Orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling remaja

<p>Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan</p><p>instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling MSSP Daerah Kinta Dua, Perak. Kajian ini melihat</p><p>orientasi matlamat, kecenderunga...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Baharim Hashim
Format: thesis
Language:zsm
Published: 2007
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9049
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:9049
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language zsm
topic
spellingShingle
Baharim Hashim
Orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling remaja
description <p>Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan</p><p>instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling MSSP Daerah Kinta Dua, Perak. Kajian ini melihat</p><p>orientasi matlamat, kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental, individu yang mempengaruhi keagresifan</p><p>instrumental dan situasi yang dijangkakan akan mempengaruhi kecenderungan atlet untuk melakukan</p><p>keagresifan instrumental. Instrumen soal selidik yang digunakan ialah Task and Ego Orientation In</p><p>Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) oleh Duda & Nicholls (1991) dan The Judgement About Moral Behavior</p><p>In Youth Sport Questionnaire (JAMBYSQ) oleh Stephens, Bredemeier & Sheilds (1993). Seramai</p><p>166 atlet (85 lelaki dan 81 perempuan), yang terdiri daripada pemain pasukan yang memasuki</p><p>peringkat suku akhir pertandingan bola baling peringkat daerah ini, telah bekerjasama untuk</p><p>menjadi sampel kajian. Analisis kajian mendapati penglibatan atlet-atlet ini adalah</p><p>berorientasikan tugasan. Terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan bagi orientasi tugasan pemain bola</p><p>baling lelaki dan perempuan manakala tiada perbezaan yang signifikan bagi orientasi ego. Atlet-</p><p>atlet ini juga cenderung untuk melakukan keagresifan instrumental. Keagresifan instrumental mereka</p><p>dipengaruhi oleh guru atau jurulatih. Situasi yang mempengaruhi atlet lelaki melakukan keagresifan</p><p>instrumental adalah kedudukan seri manakala bagi situasi yang mempengaruhi atlet perempuan adalah</p><p>situasi yang menaikkan</p><p>semangat mereka.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Baharim Hashim
author_facet Baharim Hashim
author_sort Baharim Hashim
title Orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling remaja
title_short Orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling remaja
title_full Orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling remaja
title_fullStr Orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling remaja
title_full_unstemmed Orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling remaja
title_sort orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling remaja
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan
publishDate 2007
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9049
_version_ 1776104590735835136
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:90492023-06-14 Orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling remaja 2007 Baharim Hashim <p>Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan</p><p>instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling MSSP Daerah Kinta Dua, Perak. Kajian ini melihat</p><p>orientasi matlamat, kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental, individu yang mempengaruhi keagresifan</p><p>instrumental dan situasi yang dijangkakan akan mempengaruhi kecenderungan atlet untuk melakukan</p><p>keagresifan instrumental. Instrumen soal selidik yang digunakan ialah Task and Ego Orientation In</p><p>Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) oleh Duda & Nicholls (1991) dan The Judgement About Moral Behavior</p><p>In Youth Sport Questionnaire (JAMBYSQ) oleh Stephens, Bredemeier & Sheilds (1993). Seramai</p><p>166 atlet (85 lelaki dan 81 perempuan), yang terdiri daripada pemain pasukan yang memasuki</p><p>peringkat suku akhir pertandingan bola baling peringkat daerah ini, telah bekerjasama untuk</p><p>menjadi sampel kajian. Analisis kajian mendapati penglibatan atlet-atlet ini adalah</p><p>berorientasikan tugasan. Terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan bagi orientasi tugasan pemain bola</p><p>baling lelaki dan perempuan manakala tiada perbezaan yang signifikan bagi orientasi ego. Atlet-</p><p>atlet ini juga cenderung untuk melakukan keagresifan instrumental. Keagresifan instrumental mereka</p><p>dipengaruhi oleh guru atau jurulatih. Situasi yang mempengaruhi atlet lelaki melakukan keagresifan</p><p>instrumental adalah kedudukan seri manakala bagi situasi yang mempengaruhi atlet perempuan adalah</p><p>situasi yang menaikkan</p><p>semangat mereka.