The use of adaptive technology among visually impaired students at Malaysian tertiary institutions

<p>The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore, describe, and interpret the</p><p>experiences of students at tertiary education with visual impairments in using adaptive</p><p>technology particularly Digital Electronic Tex...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Chow, Sak Chin
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2022
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9307
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:9307
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle LB Theory and practice of education
Chow, Sak Chin
The use of adaptive technology among visually impaired students at Malaysian tertiary institutions
description <p>The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore, describe, and interpret the</p><p>experiences of students at tertiary education with visual impairments in using adaptive</p><p>technology particularly Digital Electronic Textbooks (DETB) with Screen Reading</p><p>Programmes (SRP) to assist learning. This is a qualitative study which involves the</p><p>methods of interview and observation. A total of six participants between the ages of</p><p>18 to 30 from tertiary institutions are selected. Findings show six emergence themes,</p><p>types of vision loss, the types of adaptive technology used, awareness of adaptive</p><p>technology, support from university administrators and parents, the benefits and</p><p>disadvantages of adaptive technology. functionality of adaptive technologies,</p><p>awareness of knowledge, support from parents, university administrators and lecturers,</p><p>and direct benefits may influence visually impaired students preference in adopting</p><p>the use. Scarcity of DETB and accessibility conundrums are the disadvantages. Hence,</p><p>for this study, the participants' decisions whether to adopt or to reject the use of</p><p>DETB with SRP were chiefly dependent upon these emergent findings. In order to</p><p>achieve optimum inclusion of visually impaired students full participation in the</p><p>classrooms and library, a clear implementation of adequate support from professionals,</p><p>including university administrators, lecturers and librarians, are ultimately important</p><p>in implementing adaptive technology in education settings. Visual impairment is not</p><p>homogenous. limited visually impaired students at tertiary institutions met the</p><p>researcher's criteria and types of adaptive technology used.future researchers may</p><p>consider following the audit trail of this study to explore either primary or secondary</p><p>visually impaired students experiences in utilising other adaptive technology such as</p><p>tablets, electronic braille and speak, screen magnifiers and refreshable braille gadgets</p><p>to assist learning.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Chow, Sak Chin
author_facet Chow, Sak Chin
author_sort Chow, Sak Chin
title The use of adaptive technology among visually impaired students at Malaysian tertiary institutions
title_short The use of adaptive technology among visually impaired students at Malaysian tertiary institutions
title_full The use of adaptive technology among visually impaired students at Malaysian tertiary institutions
title_fullStr The use of adaptive technology among visually impaired students at Malaysian tertiary institutions
title_full_unstemmed The use of adaptive technology among visually impaired students at Malaysian tertiary institutions
title_sort use of adaptive technology among visually impaired students at malaysian tertiary institutions
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
publishDate 2022
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9307
_version_ 1776104615709769728
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:93072023-08-10 The use of adaptive technology among visually impaired students at Malaysian tertiary institutions 2022 Chow, Sak Chin LB Theory and practice of education <p>The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore, describe, and interpret the</p><p>experiences of students at tertiary education with visual impairments in using adaptive</p><p>technology particularly Digital Electronic Textbooks (DETB) with Screen Reading</p><p>Programmes (SRP) to assist learning. This is a qualitative study which involves the</p><p>methods of interview and observation. A total of six participants between the ages of</p><p>18 to 30 from tertiary institutions are selected. Findings show six emergence themes,</p><p>types of vision loss, the types of adaptive technology used, awareness of adaptive</p><p>technology, support from university administrators and parents, the