The best practices of STEM education for children aged 5-6 years old

The best practices of STEM education for children aged 5-6 years old

<p>The purpose of this study is to determine how STEM education can bridge the gap</p><p>between the productivity of early childhood educators and government policies in</p><p>elevating the quality of education based on 21st centu...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Muhammad Nur Azam Ghazali
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2022
Subjects:
LB Theory and practice of education
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9500
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:9500
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle LB Theory and practice of education
Muhammad Nur Azam Ghazali
The best practices of STEM education for children aged 5-6 years old
description <p>The purpose of this study is to determine how STEM education can bridge the gap</p><p>between the productivity of early childhood educators and government policies in</p><p>elevating the quality of education based on 21st century learning in Malaysia. There</p><p>are 4 objectives of this study which are (i) explore the best practice in Early Science</p><p>towards the implementation of STEM activity in kindergarten; (ii) explore the best</p><p>practice in Early Mathematics towards the implementation of STEM activity in</p><p>kindergarten; (iii) explore technology-assisted teaching tools towards the</p><p>implementation of STEM activity in kindergarten; and (iv) explore engineering activity</p><p>towards the implementation of STEM activity in kindergarten. The method of</p><p>exploratory case study was used to design this study, which was based on a qualitative</p><p>study. It was successfully carried out at three different private kindergartens in</p><p>Malaysia, with four kindergarten teachers and 39 kindergarten students participating.</p><p>They were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The data of the study</p><p>were obtained through the results of data triangulation using three research</p><p>instruments which are interviews, observations, and document analysis. The data of</p><p>this study were analysed inductively using thematic analysis using ATLAS ti.8.</p><p>According to the findings, there are eight best practises of STEM education based on</p><p>the teacher's teaching and learning session. The study's implications revealed that</p><p>teachers' initiative in providing STEM activities to children is a benchmark for the</p><p>improvement of STEM education in Malaysia. The most significant contribution of this</p><p>study is that it can bridge the gap between the Ministry of Education Malaysia's</p><p>aspirations for elevating STEM education at the global level. If teachers are able to</p><p>provide effective activities to children by implementing best teaching practices, it will</p><p>result in children who will continue to explore such STEM activities for the sake of their</p><p>future and nation.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Muhammad Nur Azam Ghazali
author_facet Muhammad Nur Azam Ghazali
author_sort Muhammad Nur Azam Ghazali
title The best practices of STEM education for children aged 5-6 years old
title_short The best practices of STEM education for children aged 5-6 years old
title_full The best practices of STEM education for children aged 5-6 years old
title_fullStr The best practices of STEM education for children aged 5-6 years old
title_full_unstemmed The best practices of STEM education for children aged 5-6 years old
title_sort best practices of stem education for children aged 5-6 years old
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
publishDate 2022
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9500
_version_ 1783730268548366336
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:95002023-09-13 The best practices of STEM education for children aged 5-6 years old 2022 Muhammad Nur Azam Ghazali LB Theory and practice of education <p>The purpose of this study is to determine how STEM education can bridge the gap</p><p>between the productivity of early childhood educators and government policies in</p><p>elevating the quality of education based on 21st century learning in Malaysia. There</p><p>are 4 objectives of this study which are (i) explore the best practice in Early Science</p><p>towards the implementation of STEM activity in kindergarten; (ii) explore the best</p><p>practice in Early Mathematics towards the implementation of STEM activity in</p><p>kindergarten; (iii) explore technology-assisted teaching tools towards the</p><p>implementation of STEM activity in kindergarten; and (iv) explore engineering activity</p><p>towards the implementation of STEM activity in kindergarten. The method of</p><p>exploratory case study was used to design this study, which was based on a qualitative</p><p>study. It was successfully carried out at three different private kindergartens in</p><p>Malaysia, with four kindergarten teachers and 39 kindergarten students participating.