978-92-2-</p><p>129612-6). Kathmandu, Nepal Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale</p><p>Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the International Labor Organization</p><p>(ILO).</p><p></p><p>Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous</p><p>panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.</p><p></p><p>Imai, K. S., Gaiha, R., Ali, A., & Kaicker, N. (2014). Remittances, growth and</p><p>poverty: New evidence from Asian countries. Journal of Policy Modeling,</p><p>36(3), 524-538.</p><p></p><p>Irfan, M. (2011). Remittances and poverty linkages in Pakistan: Evidence and some</p><p>suggestions for further analysis. Working Papers & Research Reports, 2011.</p><p></p><p>Irungu, L. (2017). A Study on the Effects of Diaspora Remittances on the Kenyan</p><p>Economy. International Journal of Economic Policy, 1(1), 14-36.</p><p></p><p>Ismail, G. N. (2017). Macroeconomic and Spatial Determinants of Remittances: A</p><p>Cross Country Analysis. Lahore School of Economics.</p><p></p><p>Ivlevs, A., Ziderman, A., & Constant, A. (2016). Remittances and informal work.</p><p>International Journal of Manpower, 37(7).</p><p></p><p>Johnson, G. E., & Whitelaw, W. E. (1974). Urban-rural income transfers in Kenya:</p><p>An estimated-remittances function. Economic Development & Cultural</p><p>Change, 22(3), 473.</p><p></p><p>Kannan, K. P., & Hari, K. (2002). Kerala's Gulf connection: Emigration, remittances</p><p>and their macroeconomic impact 1972-2000: Centre for Development Studies</p><p>Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.</p><p></p><p>Kapiszewski, A. (2006). Arab versus Asian Migrant Workers in the GCC Countries.</p><p>Paper presented at the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on International</p><p>Migration and Development in the Arab Region, Beirut, May.</p><p></p><p>Karemera, D., Oguledo, V. I., & Davis, B. (2000). A gravity model analysis of</p><p>international migration to North America. Applied Economics, 32(13), 1745-</p><p>1755.</p><p></p><p>Katseli, L. T., & Glytsos, N. P. (1986). Theoretical and empirical determinants of</p><p>international labor mobility: A Greek-German perspective: Centre for</p><p>Economic Policy Research.</p><p></p><p>Keho, Y. (2016). Non-linear effect of remittances on banking sector development:</p><p>Panel evidence from developing countries.</p><p></p><p>Kemegue, F., Owusu-Sekyere, E., & van Eyden, R. (2011). What drives remittance</p><p>inflows to Sub-Saharan Africa? A dynamic panel approach. Unpublished</p><p>manuscript.</p><p></p><p>Khodeir, A. N. (2015). Migration remittances inflows and macroeconomic shocks:</p><p>The case of Egypt. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues,</p><p>5(4).</p><p></p><p>Khodeir, A. N. (2015). Migration remittances inflows and macroeconomic shocks:</p><p>The case of Egypt. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues,</p><p>5(4).</p><p></p><p>Knowles, J. C., & Anker, R. (1981). An analysis of income transfers in a developing</p><p>country: The case of Kenya. Journal of Development Economics, 8(2), 205-</p><p>226. doi: 10.1016/0304-3878(81)90029-8</p><p></p><p>Kock, U., & Sun, Y. (2011). Remittances in Pakistan-Why have they gone up, and</p><p>why arent they coming down? IMF Working Papers, 1-26.</p><p></p><p>Koska, O. A., Saygin, P. ., aatay, S., & Artal-Tur, A. (2013). International</p><p>migration, remittances, and the human capital formation of Egyptian children.</p><p>International Review of Economics & Finance, 28, 38-50. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2013.05.006</p><p></p><p>Kraay, A., & Ventura, J. (2000). Current Accounts in Debtor and Creditor Countries.</p><p>The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(4), 1137-1166. doi:</p><p>10.1162/003355300555033</p><p></p><p>Krugman, P., & Obstfeld, M. (2003). International economics: theory and policy. The</p><p>Addison-Wesley series in economics.