benefits and</p><p>disadvantages of adaptive technology. functionality of adaptive technologies,</p><p>awareness of knowledge, support from parents, university administrators and lecturers,</p><p>and direct benefits may influence visually impaired students preference in adopting</p><p>the use. Scarcity of DETB and accessibility conundrums are the disadvantages. Hence,</p><p>for this study, the participants' decisions whether to adopt or to reject the use of</p><p>DETB with SRP were chiefly dependent upon these emergent findings. In order to</p><p>achieve optimum inclusion of visually impaired students full participation in the</p><p>classrooms and library, a clear implementation of adequate support from professionals,</p><p>including university administrators, lecturers and librarians, are ultimately important</p><p>in implementing adaptive technology in education settings. Visual impairment is not</p><p>homogenous. limited visually impaired students at tertiary institutions met the</p><p>researcher's criteria and types of adaptive technology used.future researchers may</p><p>consider following the audit trail of this study to explore either primary or secondary</p><p>visually impaired students experiences in utilising other adaptive technology such as</p><p>tablets, electronic braille and speak, screen magnifiers and refreshable braille gadgets</p><p>to assist learning.</p> 2022 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9307 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9307 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia <p>Afarid, M., Vardanjani, H.M., Mahdaviazad, H., Alamolhoda, M. & Farahangiz, S. (2020). Visual impairment prevalence, causes, and role of healthcare access: A systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran. Journal of Ophthalmology,1-11.</p><p>Alahoul, M.R.M., Azizan, N., & Alwi, N.H. (2016). Factors that affect the use of Malaysian e-learning websites by visually impaired users in the transfer of Islamic knowledge. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 1, 30-40.</p><p>Ali Abdolrahmani & Kuber R. (2016). Should I trust it when I cannot see it?: Credibility assessment for blind web users. Proceedings of the 18th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility - ASSETS16, 191-199.</p><p>Alia Al-Harrasi & Ahmed Taha. (2019). Networked library access and services delivery for the blind and visually impaired university students: evidence from the UAE. Information Discovery and Delivery, 47(6).</p><p>Al-Zboon, E. (2019). Assistive technologies as a curriculum component in Jordan: Future special education teachers preparation and the field status. Assistive Technology Journal, 1-6.</p><p>American Counseling Association. (2014). ACA code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/docs/ethics/2014-aca-code-of-ethics.pdf?sfvrsn=4.</p><p>Andrews, F.M. & Withey, S.B. (1976). Social Indicators of Well-being: Americans Perception of Life Quality. New York: Plenum.</p><p>Argyropoulos, V, Padeliadu, S, Avramidis, E, Tsiakali, T, & Nikolaraizi, M. (2019). An investigation of preferences and choices of students with vision impairments on literacy medium for studying. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 37(2), 154-168.</p><p>Asakura, R. & Watanabe, T. (2017). Touchscreen device size suitable for icon search by blind users. i-CREATe 2017: Proceedings of the 11th International Convention on Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology, 12, 1-4.</p><p>Atowa, U.C., Hansraj, R. & Wajuihian, S.O. (2019). Visual problems: A review of prevalence studies on visual impairment in school-age children. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 12(6), 1037-1043.</p><p>Ault, M.J., Bausch, M.E. & Mclaren, E.M. (2013). Assistive technology service delivery in rural school districts. Rural Special Education Quarterly, 32(2), 15-22.</p><p>Bailey, P., Moffat, A., Scholer, F. & Thomas, P. (2015). User variability and IR system evaluation. SIGIR15: Proceedings of the 38th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 625-634. </p><p>Berger, A., Vokalova, A., Maly, F. & Poulova, P. (2017). Google glass used as assistive technology its utilization for blind and visually impaired people. International Conference on Mobile Web and Information Systems, 70-82.</p><p>Bhalla, A. (2018). An exploratory study understanding the appropriated use of voice-based search and assistants. IndiaHCI18: Proceedings of the 9th Indian Conference on Human Computer Interaction,90-94.</p><p>Bhowmick, A. & Hazarika, S.M. (2017). An insight into assistive technology for the visually impaired and blind people: State-of-the-art and future trends. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces, 11(2), 149-172.