</p><p>They were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The data of the study</p><p>were obtained through the results of data triangulation using three research</p><p>instruments which are interviews, observations, and document analysis. The data of</p><p>this study were analysed inductively using thematic analysis using ATLAS ti.8.</p><p>According to the findings, there are eight best practises of STEM education based on</p><p>the teacher's teaching and learning session. The study's implications revealed that</p><p>teachers' initiative in providing STEM activities to children is a benchmark for the</p><p>improvement of STEM education in Malaysia. The most significant contribution of this</p><p>study is that it can bridge the gap between the Ministry of Education Malaysia's</p><p>aspirations for elevating STEM education at the global level. If teachers are able to</p><p>provide effective activities to children by implementing best teaching practices, it will</p><p>result in children who will continue to explore such STEM activities for the sake of their</p><p>future and nation.</p> 2022 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9500 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9500 text eng closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia <p>Abdul-Majied, S., & Figaro- Hendry, S. (2016). Getting STEM Right from the Start: Using the Project Approach in Early. Caribbean Educational Research Journal, 4(1), 1-3.</p><p>Adam, A. E., Miller, B. G, Saul, M., & Pegg, J. (2014). This Will Prepare Teachers to Engage Students in Community Problem Solving, Which Can Be a Powerful Tool for Involving Students in STEM Learning. Electronic Journal of Science Education, 18(5), 1-22</p><p>Adam, N. A., & Halim, L. (2019). The Challenge of Integrating STEM Education in the Malaysia Curriculum. Seminar Wacana Pendidikan 2019 (SWAPEN 2.0) UKM,Selangor: Malaysia.</p><p>Adbo, K., Vidal Carulla, C. (2020). Learning about Science in Preschool: Play-Based Activities to Support Childrens Understanding of Chemistry Concepts. IJEC 52, 173.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-020-00259-3</p><p>Adnan, M. Ayob., A, Tek, O. E., Ibrahim, M. I., Ishak, N., & Sheriff, J. (2016). Enhancing Malaysian human capital from early childhood: A Study in The Feasibility and Integrality of the STEM SySTEM in the PERMATA Negara Gurriculum. GEOGRAFIA OnlineTM Malaysian Journal of Society and Issue 12(1), 29 - 36.</p><p>Aguilar, N. A. 2016. Examining The Integration Of Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics (STEM) In Preschool And Transitional Kindergarten (TK) Classrooms Using A Social-Constructivist Approach. Retrieved on August, 23rd 2021 at ProQuest DissertationsandTheses107.https://search.proquest.com/docview/1799589223?accoun=11441%0Ahttps://julac.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/openurl/EDUHK_ALMA/SERVICES_PAGE?url_ver=Z39.882004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&genre=dissertations+%26+theses&sid=ProQ:Education+Da.</p><p>Ahmad, S., Ch, A. H., Batool, A., Sittar, K., Malik, M. (2016). Play and Cognitive Development: Formal Operational Perspective of Piagets Theory. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(28), 72-79.</p><p>Ahmed, H. O. K. (2016). Strategic Future Directions for Developing STEM Education in Higher Education in Egypt as a Driver of Innovation Economy. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(8), 127-145.</p><p>Akaygun, S., Aslan-Tutak, F. (2016). STEM Images Revealing STEM Conceptions of Pre-Service Chemistry and Mathematics Teachers. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 4(1), 56-71.</p><p>Akgndz, D. & Akpinar, B.C. (2018). Evaluation of STEM applications based on science education in preschool education in terms of students, teachers and parents. Education for Life, 32(1), 1-26.</p><p>Alharbi, M. O., & Alzahrani, M. M. (2021). The importance of learning through play in early childhood education: reflection on the bold beginnings report. International Journal of the Whole Child 2020, 5(2), 9-17.</p><p>Alkhaldi, I. A., Talib, O., Jalil, H. A., & Kamarudin, N. (2020). The Use of Mobile Application: Why Play is Important in Teaching Elementary Mathematics? Talent Development & Excellence, 12(3), 29452956.</p><p>Alismail, H. A., & McGuire, P. (2015). 21st Century Standards and Curriculum: Current Research and Practice. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(6), 150-154.</p><p>All, A., Nunez, C. E. P., & van, L. J. (2016). Assessing the effectiveness of digital gamebased learning: Best practices. Computer Education, 92, 90103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.10.007.