</p> 2007 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9049 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9049 text zsm closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan <p>Ahmad Mahzan Ayob. (1992). Kaedah penyelidikan sosioekonomi. Kuala Lumpur:</p><p>Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</p><p></p><p>Alderman, R.B. (1974). Psychological behavior in sport. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunder Company.</p><p></p><p>Atkinson, J.W. (1965). An introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand Company Inc.</p><p></p><p>Ary, D., Jacob, L.C., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research education (6 ed.) Belmont:</p><p>Wadsworth Thomson Learning.</p><p></p><p>Bach, G.R., & Wyden, P. (1968). The intimate enemy. New York: William and Morrow.</p><p></p><p>Bahrke, M.S., & Morgan. (1978). Anxiety Reduction Following Exercise and Meditation. Cognitive</p><p>Therapy and Research, 2, 323-334.</p><p></p><p>Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.</p><p></p><p>Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Towards unifying theory of behavioral change.</p><p>Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. In Biddle, S. J.H. (1995), Motivation and</p><p></p><p>social psychology in sport and physical education. European Perspectives on Exercise and Sport</p><p>Psychology, Champaign IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.</p><p></p><p>Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychology, 37,</p><p>122-147.</p><p></p><p>Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundation of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood</p><p>Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.</p><p></p><p>Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.</p><p></p><p>Baron, R.A., & Richardson, D.R. (1994). Human aggression. (2 ed). New York: Plenum Press.</p><p></p><p>Baumgartner, T.A., & Jackson, A.S. (2003). Measurement for evalution in physical education and</p><p>exercise science (7 ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill.</p><p></p><p>Berger, B.G., Owen, D.R., & Frantisek, M. (1993). A brief review of literature and examination of</p><p>acute mood benefits of exercise in Czechoslovakian and United States swimmers. International</p><p>Journal of Sport Psychology, 24,130-150.</p><p></p><p>Bergin, D.A., & Habusta, S.F. (2004). Goal Orientations of Young Male Ice Hockey Players and Their</p><p>Parents. The Journal of Genatic Psychology, 165(4) 383- 398.</p><p></p><p>Berkowitz, L. (1958).The expression and reduction of hostility. Dalam Psychological Bulletin, 55,</p><p>257-283.</p><p></p><p>Berkowitz, L. (1962). Aggression: A social learning analysis. New York: McGraw- Hill. In</p><p>L.Lefebvre, L.Leith, & B. Bredemeier ( 1980 ), Modes for aggression assessment and control.</p><p>International. Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21</p><p></p><p>Berkowitz, L. (1965). The concept aggressive drive: Some additional consideration. In</p><p>L. Berkowitz (Ed). Advance in experimental social psychology,2, 301-329. New York: Academic Press.</p><p></p><p>Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences and control. New York: McGraw-Hill.</p><p></p><p>Boyd, M., & Callaghan, J. (1994). Task and ego perspectives in organized youth sport.</p><p>International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22, 411-424.</p><p></p><p>Bramly, P. (1991). Evaluating training effectiveness translating theory into practice.</p><p>London: Mc Graw-Hill Book Company.</p><p></p><p>Bredemeier, B. (1994). Childrens moral reasoning and their assertive, aggressive and submissive</p><p>tendencies in sport and daily life. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 1-4.</p><p></p><p>Bredemeier, B.J., & Shields, D. (1987). Moral growth through physical activity: A structural</p><p>developmental approach. In Gould &M.R. Weiss (Eds), Advances in Pediatric Sport Sciences:</p><p>Behavioral issues, 2, 143-154. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Bull, S.J. (1991). Personal and situational influences on adherence to mental skills training.</p><p>Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 121-132.</p><p></p><p>Burn, R.B. (2000). Introduction to research method (4 ed). London : Sage Publications.</p><p></p><p>Buss, A. (1961). A psychology o f aggression. New York: Wiley.</p><p></p><p>Cicciarella, Charles, F. (1997). Research in physical, exercise science and sport: An introduction.</p><p>Arizona: Scootdate Publisher.</p><p></p><p>Cochran, W.G. (1977). Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics applied: Sampling</p><p>techniques (3 ed)., USA: A Wiley Publication.</p><p></p><p>Cox, R.H. (1994). Sport psychology: Concept and application. Dubuque, IA Browm and Benchmark.</p><p></p><p>Cox, R.H. (1998). Sport psychology: Concept and application (4 ed.). Boston, MA:WCB Mc Graw Hill.</p><p></p><p>Cullen, J.B., & Cullen, F.T. (1975). The structure and contextual conditions of group norm</p><p>violation: Some implication from the game of ice hockey. International Review of Sport Sociology,</p><p>10, 69-77.</p><p></p><p>Davies, D. (1989). Psychological factor in competitive sport. Philadelphia: The Falme Press.</p><p></p><p>Dollard, J., Doob, L., Miller, H., Mowrer, A., & Sears, R. (1939). Frustration and aggression.</p><p>Yale: New Haven, C T: Yale University Press.</p><p></p><p>Duda, J. (1992). Motivation in sport setting: A goal perspective approach. In G. Robert (ed.).</p><p>Motivational in Sport Exercise (hlm. 57-92) . Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Duda, J. (1998). Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement. USA, Morgantown: Fitness</p><p>Information Technology Inc</p><p></p><p>Duda, J., & Huston, I. (1995). The relationship of goal orientation and degree of competitive sport</p><p>participation to the endorsement of aggressive acts in American Football. In R.Vanfraecham-Raway &</p><p>Y. Vanden Audweele (Eds). IXth European Congress on Sport Psychology Proceedings (hlm 655-662).</p><p>Brussells, Belgium.</p><p></p><p>Duda, J., Nicholls, J. (1989). The task and ego orientation in sport questionnaire: Psychometric</p><p>properties. Manuscripts submitted for publication. In Shaharudin (1998), Aggressive tendencies</p><p>in Malaysian youth soccer: An examination of individual and contextual factor. Unpublished</p><p>doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.</p><p></p><p>Duda, J.L. (1987). Toward a developmental theory of motivation in sport. Journal of Sport</p><p>Psychology, 9, 130 145.</p><p></p><p>Duda, J.L. (1989). Relationship between task and ego orientation and perceived purposes of sport</p><p>among high school athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 318-335.</p><p></p><p>Duda, J.L. (1992). Motivation in sport setting: A goal perspective approach. Dalam G.C. Roberts</p><p>(Ed.), Motivation in sport and excercise (m.s. 57 91). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Duda, J.L. (1993). Goal: A social-cognitive approach to the study of achievement motivation in</p><p>sport. Dalam R.N. Singer, M. Murphey & L.K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport</p><p>psychology (m.s. 421 435). New York: Macmillan.</p><p></p><p>Dweck, C.S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American psychologist, 41, 1040 </p><p>1048.</p><p></p><p>Felson, R.B., & Tedeschi, J.T. (1993). Aggression and violence. Washington D.C: American</p><p>Psychological Association.</p><p></p><p>Frank, G. (1994). On the prediction of aggressive behavior from the Rorschach.</p><p>Psychological Reports 75, 183-191.</p><p></p><p>Frieschlag, J., & Schmidke, C. (1979). Violence in sport: Its cause and some solution.</p><p>The Physical Educator, 36, 182-183.</p><p></p><p>Gill, D.L. (1986). Psychology Dynamics of Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Gill, D.L.(1998). Gender differences in competitive orientation and sport participation.</p><p>International Journal of Sport Psychology, 19, 145-159.</p><p></p><p>Guilford, J.P. (1956). Fundamental statistics in psychology and education. New York: Mc Graw-Hill</p><p></p><p>Hardy, L. Jones, G. & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychology preparation for sport: Theory and</p><p>practice of elite performers. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p><p></p><p>Harter, S. (1978). Effectance motivation reconsidered : Towards a developmental model. Human</p><p>Development, 21, 34-64.