</p><p>Biancarosa, G. & Griffiths, G. (2012). Technology tools to support reading in the digital age. The Future of Children, 22(2), 139-160.</p><p>Bigham, J.P., Lin, I. & Savage, S. (2017). The effects of not knowing what you dont know on web accessibility for blind web users. Proceedings of the 19th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility ASSETS17, 1-9.</p><p>Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: a tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation? Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 18021811.</p><p>Bochner, A.P. (2018). Unfurling rigor: On continuity and change in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Inquiry, 24(6), 359-368.</p><p>Boerner, K. (2012). Targets of rehabilitation: An evidence-based for adaptive coping with visual disability. Journal of Rehabilitation Psychology, 57(4), 320-327.</p><p>Borg, J., Lindstrom, A. & Larsson, S. (2009). Assistive technology in developing countries: National and international responsibilities to implement the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. Lancet, 374(28), 1863-1865.</p><p>Bouck, E. C., Weng, P. & Satsangi, R. (2016). Digital versus traditional: Secondary students with visual impairments' perceptions of a digital algebra textbook. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 110(1), 41-52.</p><p>Bourne, R.R.A., Flaxman, S.R., Braithwaite, T., Cicinelli, M.V., Das, A., Jonas, J.B., et al. (2017). Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health, 5(9), e888-e897.</p><p>Bradshaw, C., Atkinson, S., & Doody, O. (2017). Employing a qualitative description approach in health care research. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 4, 1-8.</p><p>Bryant, D.P. & Bryant, B.R. (2003). Assistive Technology for People with Disabilities. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. </p><p>Castillo-Montoya, M. (2016). Preparing for interview research: The interview protocol refinement framework. The Qualitative Report, 21(5), 811-831.</p><p>Chafe, R. (2017). The value of qualitative description in health services and policy research. Healthcare Policy, 12(3), 1218.</p><p>Chamberlain, K. & Murray, M. (2017). Qualitative research in health psychology. In Willig, C. & Rogers, W.S. (Eds.). Handbook of Qualitative Methods in Psychology (rev. ed.) (pp. 431-449). London: Sage.</p><p>Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing Grounded Theory. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.</p><p>Cole, D., Kitchen, J. A., & Kezar, A. (2019). Examining a comprehensive college transition program: An account of iterative mixed methods longitudinal survey design. Research in Higher Education, 60(3), 392413.</p><p>Covarrubias, A., Nava, P.E., Lara, A., Burciaga, R., Vlez, V.N., & Solorzano, D.G. (2018). Critical race quantitative intersections: a testimonio analysis. Race Ethnicity and Education, 21(2), 253-273.</p><p>Cowan, B.R., Pantidi, N., Coyle, D., Morrissey, K., Clarke, P., Al-Shehri, S., et al.(2017). What can I help you with?: Infrequent uses experiences of intelligent personal assistants. MobileHCI17: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, 43, 1-12.</p><p>Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.</p><p>Creswell, J.W., & Clark, V.L.P. (2017). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.</p><p>Creswell, J.W. & Poth, C.N. (2017). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.</p><p>Crossland, M.D., Silva, R.S. & Macedo, A.F. (2014). Smartphone, tablet computer and e-reader use by people with vision impairment. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 34(5), 552-557.</p><p>Curtin, A.J., Martins, D.C., & Schwartz-Barcott, D. (2015). A mixed methods evaluation of an international service learning program in the Dominican Republic. Public Health Nursing, 32 (1), 5867.</p><p>Davis, T.N., Barnard-Brak, L., & Arredondo, P.L. (2013). Assistive technology: Decision-making practices in public schools. Rural Special Education Quarterly, 32(4), 1523.</p><p>DeSanctis, G. & Poole, M.S. (1994). Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use: Adaptive Structuration Theory. Organization Science, 5, 121-147.</p><p>Dikko, M. (2016). Establishing construct validity and reliability: Pilot testing of a qualitative interview for research in Takaful (Islamic insurance). The Qualitative Report, 21(3), 521-528.</p><p>Douglas, G., McLinden, M., Robertson, C., Travers, J., & Smith, E. (2016). Including pupils with special educational needs and disability in national assessment: Comparison of three country case studies through an inclusive assessment framework. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 63(1), 98121.