</p><p>Allshop, Y. (2019). An examination of childrens thinking, learning and metacognition when making computer games (Doctoral Dissertation). The Manchester Metropolitan University. Retrieved on October 2021 from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED614615.pdf</p><p>Alpi, K., M, & Evans, J., J. (2019). Distinguishing Case Study as A Research Method from Case Reports as A Publication Type. Journal of the Medical Laboratory Association: JMLA, 107(1), 1 5.</p><p>Alveirinho, D., Bento, J. & Nunes, M. (2017). The Science Experiment and The Playful Learning: Window Of Opportunity For Curricular Articulation In The Transition Between Preschool Education And Primary Education. ICERI2017 Proceedings 1: 86298635</p><p>Ambrose, S., Bridges, M., Lovett, M., DiPietro, M., & Norman, M (2010). How Learning Works: 7 Research Based Principles for Smart Teaching. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.</p><p>Andrews, E., Bufford, A., Banks, D., & Curry, M. (2014). STEM Modules: Developing Innovative Approaches to Enhance Student Learning. New Orleans, Louisiana: ASEE Gulf-Southwest Conference</p><p>Araghieh, A., Farahani, N. B., & Ardakani, F. B. (2011). The Role of Teachers in the Development of Learning Opportunities. International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2011). 29, 310-317</p><p>Asghar, A., Ellington, R., Rice, E., Johnson, F., & Prime, G. M. (2012). Supporting STEM Education in Secondary Science Contexts. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 6(2), 85-125.</p><p>Ashari, Z. M., Azlina, K., and Jiar, Y. K. (2015). Construction of Learning through Play Module in Early Mathematics Learning of Preschool Children. Conference: INSAN 2015, 1-8.</p><p>Avies, W., & Cormican, K. (2013). An analysis of the use of multimedia technology in computer-aided design training: Towards Effective Design Goals. Procedia Technology, 9, 200-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2013.12.022</p><p>Ayub, A. M. (2018). Kesedaran Terhad Mengenai Pendidikan STEM Di Malaysia. Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Majlis Dekan Pendidikan Universiti Awam 2018. 7-8 November 2018. eISBN 978-967-2231-03-5 (2018).</p><p>Bahrum, S., Wahid, N., & Ibrahim, N. (2017). Integration of STEM Education in Malaysia and Why to STEAM. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(6), 645 654.</p><p>Baines J, Taylor CN, Vanclay F. 2013. Social Impact Assessment and Ethical Research Principles: Ethical Professional Practice in Impact Assessment Part II. Impact Assess Project Appraisal, 31(4):254260. </p><p>Bairaktarova, D., Evangelou, D., Bagiati, A., & Dobbs-Oates, J. (2012). The role of classroom artifacts in developmental engineering. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society for Engineering Education.</p><p>Balemen, N., & zer Keskin, M. (2018). The effectiveness of Project-Based Learning on science education: A meta-analysis search. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching (IOJET), 5(4), 849-865. http://iojet.org/index.php/IOJET/article/view/452/297</p><p>Baran, E., Canbazoglu Bilici, S., Mesutoglu, C. & Ocak, C. (2016). Moving STEM beyond schools: students perceptions about an out-of-school STEM Education program. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 4(1), 9-19. DOI:10.18404/ijemst.71338</p><p>Bardige, K., & Russell, M. (2014). Collections: A STEM-Focused Curriculum Implementation Guide. Department of Early Education and Care: Heritage Museums & Gardens Inc.</p><p>Basuhail, A. A. (2020). Application of learning objects for computer programming-based problem solving. Canadian Journal of Leaning and Technology, 46(1), 1-15.</p><p>Bauer, P. J., Larkina, M., & Deocampo, J. (2011). Early Memory Development. In U. Goswami (Ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development, Second edition (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley-Blackwell</p><p>Bavelier, D., C. Green and M. Dye. (2010). Children, wired: For better and for worse. Neuron, 67(5), 692-701. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/J.NEURON.2010.08.035.</p><p>Baytak, A., Tarman, B., & Ayas, C. (2011). Experiencing Technology Integration in Education: Childrens Perceptions. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 3(2), 139-151.</p><p>Beetham, H., & Sharpe, R. (2013). Rethinking Pedagogy for a Digital Age: Designing for 21st Century Learning. New York: Routledge. </p><p>Bekhet A. K., & Zauszniewski J. A. (2012). Methodological triangulation: an approach to understanding data. Nurse Research, 20(2), 40-3. doi: 10.7748/nr2012.11.20.2.40.c9442. PMID: 23316537.