</p><p></p><p>Kumar, B., Hossain, M. E., & Osmani, M. A. G. (2018). Utilization of international</p><p>remittances in Bangladesh. Remittances Review, 3(1), 5-18.</p><p></p><p>Kumar, R. R. (2013). Remittances and economic growth: A study of Guyana.</p><p>Economic Systems, 37(3), 462-472. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2013.01.001</p><p></p><p>Kupar, D. (2003). The new development mantra? Harvard University and Center For</p><p>Global Development</p><p></p><p>Lahdhiri, M., Abdelfettah, M., & El Ouni, N. (2013). The Official Development</p><p>Assistance and the Remittance's Determinants: Convergence or Divergence?</p><p>Researchers World, 4(3), 89.</p><p></p><p>LaLonde, R. J., & Topel, R. W. (1994). Economic impact of international migration</p><p>and the economic performance of migrants: Center for the Study of the</p><p>Economy and the State, University of Chicago.</p><p></p><p>Len-Ledesma, M., & Piracha, M. (2004). International migration and the role of</p><p>remittances in Eastern Europe. International Migration, 42(4), 65-83. doi:</p><p>10.1111/j.0020-7985.2004.00295.x</p><p></p><p>Levin, A., Lin, C.-F., & James Chu, C.-S. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data:</p><p>asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-</p><p>24.</p><p></p><p>Lianos, T. P. (1997). Factors determining migrant remittances: The case of Greece.</p><p>International migration review, 72-87.</p><p></p><p>Lim, S., & Morshed, A. K. M. M. (2015). International migration, migrant stock, and</p><p>remittances: Re-examining the motivations to remit. The Quarterly Review of</p><p>Economics and Finance, 57, 101-115. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2014.10.001</p><p></p><p>Lin, H. (2011). Determinants of remittances: evidence from Tonga. IMF Working</p><p>Papers, 1-17.</p><p></p><p>Lpez-Feldman, A., & Chvez, E. (2017). Remittances and Natural Resource</p><p>Extraction: Evidence from Mexico. Ecological Economics, 132, 69-79. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.10.010</p><p></p><p>Lowell, B. L., & De la Garza, R. O. (2000). The developmental role of remittances in</p><p>US Latino Communities and in Latin American countries. Final project report</p><p>prepared for the Thoms Rivera Policy Institute (TRPI), University of Texas,</p><p>Austin, Texas, and the Inter-American Dialogue.</p><p></p><p>Lucas, R. E. B., & Stark, O. (1985). Motivations to remit: Evidence from Botswana.</p><p>Journal of political Economy, 93(5), 901-918.</p><p></p><p>Lueth, E., & Arranz, M. (2006). The gravity model of workers' remittances</p><p>International Monetary Fund</p><p></p><p>Lueth, E., & Ruiz-Arranz, M. (2007). Are workers' remittances a hedge against</p><p>macroeconomic shocks? The case of Sri Lanka (Vol. 7): International</p><p>Monetary Fund.</p><p></p><p>Lueth, E., & Ruiz-Arranz, M. (2008). Determinants of bilateral remittance flows. The</p><p>BE Journal of Macroeconomics, 8(1).</p><p></p><p>Makhlouf, F., & Kasmaoui, K. (2017). The Impact of Oil Price on Remittances. The</p><p>Journal of Energy and Development, 43(1/2), 293-310.</p><p></p><p>Mallick, H. (2017). Determinants of workers remittances: An empirical investigation</p><p>for a panel of eleven developing Asian economies. The World Economy,</p><p>40(12), 2875-2900.</p><p></p><p>Mamun, M. A., Sohag, K., Uddin, G. S., & Shahbaz, M. (2015). Remittance and</p><p>domestic labor productivity: Evidence from remittance recipient countries.</p><p>Economic Modelling, 47, 207-218. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.02.024</p><p></p><p>Mandelman, F. S., & Zlate, A. (2012). Immigration, remittances and business cycles.</p><p>Journal of Monetary Economics, 59(2), 196-213. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2012.01.004</p><p></p><p>Mark, N. C., & Sul, D. (2003). Cointegration Vector Estimation by Panel DOLS and</p><p>Longrun Money Demand*. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics,</p><p>65(5), 655-680.