</p><p>Doyal, L. & Das-Bhaumik, R.G. (2018). Sex, gender and blindness: A new framework for equity. BMJ Open Ophthalmology, 3(1): e000135.</p><p>Edmonds, W. A. & Kennedy, T. D. (2016). An Applied Guide to Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.</p><p>Eligi, I. & Mwantimwa, K. (2017). ICT accessibility and usability to support learning of visually-impaired students in Tanzania.International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 13(2), 87-102.</p><p>Elmannai, W. & Elleithy, K. (2017). Sensor-based assistive devices for visually-impaired people: current status, challenges, and future directions. Sensors, 17(3), 565.</p><p>Elo, S., Kriinen, M., Kanste, O., Plkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngs, H. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: A focus on trustworthiness. SAGE Open, 1-10. </p><p>Erickson, W., Lee, C. & von Schrader, S. (2021). 2017 Disability Status Report: United States. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Yang Tan Institute on Employment and Disability (YTI).</p><p>Farmer, L.D.M., Ng, S.K., Rudkin, A., Craig, J., Wangmo, D., Tsang, H. et al. (2015). Causes of severe visual impairment and blindness: Comparative data from Bhutanese and Laotian schools for the blind. The Asia- Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology, 4(6), 350-356. </p><p>Fricke, T.R., Tahhan, N., Resnikoff, S., Papas, E., Burnett, A., Ho, S.M., et al. (2018). Global prevalence of presbyopia and vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia: systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling. American Academy of Ophthalmology, 125(10), 1-8.</p><p>Gehman, J., Glaser, V.L., Eisenhardt, K.M., Gioia, D., Langley, A., & Corley, K.G. (2018). Finding theory-method fit: A comparison of three qualitative approaches to theory building. Journal of Management Inquiry, 27(3), 284-300.</p><p>Gopinath, J., Aaravind, S., Chandran, P., & Saranya, S.S. (2015). Text to speech conversation system using OCR. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 5(1), 389-395.</p><p>Graham, A., Powell, M. A. & Taylor, N. (2015). Ethical research involving children: Encouraging reflexive engagement in research with children and young people. Children & Society, 29(5), 331-343.</p><p>Guzmn-Valenzuela, C. & Barnett, R. (2019). Patterns of theory use in qualitative research in higher education studies in Latin America: a geopolitical interpretation. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 32(5), 477-492.</p><p>Hans-Werner, W. (2013). The psychological challenge of late life vision impairment: Concepts, findings, and practical implications. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2013, 1-11.</p><p>Hassouna, M., Sahari, S.N., & Ismail, A. (2017). University website accessibility for totally blind users. Journal of Information and Communication Technology,16(1), 6380.</p><p>Hewett, R., Torgerson, C., & Douglas, G. (2014). Accessibility of Apple iPad for partially sighted users: Pilot study. Journal of Assistive Technologies, 8(1), 213.</p><p>Heyl, V. W. & Hans-Werner, M. H. (2007). Affective well-being in old age: The role of tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment. European Psychologist, 12(2), 119-129.</p><p>Horton, E.L., Renganathan, R., Toth, B.N., Cohen, A.J., Bajcsy, A.V., Bateman, A., et al. (2017). A review of principles in design and usability testing of tactile technology for individuals with visual impairments, Assistive Technology, 29(1), 2017, 2836.</p><p>Jacob, S.A. & Furgerson, S.P. (2012). Writing interview protocols and conducting interviews: Tips for students new to the field of qualitative research. Qualitative Report, 17(42), 1-10.</p><p>Jeong, H., Thoren, B., & Othman, J. (2020). Effect of altering three phonetic features on intelligibility of English as a lingua franca: a Malaysian speaker and Swedish listeners. Asian Englishes, 22(1), 2-19.</p><p>Johnson, A.M. & Howell, D.M. (2017). International service learning and interprofessional education in Ecuador: Findings from a phenomenology study with students from four professions. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 31(2), 245254.</p><p>Johnston, B. (2015). Confidentiality and qualitative research. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 21(1), 2-3.</p><p>Johnson, D. (2011). Why is assistive technology underused? Library Hi Tech News, 16(6), 15-17.</p><p>Jones, J. & Janae K. (2017). Educating Students with Visual Impairments in the General Education Setting (PhD Thesis). United States: The University of Southern Mississippi.</p><p>Jose, R. & Sachdeva, S. (2010). Community rehabilitation of disabled with a focus on 168 blind persons: Indian perspective. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 58(2), 137-145.