</p><p></p><p>Husman, B., & Silva, J.M. (1984). Aggression in sport: Definitional and theoretical consideration.</p><p>In J.M. Silva & R.S. Weinberg (Eds), Psychological Foundation in Sport (hlm 246-260).</p><p>Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Howe, B.L. (1988). Motivation for success in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17,</p><p>1 9.</p><p></p><p>Iheoma, E.O. (1986). The role of religion in moral education. Journal of Moral Education, 15,</p><p>12-23. Dalam Isu-isu Pendidikan di Malaysia. Diperolehi Disember 12, 2004 daripada</p><p>http://www.geocities.com/pendislam.</p><p></p><p>Isoahola, S.E. & Hatfield, B. (1986). Psychology of Sport: A social psychological approach.</p><p>Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown.</p><p></p><p>Johnson,B.L., & Nelson, J.K. (1986). Practical measurement for evalution in physical education (4</p><p>ed.). Lousiana State University: Burgess.</p><p></p><p>Kamus Dewan (1989). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (1989). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</p><p></p><p>Kim, B.J., & Gill, D.L. (1995). Psychological correlates of achievement goal orientation in Korean</p><p>youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 7, 22-27.</p><p></p><p>Koo Kay Kim (Februari, 2002). Jurulatih perlu kajian mendalam: Mengharap era baru.</p><p>Arena Bola Sepak, 56-57.</p><p></p><p>Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W. (1970).Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational</p><p>and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.</p><p></p><p>La Porte, R.E., & Nath, R. (1976). Role of performance goals in prose learning.</p><p>Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 260-264.</p><p></p><p>Liacre, J.M., (2000). New approaches to determining realibity and validity. Reaserch Quaterly for</p><p>exercise and sport, 71 (2), 129-136.</p><p></p><p>Lefebvre, C.S. L., & Passer, M. (1975). The effects of games location and importance on aggression</p><p>in team sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 102-110. In L., Lefebvre, L. Leith, &</p><p>B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression assessment and control. International Journal of Sport</p><p>Psychology, 11, 11-21.</p><p></p><p>Lefebvre, L. Leith, L., & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression assessment and control.</p><p>International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21.</p><p></p><p>Lefebvre, L., & Passer, M. (1975). The effects of games location and importance on aggression in</p><p>team sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 102- 110.</p><p></p><p>Leith, L. (1977). The psychological assessment of aggression in sport. A critique of existing</p><p>measurement technique. Paper Present at the International Symposium on Psychological Assessment in</p><p>Sport, Wingate, Israel. In Shaharudin Abd. Aziz. (1998). Aggressive tendencies in Malaysian</p><p>youth soccer: An examination of individual and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral</p><p>dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.</p><p></p><p>Leith, L. (1989). The effects of various physical activities, outcomes, and emotional arousal on</p><p>subject aggression scores. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26, 57-66.</p><p></p><p>Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance.</p><p>Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hill.</p><p></p><p>Lorenz, C. (1966). On aggression. New York: Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich. Lovenz, I.D. (1985). Group</p><p>Process and Productivity. New York: Academic Press.</p><p>Maehr, M.L., & Nicholls, J.G. (1980). Culture and achievement motivation: A second look. Dalam N.</p><p>Warren (Ed.), Studies in Cross-cultural psychology, 3, 221 267. New York: Academic.</p><p></p><p>Maehr, M.L., & Braskamp, L.A. (1986). The motivation factor: A theory of personal investment.</p><p>Lexington, MA Books.</p><p></p><p>Martens, R. (1987). Coaches guide to sport psychology. Champaign, IL : Human</p><p></p><p>Martens, R. (1979). Social Psychology and Physical Activity. London, New York: Harper and Row,</p><p>Publisher.</p><p></p><p>Mc Guire, E.J. (1990). The antecedents of aggressive behavior in professional ice hockey.