</p><p></p><p>Martinez, C., Cummings, M. E., & Vaaler, P. M. (2015). Economic informality and</p><p>the venture funding impact of migrant remittances to developing countries1.</p><p>Journal of Business Venturing, 30(4), 526-545. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.10.004</p><p></p><p>Marwan, N. F., Kadir, N. A. A., Hussin, A., Zaini, A. A., Ab Rashid, M. E., & Helmi,</p><p>Z. A. G. (2013). Export, Aid, Remittance and Growth: Evidence from Sudan.</p><p>Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 3-10.</p><p></p><p>Mayda, A. M. (2010). International migration: A panel data analysis of the</p><p>determinants of bilateral flows. Journal of Population Economics, 23(4),</p><p>1249-1274.</p><p></p><p>Mayer, T., & Zignago, S. (2011). Notes on CEPIIs distances measures: The Geo-</p><p>Distance database.</p><p></p><p>McIntosh, C., Villaran, G., & Wydick, B. (2011). Microfinance and Home</p><p>Improvement: Using Retrospective Panel Data to Measure Program Effects on</p><p>Fundamental Events. World Development, 39(6), 922-937. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.03.001</p><p></p><p>McKenzie, D. J., & Sasin, M. J. (2007). Migration, remittances, poverty, and human</p><p>capital: conceptual and empirical challenges. World Bank Policy Research</p><p>Working Paper (4272).</p><p></p><p>Meyer, D., & Shera, A. The impact of remittances on economic growth: An</p><p>econometric model. Economy. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2016.06.001</p><p></p><p>Mim, S. B., & Ali, M. (2012). Through which channels can remittances spur</p><p>economic growth in MENA countries? Economics Discussion Paper (2012-8).</p><p></p><p>Mohopatra, S., Ratha, D., & Silwal, A. (2010). Migration and Remittances Factbook</p><p>2011. World Bank, New York City, November, 256.</p><p></p><p>Mundlak, Y. (1978). On the pooling of time series and cross section data.</p><p>Econometrics: journal of the Econometric Society, 69-85.</p><p></p><p>Mustafa, K., & Ali, S. R. (2018). The macroeconomic determinants of remittances in</p><p>Pakistan. International Journal of Business Management and Finance</p><p>Research, 1(1), 1-8.</p><p></p><p>Naiditch, C., Tomini, A., & Ben Lakhdar, C. (2015). Remittances and incentive to</p><p>migrate: An epidemic approach of migration. International Economics, 142,</p><p>118-135. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2015.03.001</p><p></p><p>Naiditch, C., & Vranceanu, R. (2009). Migrant wages, remittances and recipient labor</p><p>supply in a moral hazard model. Economic Systems, 33(1), 60-82. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2008.07.003</p><p></p><p>Naiditch, C., & Vranceanu, R. (2010). Equilibrium migration with invested</p><p>remittances: The EECA evidence. European Journal of Political Economy,</p><p>26(4), 454-474. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.05.003</p><p></p><p>Nassar, H., & Ghoneim, A. (2002). Trade and Migration, are they complements or</p><p>substitutes: A review of four MENA Countries.</p><p></p><p>Naufal, G. S. (2011). Labor migration and remittances in the GCC. Labor History,</p><p>52(3), 307-322.</p><p></p><p>Naufal, G. S. (2015). Chapter 27 - The Economics of Migration in the Gulf</p><p>Cooperation Council Countries. In R. C. Barry & W. M. Paul (Eds.),</p><p>Handbook of the Economics of International Migration (Vol. Volume 1, pp.</p><p>1597-1640): North-Holland.</p><p></p><p>Naufal, G. S., & Genc, I. H. (2014). The story of remittance flows from the GCC</p><p>countries.</p><p></p><p>Naufal, G. S., & Termos, A. (2009). The responsiveness of remittances to price of oil:</p><p>the case of the GCC. OPEC Energy Review, 33(3/4), 184-197. doi:</p><p>10.1111/j.1753-0237.2009.00166.x</p><p></p><p>Neaime, S. (2004). Macroeconomic Fluctuations and Asymmetries in Selected East</p><p>Mediterranean and Gulf Countries: An Empirical Investigation. The Journal of</p><p>Economic Asymmetries, 1(2), 143-172. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2004.02.007</p><p></p><p>Ngoma, A. L., Ismail, N. W., & Law, S.