</p><p>Karmel, A., Sharma, M., Pandya, M. & D. Garg, (2019). IoT based assistive device for deaf, dumb and blind people. Procedia Computer Science, 165, 259269.</p><p>Kelly, S. M. (2011). The use of assistive technology by high school students with visual impairments: A second look at the current problem. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 105(4), 235239.</p><p>Kendrick, D. (2012). Product evaluation: Victor reader stratus 12M DAISY MP3 player from HumanWare. AccessWorld Magazine, 13(8).</p><p>Kettler, R., Elliott, S.N., Beddow, P.A. & Kurz, A.B.A. (2018). Accessible Instruction and Testing Today. In Elliott, S.N., Kettler, R.J., Beddow, P.A. & Kurz, A. (Eds). Handbook of Accessible Instruction and Testing Practices: Issues, Innovation, and Application. Switzerland: Springer, Cham.</p><p>Kim, H., Sefcik, J.S., & Bradway, C. (2017). Characteristics of qualitative descriptive studies: a systematic review. Research in Nursing & Health, 40(1), 23-42.</p><p>Kimura-Thollander, P. & Kumar, N. (2019). Examining the "Global" Language of Emojis: Designing for Cultural Representation. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '19), 1-14. </p><p>Kleynhans, S.A. & Fourie, I. (2014). Ensuring accessibility of electronic information resources for visually impaired people: The need to clarify concepts such as visually impaired. Library Hi Tech, 32(2), 368-379.</p><p>Kuriakose, B., Shrestha, R., & Sandnes, F.E. (2020). Tools and technologies for blind and visually impaired navigation support: A review. IETE Technical Review, 1-16.</p><p>Lokar, M. (2015). The future of e-textbooks. International Journal for Technology in Mathematics Education, 22(3), 101-106.</p><p>Leporini, B. (2007). An accessible and useable e-book as educational tool: How to get it? Proceedings of the Conference and Workshop on Assistive Technologies for People with Vision and Hearing Impairments: Assistive Technology for All Ages (CVHI-2007).</p><p>Li, B., Muoz, J. P., Rong, X., Chen, Q., Xiao, J., Tian, Y., et al. (2019). Vision-based Mobile Indoor Assistive Navigation Aid for Blind People. IEEE transactions on mobile computing, 18(3), 702714.</p><p>Liu, Y., Stiles, B. & Meister, M. (2018). Augmented reality powers a cognitive assistant for the blind. eLife, 7(e37841).</p><p>Maatta, S. L. & Bonnici, L. J. (2014). An evaluation of the functionality and accessibility of e-readers for individuals with print disabilities. The Electronic Library, 32(4), 493-507. </p><p>MacLeod, H., Bennett, C.L., Morris, M.R. & Cutrell, E. (2017). Understanding Blind Peoples Experiences with Computer-Generated Captions of Social Media Images. CHI17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing System, 5988-5999,</p><p>Malcolm, M.P. & Roll, M.C. (2017). The impact of assistive technology services in post-secondary education for students with disabilities: Intervention outcomes, use-profiles, and user-experiences. Assist Technol. 2017 Summer; 29(2), 91-98.</p><p>Manen, V.M. (2017). But is it phenomenology? Qualitative Health Research, 27(1), 775-779.</p><p>Martiniello, N., Wittich, W., & Jarry, A. (2018). The perception and use of technology with Braille instruction: A preliminary study of Braille teaching professionals. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 36, 195-206.</p><p>McAlvage, K. & Rice, M. (2018). Access and accessibility in online learning: Issues in higher education and K-12 contexts. OLC Research Center for Digital Learning & Leadership, 1-21.</p><p>McCusker, K., & Gunaydin, S. (2015). Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods and choice based on the research. Perfusion, 30(7), 537-542.</p><p>McNaught, A. & Alexander, H. (2014). Ebooks and accessibility. In Woordward, H. (Ed.). Ebooks in Education: Realising the Vision (pp. 35-50). London: Ubiquity Press.</p><p>Michaelson, K. J., Matz, L. & Morgan, D. (2015). Using a new electronic Brailler to improve Braille learning at the Florida school for the deaf and blind. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 109, 226231.</p><p>Miles, M.B., Huberman, A.M., & Saldana, J. (2013). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.</p><p>Ministry of Education. (2013). Education Reform for Knowledge Economy Second Phase (ERfKE II). Annual Narrative Report. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: Development Coordination Unit.</p><p>Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2018). Quick Facts 2018: Malaysia Educational Statistics. Putrajaya: Ministry of Education Malaysia.</p><p>Mitra, S., Shukla, A. & Sen, B. K. (2014). University library services for the differently-abled people: A pilot study. Library herald, 52(3), 251-268.</p><p>Mohammed Abdel Razek & Ahmad Al Modayan. (2012). Adaptive eBook framework. 