</p><p>Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Waterloo, Warterloo, Ontario, Canada. In</p><p></p><p>Mc Guire, E.J., Courneya, K.S., Widmeyer, W.N., & Carron,A.V. (1992). Agression as a potential</p><p>mediator of the home advantage in professional ice hockey. Journal of Sport and Exercise</p><p>Psychology, 14, 148-158.</p><p></p><p>Miller, N.E. (1941). The frustration aggression hypothesis. Psychological Review, 48, 337-342. In</p><p>Tenenbaum. G., Singer. R., Steward. E. & Duda. J. (1997). Aggression and Violence in sport: An ISSP</p><p>position stand. The Sport Psychology, 11, 1-7.</p><p></p><p>Mintah, J.K., Huddleston, S., & Doody,S.G. (1999). Justification of aggressive behavior in contact</p><p>and semi contact sport. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 597-605.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee. (2003). Penyelesaian masalah atlet melalui pendekatan psikologi. Kuala</p><p>Lumpur: Utusan Publications.</p><p></p><p>Mohd. Majid Konting. (1990). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan</p><p>Pustaka.</p><p></p><p>Mohd. Majid Konting. (2000). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan (Edisi Kelima). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan</p><p>Bahasa dan Pustaka.</p><p></p><p>Morgan, W.P. (1987). Reduction of states anxiety following acute physical activity. In</p><p>W.P. Morgan & S.E. Goldston (Eds), Exercise and mental health, (hlm 105- 109). Washington ,DC:</p><p>Hemisphere.</p><p></p><p>Murphy, S. (1990). Models of imagery in sport psychology: Journal of Mental Imagery, 14, 153-172.</p><p></p><p>Murphy, S.M. & Jowdy, D.P. (1992). Imagery and mantel practice. Advances in Sport Psychology,</p><p>Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.</p><p></p><p>Murphy, S.M. (1988). The on-site provision of sport psychology services at the 1987</p><p>U.S Olympic Festival. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 337-351.</p><p></p><p>Newton, M., & Duda, J.L. (1999). The Interaction of Motivational Climate, Dispositional Goal</p><p>Orientation, and Percsived Ability in Predicting Indices of Motivation. International Journal Of</p><p>Sport Psychology. 23, 63-82.</p><p></p><p>Nicholls, J.G. (1984). Achievement motivation: conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task</p><p>choice and performance. Psychologycal Riview, 91(3), 328 346.</p><p></p><p>Nicholls, J.G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard</p><p>University Press..</p><p></p><p>Panagiotis, N. Zahariadis & Stuart J.H. Biddle (2002). Goal orientations and participation motives</p><p>in physical education and sport; Their relationship in english school children. Athletic Insight;</p><p>The Online Journal of Sport Psychology. Diperolehi Februari 2, 2005 daripada</p><p>http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol21ss1/English-Children.htm.</p><p></p><p>Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2 Ed.) Newbury Park, Sage.</p><p></p><p>Rascale, O., Coulomb, G., & Pfister, R. (1998). Aggression and goal orientation in handball:</p><p>Influence of institutional sport context. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 1347-1360.</p><p></p><p>Reifman, A.S., Larrick, R.P., & Fein, S. (1991). Temper and temperature on the diamond; The heat</p><p>aggression relationship in major league baseball. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,</p><p>17, 580-84.</p><p></p><p>Roberts, G.C. (1992). Motivation in sport and exercise. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Books.</p><p></p><p>Robert, G.C., Spink, K.S. and Pemberton, L.C. (1999). Learning experiences in sport psychology: A</p><p>practical guide to help students understand the major concepts in sport psychology (2 Ed.).</p><p>United States: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Robert, G.C., & Treasure, D.C., & Balsgue, G. (In press). Achievement goals in sport: The</p><p>development and validation of the perception of success Quuestionnaire. Journal of Sport Sciences.</p><p>In Shaharudin (1998). Aggressive tendencies in Malaysian youth soccer: An examination of individual</p><p>and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.</p><p></p><p>Robert, G.C., Treasure, D.C., & Kavussanu, M. (1996). Orthogonally of achievement goals and its</p><p>relationship to beliefs about success and satisfaction in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 10,</p><p>398-408.</p><p></p><p>Rothkopf, E.Z., & Billington, M.J. (1979). Goal-guided learning from text: Inferring a descriptive</p><p>processing model from inspection times and eye movements. Journal of Education Psychology, 71,</p><p>310-327.