-H. (2018). Domestic Macroeconomic</p><p>Conditions and Inflow of Workers' Remittances in labor -sending Asian</p><p>Countries. International Journal of Business &Society, 19(1).</p><p></p><p>Niimi, Y., & zden, . (2006). Migration and remittances: causes and linkages.</p><p></p><p>Nnyanzi, J. B. (2016). What drives international remittances to Africa: altruism, selfinterest</p><p>or the institutional environment? African Journal of Economic and</p><p>Management Studies, 7(3), null. doi: doi:10.1108/AJEMS-07-2013-0067</p><p></p><p>Obstfeld, M., & Rogoff, K. (1998). Risk and exchange rates: National bureau of</p><p>economic research.</p><p></p><p>Ojede, A., Lam, E., & Okot, N. (2019). Identifying macro-determinants of remittance</p><p>flows to a developing country: The case of Uganda. The Journal of</p><p>International Trade & Economic Development, 28(4), 429-451.</p><p></p><p>Okkerse, L. (2008). How to Measure labor Market effects of immigration: a review.</p><p>Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(1), 1-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-</p><p>6419.2007.00533.x</p><p></p><p>OMON, I. J. Determinants of migrants remittances in the West Africa Monetary</p><p>Zones (WAMZ).</p><p></p><p>Onyeisi, O. S., Odo, S. I., & Anoke, C. I. (2018). Remittance Inflow and Domestic</p><p>Credit to Private Sector. The Nigerian Experience. IOSR Journal of Business</p><p>and Management (IOSR-JBM), 20(1), 28-38.</p><p></p><p>Osakwe, P., & Verick, S. (2007). Current Account Deficits in Sub-Saharan Africa: Do</p><p>they Matter? Draft Paper, October.</p><p></p><p>Osili, U. O. (2007). Remittances and savings from international migration: Theory</p><p>and evidence using a matched sample. Journal of Development Economics,</p><p>83(2), 446-465. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.06.003</p><p>Osmani, M. A. G. Utilization of International Remittances in Bangladesh.</p><p></p><p>Ozaki, M. (2012). Worker migration and remittances in South Asia.</p><p>zden, ., & Schiff, M. W. (2006). International migration, remittances, and the</p><p>brain drain: World Bank Publications.</p><p></p><p>Page, B. (2009). Remittances A2 - Kitchin, Rob. In N. Thrift (Ed.), International</p><p>Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 329-334). Oxford: Elsevier.</p><p></p><p>Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with</p><p>multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 653-</p><p>670.</p><p></p><p>Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of</p><p>pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis.</p><p>Econometric theory, 20(03), 597-625.</p><p></p><p>Piracha, M., & Randazzo, T. (2011). Remittances and return migration: School of</p><p>Economics, University of Kent.</p><p></p><p>Piteli, E. E., Buckley, P. J., & Kafouros, M. (2019). Do remittances to emerging</p><p>countries improve their economic development? Understanding the contingent</p><p>role of culture. Journal of International Management, 100675.</p><p></p><p>Popescu, G. H. (2014). The macroeconomic determinants of migrant remittance</p><p>flows. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 9(2), 121.</p><p></p><p>Pradhan, G., Upadhyay, M., & Upadhyaya, K. (2008). Remittances and economic</p><p>growth in developing countries. European Journal of Development Research,</p><p>20(3), 497-506. doi: 10.1080/09578810802246285</p><p></p><p>Pvara, A. (2019). Migrants Remittances: Microeconomic and Macroeconomic</p><p>Contexts. The EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics (6</p><p>(19)), 51-58.</p><p></p><p>Puri, S., & Ritzema, T. (1999). Migrant worker remittances, micro-finance and the</p><p>informal economy: prospects and issues: International Labor Office.</p><p></p><p>Qutb, R. (2019). The Macroeconomic Determinants of Migrants Remittances in</p><p>Egypt: An Ardl Bounds Testing Approach. Available at SSRN 3522070.