2012 12th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS), 324-329.</p><p>Morris M.R., Johnson J., Bennett C., & Cutrell E. (2018). Rich Representations of Visual Content for Screen Reader Users. CHI18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 59, 1-11.</p><p>Motta, G., Ma, T., Liu, K., Pissaloux, E., Yusro, M., Ramli, K. et al. (2018). Overview of smart cane from front end to back end. In Velazquez, R. (Ed.). Mobility of Visually Impaired People (pp. 469-535). Switzerland: Springer.</p><p>National Education Association. (2008). Access, Adequacy, and Equity in Education Technology: Results of a Survey of Americas Teachers and Support Professionals on Technology in Public Schools and Classroom. Retrieved from www.nea.org/research/images/08gainsandgapsedtech.pdf</p><p>National Federation of the Blind (2018). Resolution 2018-07: Regarding the Creation of Government Documents and Forms in HTML5. Retrieved from: https://www.nfb.org/resources/speeches-and-reports/resolutions/2018-resolutions</p><p>Nisbet, P.D. (2020). Assistive technologies to access print resources for students with visual impairment: Implications for accommodations in high stakes assessments. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 38(2), 222247.</p><p>OBrolchin, F. (2018). Autonomy benefits and risks of assistive technologies for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 296.</p><p>Oh, U., Joh, H., & Lee, Y.J. (2021). Image accessibility for screen reader users: A systematic review and a road map. Electronics 2021, 10(8), 953.</p><p>Osiceanu, M. & Popa, I. (2015). Access Technologies (AT) for students with visual impairments. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 1129-1136.</p><p>Panotopoulou, A., Zhang, X., Qiu, T., Yang, X.D., & Whiting, E. (2020). Tactile line drawings for improved shape understanding in blind and visually impaired users. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 39(4), 1-13.</p><p>Park, K., Kim, H.J., So, H.J. (2016). Are Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) really open to everyone?: A study of accessibility evaluation from the perspective of universal design for learning. Proceedings of the HCI Korea, 29-36.</p><p>Patton, M.Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.</p><p>Perlmutter, L., Chaudhuri, B., Petelka, J., Garrison, P., Fogarty, J., Wobbrock, J. et al. (2019). Demonstration of GestureCalc: An eyes-free calculator for touch screens. The 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS19), 667-669.</p><p>Persson, H., hman, H., Yngling, A., & Gulliksen, J. (2014). Universal design, inclusive design, accessible design, design for all: different concepts - one goal? On the concept of accessibility - historical, methodological and philosophical aspects. Universal Access In The Information Society, 14(4), 505-526. </p><p>Philips, D. (2007). Talking books: The encounter of literature and technology in the audio book. The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 13(3), 293-306.</p><p>Polo, M., Reales, P., Piattini, M. & Ebert, C. (2013). Test Automation. IEEE Software, 30(1), 84-89.</p><p>Prasad, D., Totaram, R., & Usagawa, T. (2016). A framework for open textbooks analytics system. TechTrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 60(4), 344-349.</p><p>Prasad, M., Malhotra, M., Kalaivani, M., Vashist, P. & Gupta, S.K. (2020). Gender differences in blindness, cataract blindness and cataract surgical coverage in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 104(2), 220-224</p><p>Ragavi, K., Radja, P. & Chithra, S. (2016). Portable text to speech converter for the visually impaired. Proceedings of the International Conference on Soft Computing Systems, Springer, 751758.</p><p>Ramakrishnan, I., Ashok, V., & Billah, S.M. (2017). Non-visual Web Browsing: Beyond Web Accessibility. International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 322334.</p><p>Rector, K., Salmon, K., Thornton, D., Joshi, N., & Morris, M.R. (2017). Eyes-free art: Exploring proxemic audio interfaces for blind and low vision art engagement. The Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technology, 1(3), 1-21. </p><p>Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovation (5th Ed.). New York: Free Press.</p><p>Salleh, N.M. & Nohuddin, P.N. (2019). Optimization of software requirement process: An integrated conceptual model of lean six sigma and requirement planning. International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering, 10(2), 125133.</p><p>Sankhi, P. & Sandnes, F.E. (2020). A glimpse into smartphone screen reader use among blind teenagers in rural Nepal. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 1-7.</p><p>Savva, A. (2017). Understanding Accessibility Problems of Blind Users on the Web (PhD Thesis). England: University of York.