</p><p>Bilican, Kader. (2020). Key points for STEM key points for early childhood STEM education and involving parents:A guidebook for early childhood teachers it is never too early to start STEM education. Angkara, Turkey: Kuloglu Press</p><p>Bjorklund, D. F., & Blasi, C. H. (2012). Child & Adolescent Development. Belmont, USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.</p><p>Bjrklund, C., Heuvel-Panhuizen, M. V. D., & Kullberg, A. (2020). Research an Early Childhood Mathematics Teaching and Learning. The International Journal on Mathematics Education 52(5). DOI:10.1007/s11858-020-01177-3</p><p>Bjornebye, M., & Sigurjonsson, T. (2020). Young childrens cross-domain mapping of numerosity in path navigation. In M. Carlsen, I. Er.ord, & P. S. Hundeland (Eds.), Mathematics education in the early years. Results from the POEM4 conference, 2018 (pp. 109126). Cham: Springer.</p><p>Boiko, Y. (2018). Methods of Forming an Expert Assessment of the Criteria of an Information SySTEM for Managing Projects and Programs. Technology Transfer Fundamental Principles and Innovative Technical Solution, 2, 9-11.</p><p>Bozkurt, A, B., & zyurt, M. (2019). Investigate the Evaluations of Prospective Teacher on STEM Education, based on Their Experiences with Planning andImplementing STEM Activities. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 7(4), 821-97</p><p>Boston Childrens Museum. (2013). STEM Sprouts Teaching Guide. Retrieved on May 30, 2021 https://www.bostonchildrensmuseum.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/STEMGuide.pdf</p><p>Boston Childrens Museum (2013). STEM sprouts: Science, Technology, Engineering and Math Teaching Guide. Boston, MA.</p><p>Breiner, J., Harkness, M., Johnson, C. C., & Koehler, C. (2012). What is STEM? A discussion about conceptions of STEM in Education and partnerships. School Science and Mathematics, 112(1), 311.</p><p>Breiner, J. M., Harkness, S. S., Johnson, C. C., & Koehler, C. M. (2012). What is STEM? A discussion about conceptons of STEM in educaton and partnerships. School Science and Mathematcs, 112(1), 311.</p><p>Brenneman, K., Lange, A., & Nayfeld, I. (2019). Integrating STEM into preschool education; designing a professional development model in diverse setting. Early Childhood Education Journal 47(1), 15-28.</p><p>Bruce-Davis, M. N., Gubbins, E. J., Gilson, C. M., Villanueva, M., Foreman, J. L., & Rubenstein, L. D. (2014). STEM high school administrators, teachers, and students perceptions of curricular and instructional strategies and practices. Journal of Advanced Academics, 25(3), 272306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X14527952.</p><p>Buchanan, K. (2020). Physical and digital play: impact on childrens development Literature Review. Proceedings of Student Research and Creative Inquiry Day, 4, 1.</p><p>Bulunuz, M. (2013). Teaching science through play in kindergarten: does integrated play and science instruction build understanding? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 21(2) 226-249, DOI: 10.1080/1350293X.2013.789195</p><p>Bunyamin, M. A. H. (2015). Membangunkan Pendekatan Bersepadu Pendidikan STEM di Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Abd-Hadi-Bunyamin/publication/319852084_Membangunkan_Pendekatan_Bersepadu_Pendidikan_STEM_di_Malaysia/links/59be20060f7e9b48a2979c4d/Membangunkan-Pendekatan Bersepa du-Pendidikan-STEM-di-Malaysia.pdf</p><p>Bunyamin, M. A. H. (2016). STEM Education in Malaysia: Reviewing the Current Physics Curriculum. International Conference of Association for Science Teacher Education. Reno Nevada, United States</p><p>Bustamante, A. S., Greenfield, D. B., & Nayfeld, I. (2018). Early Childhood Science and Engineering: Engaging Platforms for Fostering Domain-General Learning Skills. Education Science, 8, 1-13.</p><p>Bybee, W. R. (2011). Scientific and engineering practices in k12 classrooms understanding a framework for k12 science education. Journal of the Science Teacher, 35, 1-10.</p><p>Bybee, W. R. (2013). The case for STEM education: Challenges and opportunities. National Science Teachers Association</p><p>Bybee, R. W. (2013). The case for STEM education. Arlington: NSTA press.Return to ref 2013 in article.</p><p>Campbell, C., Speldewinde, C., Howitt, C. and MacDonald, A. (2018) STEM Practice in the Early Years. Creative Education, 9, 11-25. doi: 10.4236/ce.2018.91002.</p><p>Celikler, D., & Aksan, Z. (2012). The Effect of the Use of Worksheets About Aqueous Solution Reactions on Pre-Service Elementary Science Teachers Academic Success. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46(2012), 46114614.</p><p>eliker, H. D., & Balim, A. G. (2012). Effects of Project Based Learning of the Solar SySTEM and Beyond: Space Puzzle Unit on Student Achievement. Kuramsal Egitimbilim Dergisi, 5(3), 254-277.</p><p>Cerovac, M., Seemann, K., & Keane, T. (2020). Working in groups on practical engineering activities with young children. An International Journal, 25(2), 160-174.