</p><p></p><p>Rahman, M., & Banerjee, P. K. (2011). Dynamic empirics of expatriates remittances</p><p>from Saudi Arabia to Bangladesh. Southwestern Economic Review, 38, 1-14.</p><p></p><p>Rao, B. B., & Hassan, G. M. (2011). A panel data analysis of the growth effects of</p><p>remittances. Economic Modelling, 28(12), 701-709. doi:</p><p>10.1016/j.econmod.2010.05.011</p><p></p><p>Rapoport, H., & Docquier, F. (2006). Chapter 17 the Economics of Migrants'</p><p>Remittances. In K. Serge-Christophe & Y. Jean Mercier (Eds.), Handbook of</p><p>the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity (Vol. Volume 2, pp. 1135-</p><p>1198): Elsevier.</p><p></p><p>Ratha, A., & Kang, E. (2020). Macroeconomic Determinants of International</p><p>Remittances: Evidence from time-series and panel methods. Journal of</p><p>Economic Development, 45(3).</p><p></p><p>Ratha, D. (2005). Workers remittances: an important and stable source of external</p><p>development finance.</p><p></p><p>Ratha, D., De, S., Plaza, S., Schuettler, K., Shaw, W., Wyss, H., & Yi, S. (2016).</p><p>Migration and Development Brief April 2016: Migration and Remittances-</p><p>Recent Developments and Outlook: The World Bank.</p><p></p><p>Ratha, D., & Mohapatra, S. (2013). Chapter 8 - Migrant Remittances and</p><p>Development A2 - Caprio, Gerard. In T. Beck, S. Claessens & S. L.</p><p>Schmukler (Eds.), The Evidence and Impact of Financial Globalization (pp.</p><p>121-130). San Diego: Academic Press.</p><p></p><p>Ratha, D., Mohapatra, S., & Silwal, A. (2009). Migration and Remittance Trends</p><p>2009: A better-than-expected outcome so far, but significant risks ahead.</p><p></p><p>Ratha, D., Yi, S., & Yousefi, S. R. (2015). Migration and development. Routledge</p><p>Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies, 1(3), 260.</p><p></p><p>Razgallah, B. (2008). The macroeconomics of workers remittances in GCC</p><p>countries: Economic Research Forum.</p><p></p><p>Reich, F., & Abraham, A. (2006). Activity based costing and activity data collection:</p><p>A case study in the higher education sector. Faculty of Commerce-Papers,</p><p>211.</p><p></p><p>Reisen, H. (1998). Sustainable and excessive current account deficits. Empirica,</p><p>25(2), 111-131.</p><p></p><p>Remenyi, D., Williams, B., Money, A., & Swartz, E. (1998). Research in Business</p><p>and Management. London: Sage. Remmen, D.(2003). Performance pays off.</p><p>Strategic Finance, 84(9), 24-31.</p><p></p><p>Ruiz, I., & Vargas-Silva, C. (2010). Monetary policy and international remittances.</p><p>The Journal of Developing Areas, 43(2), 173-186.</p><p></p><p>Ruiz-Arranz, M., & Giuliano, P. (2005). Remittances, financial development, and</p><p>growth: International Monetary Fund.</p><p></p><p>Russell, S. S. (1986). Remittances from international migration: A review in</p><p>perspective. World Development, 14(6), 677-696. doi: 10.1016/0305-</p><p>750x(86)90012-4</p><p></p><p>Salahuddin, M. (2013). Empirical link between growth and remittance: evidence from</p><p>panel data. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 14(5).</p><p></p><p>Salisu, M. (2005). The Role of Capital Flight and Remittances in Current Account</p><p>Sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Development Review, 17(3),</p><p>382-404. doi: 10.1111/j.1017-6772.2006.00121.x</p><p></p><p>Sampson, S. S., & Branch-Vital, A. (2013). US Remittances to the Caribbean,</p><p>Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago. International Migration, 51, e70-e83. doi:</p><p>10.1111/imig.12018</p><p></p><p>Sasikumar, S., & Thimothy, R. (2015). From India to the Gulf Region: Exploring</p><p>Links Between Labor Markets, Skills and the Migration Cycle: ILO.</p><p></p><p>Sayan, S. (2004). Guest workers remittances and output fluctuations in host and home</p><p>countries: Case of remittances from Turkish workers in Germany. Emerging</p><p>Markets Finance & Trade, 40(6), 68-81.