</p><p></p><p>Russell, G. W. (1981a). Spectator moods at an aggression sports event. Journal of Sport Psychology,</p><p>3, 217-227.</p><p></p><p>Ryan, R. M., Freserick, C. M. Lepes, D. &., Sheldon, K.L. (1997). Intrinsic motivation and exercise</p><p>adherence. International Juornal of psychology, 28, 335-354</p><p></p><p>Safrit, M.J., & Wood, T.T. (1995). Introduction to measurement in physical education and exercise</p><p>science (3th ed.). Missouri : Mosby.</p><p></p><p>Sage, G. (1977). Introduction to motor behavior: A neuropsychological approach (2nd. ed.). Reading,</p><p>MA: Addison Wesley.</p><p></p><p>Sekaran, Uma, (1992). Reasearch method for business: a skill building approach.</p><p>New York: John Wiley and Son.</p><p></p><p>Shaharudin Abd. Aziz. (1998). Aggressive tendencies in Malaysian youth soccer: An examination of</p><p>individual and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.</p><p></p><p>Shaharudin Abd. Aziz. (2001). Mengaplikasi teori psikologi dalam sukan. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan</p><p>Publications & Distributors.</p><p></p><p>Shahril Marzuki dan Habib Mat Som. (1999). Isu pendidikan di Malaysia: sorotan dan cabaran. Kuala</p><p>Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors.</p><p></p><p>Shields, D., Bredemeier, B., Gardner, D., & Bostrom, A. (1995). Leadership, cohesion and team norms</p><p>regarding cheating and aggression. Sociology of Sport journal, 12, 324-336.</p><p></p><p>Silva, J. (1980). Assertive and aggressive behavior in sport: A definition clarification. In C.</p><p>Nadeau Ed. Psychology of Motor Behavior in Sport (hlm 199-208). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Silva, J. (1981). Normative compliance rule-violating behavior in sport. Journal of Sport</p><p>Psychology, 12, 10-18.</p><p></p><p>Silva, J., & Conroy, D. (1995). Understanding aggressive behavior and its effects upon athletics</p><p>performance. In K. Henschen & W. Straub Ed. Sport psychology: An analysis of athletes behavior.</p><p>(hlm 149-159). Ithaca, NY: Movement Publications.</p><p></p><p>Silva, J.M. III. (1984). Personality and sport performance: Controversy and challenge. Dalam J.M.</p><p>Silva & R.S. Weinberg (Eds). Psychology foundations of sport, 59-69. Campaign,IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Singer, R.N. (1984). Motivation in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 40-62.</p><p></p><p>Singer, R.N. (1975). Myth and truth in sport psychology. New York: Harper Row Publisher.</p><p></p><p>Skinner, B. H. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Free Press. Dalam Backer, F.C.,</p><p>Whiting, H.T.A., & Van der Brug, H. (1997). Sport psychology: Concept and application. New York:</p><p>John Wiley & Sons Inc.</p><p></p><p>Skinner, B.F. (1968). The Technology of Teaching. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts.</p><p></p><p>Smith, R.E., & Smoll, F.L. (1997). Coach mediated team building in youth sport.</p><p>Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 114-132.</p><p></p><p>Smith, R.E., Zane, N.W.S., Smoll, F.L., & Coppel, D.B. (1983).Behavioral assessment in</p><p>youth sport: Coaching behaviors and childrens attitudes. Medicine and Science in Sport and</p><p>Exercise, 15, 208-214.</p><p></p><p>Spence, K.W. (1964). Anxiety level and performance cyclic conditioning. Psychological</p><p>Bulletin, 61, 129-280. In Lefebvre, L. Leith, L. & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression</p><p>assessment and control. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21.</p><p></p><p>Stephens, D.E., & Bredemeire, B. (1996). Moral atmosphere and judgments about aggression in girls</p><p>soccer. Relationship among moral and motivational variables. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology,</p><p>18, 158-173.</p><p></p><p>Stephen, D.E., Bredemeir, & Shields, D. (1993). Contruction of measure designed to assess players</p><p>description and prescriptions for moral behavior in youth sport soccer. International Journal of</p><p>Sport Psychology. In Shaharudin (1998). Aggressive tendencies in Malaysian youth soccer: An</p><p>examination of individual and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of</p><p>Iowa, Iowa.</p><p></p><p>Stephens, D.E. (1993). Goal orientation and moral atmosphere in youth sport: An examination of</p><p>lying, hurting, and cheating behaviors in girls soccer. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,</p><p>University of California, Berkeley. In Shaharudin Abd. Aziz. (2001). Mengaplikasi teori psikologi</p><p>dalam sukan. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors.</p><p></p><p>Stephens, T. (1988). Physical activity and mental health in the United States and Canada: Evidence</p><p>from four population surveys. Preventive Medicine, 17, 35- 47.</p><p></p><p>Stone, R. (1971). Stress, Arousal and Task Performance of Little League Baseball Players.</p><p>Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. University of Illinois, Urbana.</p><p></p><p>Thirer, J. (1993). Aggression in Singer M. Murphey, L.K. Tennant (Eds), Handbook of Research on</p><p>Sport Psychology, 368-378. New York : Macmillan</p><p></p><p>Thomas, J.R., & Nelson, J.K. (2001). Reaserch methods in physical activity (4 ed.)</p><p>Illnois : Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Vitiellio, B., & Stoff, D.M. (1997). Subtypes of aggression and relevance to child psychiatry.</p><p>American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 307- 315.</p><p></p><p>Vealey, R.S., Hayashi, S.W., Garner-Holmen, M., & Giacobbi, P. (1998). Sources of Sport-comfidence</p><p>Questionnaire (SSCQ). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 54 80.</p><p></p><p>Volkamer, N. (1972). Investigation into the aggressiveness in competition social system.</p><p>Sportwissenschaft, 1, 33-64. Dalam Lefebvre, L. Leith, L. & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for</p><p>aggression assessment and control. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21.</p><p></p><p>Wall, B.L., & Gruber, J.J. ( 1986 ). Relevancy of athletic aggression inventory for use in womens</p><p>intercollegiate basketball: A pilot investigation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17,</p><p>23-33.</p><p></p><p>Wann, D.L (1997). Sport psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.</p><p></p><p>Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (1999). Foundation of Sport and Exercise Psychology. (2 ed.).</p><p>Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (1995). Foundation of sport and exercise psychology, Champaign, IL:</p><p>Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>White S.A., Joan L. Duda., & Michael R. Keller (1998). The relationship between goal orientation</p><p>and perceived purposes of sport among youth participants. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21, 474.</p><p></p><p>White, S.A. (1998). Adolescent goal profiles, perception of the parent- initiated motivational</p><p>climate and competitive trait anxiety. The Sport Psychology 12, 16-28</p><p></p><p>White, S.A. (1996). Goal orientation and perception of motivational climate inniated by parents.</p><p>Pediatric Exercise Science, 8, 122-129.</p><p></p><p>White, S.A., & Duda, J.. (1994). The relationship of gander, level of sport and participation</p><p>motivational to task and ego orientation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 25, 4-18.</p><p></p><p>White, S.A., & Zellner, S.R. (1996). The relationship between goal orientation , belief about the</p><p>cause of sport success, and trait anxiety among high school, intercollegiate, and recreation sport</p><p>participant. The Sport Psychology, 10, 58- 72.</p><p></p><p>Widmeyer, W.N. (1984). Aggression performance relationships in sport. In J.M. Silva and R.S.</p><p>Weinberg (Eds). Psychological Foundation of Sport, (hlm. 274-286). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Widmeyer, W.N., & Birch, J.S. (1984). Aggression in profession ice hockey: A strategy for success</p><p>or reaction to failure? Journal of Psychology, 117,77-84.</p><p></p><p>William, L. (1994). Goal orientation and athletes preferences for competence information of ice</p><p>hockey players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 16, 416-430</p><p></p><p>Worell, G.L., & Harris,D.V. (1986). The relationship of perceived and observed aggression of Ice</p><p>Hockey players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17, 34-40.</p><p></p><p>Zajonce, R.B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personal Social Psychology,</p><p>2, 1-27. In Lefebvre, L. Leith, L. & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression assessment and</p><p>control. International Journal of Sport</p><p>Psychology, 11, 11-21.</p><p></p>