</p><p>Schlnz, G.I., Wilken, I., Moors, C., Gumede, T., Walt, W.V., Calteaux, K., et al. (2017). Applications in accessibility of text-to-speech synthesis for South African languages. Proceedings of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists, 1-10.</p><p>Schmitt, A. J., McCallum, E., Hawkins, R.O., Stephenson, E., & Vicencio, K. (2019). The effects of two assistive technologies on reading comprehension accuracy and rate. Assistive Technology, 31(4), 220230.</p><p>Schneps, M.H., Thomson, J.M., Chen, C., Sonnert, G. & Pomplun, M. (2013). E-readers are more effective than paper for some with dyslexia. PLoS ONE, 8(9).</p><p>Schriesheim, C. & Tsui, A. S. (1980). Development and validation of short satisfaction instrument for use in survey feedback interventions. In Tsui, A.S., Egan, T.D., & OReilly, C.A. (1992). Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(4), 549-579.</p><p>Senjam, S.S. (2019). Assistive technology for students with visual disability: Classification matters. Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology, 31(2), 86-91.</p><p>Senjam, S.S., Foster, A. & Bascaran, C. (2021). Assistive technology for visual impairment and trainers at schools for the blind in Delhi, Assistive Technology. Assistive Technology, 1-5.</p><p>Shin, H., Gil, Y.H., Yu, C., Kim, H.K., Lee, J., & Jee, H.K. (2017). Improved and accessible e-book reader application for visually impaired people. SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 Posters, 35, 1-2.</p><p>Simui, F., Kasonde-Ngandu, S., Cheyeka, A.M., Simwinga, J., & Ndhlovu, D. (2018). Enablers and disablers to academic success of students with visual impairment: A 10-year literature disclosure, 2007-2017. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 36(2), 163-174.</p><p>Smith, D. W. (2012). The relationship between computer and internet use and performance on standardized tests by secondary school students with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 106(10), 609-621.</p><p>Taipale, J., Mikhailova, A., Ojamo, M., Nattinen, J., Vaatainen, S., et al. (2019). Low vision status and declining vision decrease Health-Related Quality of Life: Results from a nationwide 11-year follow-up study. Quality of Life Research, 28(12), 32253236. </p><p>Turcic, M. (2018). Dynamic Mathematical Layout in E-Books. Tehnicki vjesnik, 25(2), 573-581.</p><p>UKAAF .(2018). General and vocational examinations for candidates with visual impairment best practice guidance for modifiers and producers (No. G020: Best Practice Guidance). Retrieved from https://www.ukaaf.org/wp-content/uploads/ Best-Practice-Guidance-Document-For-Producers-and-Modifiers-2018-19.pdf</p><p>United Nations .(2006). Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities Article 24 Education. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/ disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-24-education.html</p><p>VisionUK .(2018). Key facts about vision impairment in children and young people. Retrieved from https://www.visionuk.org.uk/key-facts-about-vision-impairment -in-children-and-young-people-3/</p><p>Wang, M. & Wu, D. (2021). ICT-based assistive technology as the extension of human eyes: technological empowerment and social inclusion of visually impaired people in China. Asian Journal of Communication, 1-15.</p><p>Welsh, R.L. (2010). Psychosocial dimensions of orientation and mobility. In Wiener, W.R., Welsh, R.L. & Blasch, B.B. (Eds.), Foundations of Orientation and Mobility (3rd. Edi.) (pp. 173-210). New York: AFB Press. </p><p>Willis, D.G., Sullivan-Bolyai, S., Knafl, K., & Cohen, M.Z. (2016). Distinguishing features and similarities between descriptive phenomenological and qualitative description research. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(9), 11851204.</p><p>Wolffe, K.E., Ajuwon, P.M. & Kelly, S.M. (2019). Working with visual impairment in Nigeria: A qualitative look at employment status. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 107(6), 425-436.</p><p>Wong, S. (2018). Traveling with blindness: a qualitative space-time approach to understanding visual impairment and urban mobility, Health & Place, 49, 8592.</p><p>Ye, C. & Qian X. (2018). 3-D object recognition of a robotic navigation aid for the visually impaired. IEEE Transactions on Neural System and Rehabilitation Engineering, 26(2), 441450.</p><p>Yin, R.K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Singapore: SAGE Publishing.</p><p>Yoon, K., Dols, R., Hulscher, L., & Newberry, T. (2016). An exploratory study of library website accessibility for visually impaired users. Library and Information Science, 38(3), 250258.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p>