</p><p></p><p>Sayan, S. (2006). Business cycles and workers' remittances: how do migrant workers</p><p>respond to cyclical movements of GDP at home? (Vol. 6): International</p><p>Monetary Fund.</p><p></p><p>Sayan, S., & Tekin-Koru, A. (2012). Remittances, Business Cycles and Poverty: The</p><p>Recent Turkish Experience. International Migration, 50, e151-e176. doi:</p><p>10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00591.x</p><p></p><p>Schiff, M. ., aglar. (2005). International Migration, Remittances, and the Brain</p><p>Drain: Wold Bank</p><p></p><p>Schiopu, I., & Siegfried, N. (2006). Determinants of Workers' Remittances: Evidence</p><p>from the European Neighboring Region: European Central Bank.</p><p></p><p>Schiopu, I., & Siegfried, N. (2006). Determinants of workers' remittances: Evidence</p><p>from the European neighboring region: European Central Bank.</p><p></p><p>Schrooten, M. (2005). Bringing Home the Money-What Determines Worker's</p><p>Remittances to Transition Countries. Institute of Economic Research,</p><p>Hitotsubashi University, Discussion Paper Series.</p><p></p><p>Shah, F. U., & Majid, I. (2020). The Socio-economic Determinants of Remittances in</p><p>Pakistan: Evidence from District Bannu. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 14.</p><p></p><p>Shah, N. M. (2006). Restrictive labor immigration policies in the oil-rich Gulf:</p><p>Effectiveness and implications for sending Asian countries. Paper presented at</p><p>the UN Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development in</p><p>the Arab Region: Challenges and Opportunities, Beirut.</p><p></p><p>Shahbaz, M., & Aamir, N. (2009). Determinants of Workers Remittances:</p><p>Implications for Poor People of Pakistan. European Journal of Scientific</p><p>Research, 25(1), 130-144.</p><p></p><p>Shahbaz, M., Rehman, I. U., & Mahdzan, N. S. A. (2014). Linkages between income</p><p>inequality, international remittances and economic growth in Pakistan. Quality</p><p>& Quantity, 48(3), 1511-1535.</p><p></p><p>Silwa, A., Ratha, D., & Mohapatra, S. (2010). Outlook for Remittance Flows 2011-</p><p>12; Recovery after the crisis, but risks lie ahead.</p><p></p><p>Simpson, N. B., & Sparber, C. (2020). Estimating the Determinants of Remittances</p><p>Originating from US Households Using CPS Data. Eastern Economic Journal,</p><p>46(1), 161-189.</p><p></p><p>Singh, R. J., Haacker, M., Lee, K.-w., & Le Goff, M. (2011). Determinants and</p><p>macroeconomic impact of remittances in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of</p><p>African Economies, 20(2), 312-340.</p><p></p><p>Singh, S. K. (2019). Revisiting Institutional Determinants of Remittances: Evidence</p><p>from a Large Panel of Countries. Economics Bulletin, 39(4), 2247-2257.</p><p></p><p>Singogo, F. K. (2020). An analysis of macroeconomic determinants of remittances in</p><p>Southern Africa. UNVERSITY OF NAMIBIA.</p><p></p><p>Sirkeci, I., Cohen, J. H., & Ratha, D. (2012). Migration and remittances during the</p><p>global financial crisis and beyond: The World Bank.</p><p></p><p>Slddiqui, R., & Kemal, A.-R. (2006). Remittances, trade liberalization, and poverty in</p><p>Pakistan: The role of excluded variables in poverty change analysis. The</p><p>Pakistan Development Review, 383-415.</p><p></p><p>Stark, O., Taylor, J. E., & Yitzhaki, S. (1986). Remittances and inequality. The</p><p>economic journal, 722-740.</p><p></p><p>Straubhaar, T. (1986). The Determinants of Workers' Remittances: The Case of</p><p>Turkey. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 122(4), 728-740. doi: 10.2307/40439475</p><p></p><p>Straubhaar, T. (1986). The determinants of workers remittances: The case of Turkey.</p><p>Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 122(4), 728-740. doi: 10.1007/bf02707858</p><p></p><p>Sultonov, M. (2016). The Russian financial crisis and workers remittances to</p><p>Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics,</p><p>5, 344-353.</p><p></p><p>Swamy, G. (1981). International migrant workers' remittances: Issues and prospects:</p><p>World Bank, Washington, D.C. (USA).</p><p></p><p>Taghavi, M. (2012). The impact of workers remittances on macro indicators: The</p><p>case of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Topics in Middle Eastern and African</p><p>Economies, 14, 49-73.</p><p></p><p>Tahir, M., Khan, I., & Shah, A. M. (2015). Foreign Remittances, Foreign Direct</p><p>Investment, Foreign Imports and Economic Growth in Pakistan: A Time</p><p>Series Analysis. Arab Economic and Business Journal, 10(2), 82-89. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2015.06.001</p><p></p><p>Tansel, A., & Yaar, P. (2010). Macroeconomic impact of remittances on output</p><p>growth: Evidence from Turkey. Migration Letters, 7(2), 132-143.</p><p></p><p>Taylor, E. J. (1999). The New Economics of Labor Migration and the Role of</p><p>Remittances in the Migration Process. International Migration, 37(1), 63-88.</p><p>doi: 10.1111/1468-2435.00066</p><p></p><p>Taylor, L. (1982). Back to basics: Theory for the rhetoric in the North-South round.</p><p>World Development, 10(4), 327-335.</p><p></p><p>Termos, A., Naufal, G., & Genc, I. (2013). Remittance outflows and inflation: The</p><p>case of the GCC countries. Economics letters, 120(1), 45-47.</p><p></p><p>Termos, A., Naufal, G., & Genc, I. (2013). Remittance outflows and inflation: The</p><p>case of the GCC countries. Economics letters, 120(1), 45-47. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.03.037</p><p></p><p>Thiollet, H. (2011). Migration as diplomacy labor migrants, refugees, and Arab</p><p>regional politics in the oil-rich countries. International Labor and Working-</p><p>Class History, 79(Special Issue 01), 103-121.</p><p></p><p>Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables.</p><p>Econometric: journal of the Econometric Society, 24-36.</p><p></p><p>Tregenna, F., & Gumede, V. (2018). Essays on the determinants and impact of</p><p>remittances in South Africa.</p><p></p><p>Tsaurai, K., & Maseko, C. M. (2020). An empirical study of the determinants of</p><p>remittances in transitional economies. Acta Universitatis Danubius.</p><p>OEconomica, 16(3).</p><p></p><p>Vargas-Silva, C. (2008). Are remittances manna from heaven? A look at the business</p><p>cycle properties of remittances. The North American Journal of Economics</p><p>and Finance, 19(3), 290-303. doi: 10.1016/j.najef.2008.03.001</p><p></p><p>Vargas-Silva, C., & Huang, P. (2006). Macroeconomic determinants of workers'</p><p>remittances: Host versus home country's economic conditions. Journal of</p><p>International Trade & Economic Development, 15(1), 81-99.</p><p></p><p>Wahba, S. (1991, 1991/12//). What determines workers' remittances? Finance &</p><p>Development, 28, 41+.</p><p></p><p>Woolridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data:</p><p>Cambridge, ma: mit Press.</p><p></p><p>Yang, D. (2011). Migrant Remittances. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(3),</p><p>129-151. doi: 10.2307/23049426</p><p></p><p>Yang, D. (2015). International Migration and Remittances A2 - Wright, James D</p><p>International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second</p><p>Edition) (pp. 519-524). Oxford: Elsevier.</p><p></p><p>Zachariah, K., Prakash, B., & Rajan, S. I. (2002). Gulf Migration Study: Employment,</p><p>wages and working conditions of Kerala emigrants in the United Arab</p><p>Emirates. Migration, 39(1), 63-88.</p><p></p><p>Ziesemer, T. H. W. (2010). The impact of the credit crisis on poor developing</p><p>countries: Growth, worker remittances, accumulation and migration.</p><p>Economic Modelling, 27(5), 1230-1245. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.02.008</p><p></p><p>Ziesemer, T. H. W. (2012). Worker remittances, migration, accumulation and growth</p><p>in poor developing countries: Survey and analysis of direct and indirect</p><p>effects. Economic Modelling, 29(2), 103-118. doi:</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.08.013</p><p></p>