</p><p>Chamberlin, S. A., & Pereira, N. (2017). Differentiating Engineering Activities for Use in A Mathematics Setting. In D. Dailey & A. Cotabish (Eds.), Engineering Instruction for High Ability Learners in K-8 Classrooms (pp. 4555). Waco, TX: Prufrock Press</p><p>Chang, Y., & Park, S. W. 2014. Exploring Students Perspectives of College STEM: An Analysis of Course Rating Websites, 26(1), 90-101.</p><p>Cherry, K. (2014). Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development. Retrieved on May 23, 2021 from http://psychology.about.com/od/piagets theory/a/keyconcepts.htm</p><p>Chia, P. L., & Maat, S. M. (2018). An Exploratory Study of Teachers Attitudes towards Integration of STEM in Malaysia. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Applied Sciences, 1(1), 45-50.</p><p>Chinedu, C.C.; Kamin, Y., and Olabiyi O., S. (2015). Strategics for Improving Higher Order Thinking Skills in Teaching and Learning of Design and Technology Education. Journal of Technical Education and Training (JTET), 7(2), 3.5-43.</p><p>Chiriac, E. H. (2014). Group work as an incentive for learning students experiences of group work. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(558), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00558</p><p>Chung, C. C., Lin, C. L., & Lou, S. J. (2018). Analysis of the learning effectiveness of the STEAM-6E special course: A case study about the creative design of lot assistant devices for the elderly. Sustainability, 10(9), 3040. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1 0093040.</p><p>Clements, D. H. & Sarama, J. 2016. Math, science, and technology in the early grades. Future of Children, 26(2), 7594.</p><p>Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychology Measurement, 20(1) 37 46.</p><p>Cohen, J. W. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for The Behavioral Sciences (Ed. Second). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.</p><p>Corlu, S. S., Capraro, R. M., & Capraro, M. M. (2014). Introducing STEM Education: Implications for Educating Our Teachers for the Age of Innovation. Egitim ve Bilim, 39(171), 74-85.</p><p>Crossman, A. (2020). An Overview of Qualitative Research Methods. Retrieved on December 26th, 2020 from https://www.thoughtco.com/qualitative-research-methods-3026555</p><p>Curriculum Development Division. (2016). Buku Penerangan Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (KSSM). Putrajaya: Ministry of Education.</p><p>akir, Z., & Altun-Yalin, S. (2020). The Investigation of the Effect of Montessori Approach-based STEM Activities on the Problem-solving Skills of Pre-service Preschool Teachers. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 14(2), 93-119.</p><p>Cai, J., Hwang, C., Jiang, C., & Silber, S. (2015). Problem-posing research in mathematics education: Some answered questions and unanswered questions. In F. M. Singer, N. F. Ellerton, & J. Cai (Eds.), Mathematical problem posing: From research to effective practice (pp. 334). New York: Springer.</p><p>Dan, G., Leah, S., Keliann, L, Holland, A., Caspe, M., & Hanebutt, R. (2020). Community STEM collaborations that support children and families. Retrieved on September 7th, 2021 at https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED602091.pdf</p><p>Dare, E. A., Ellis, J. A., & Roehrig, G. H. (2018). Understanding Science Teachers Implementations of Integrated STEM Curricular Units Through a Phenomenological Multiple Case Study. International journal of STEM education, 5(1), 4.</p><p>Daud, K. (2019). The Challenges of Preschool Teachers in Implementing STEM Education. Journal of Science & Mathematics Education Malaysia 9(2), 2232 0932.</p><p>Daugherty, M.K., & Carter, V. (2018). The nature of interdisciplinary STEM education. In M.J. de Vries (Ed.), Handbook of technology education (pp. 159171). Cham: Springer International Publishing</p><p>Delaney, F. (2017). The impact of interactive technology on learning in primary education. Case Study. Retrieved on November 9th 2021 from Delaney, Fiona. (2017). The impact of interactive technology on learning in primary education. Case Study.. 10.13140/RG.2.2.29469.46565.</p><p>Department of Education, Skills, and Employment. (2021). Integrated STEM learning. Retrieved on October, 5th, 2021 from https://www.dese.gov.au/australian-curriculum/national-STEM-education-resources-toolkit/i-want-know-about-STEM education /what-works-best-when-teaching-STEM/integrated-STEM-learning</p><p>Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and Education. New York: Macmillan Company.</p><p>Dewey, J. (1986). Experience and Education. The Educational Forum 50(1), 241 252.</p><p>Dewey, J. (1897). My pedagogy creep. School Journal, 54, 77-80.</p><p>Dilek, H., Tasdemir, A., Konca, A. S., & Baltaci, S. (2020). Preschool Childrens Science Motivation and Process Skills during Inquiry-Based STEM Activities. Journal of Education in Science Environment and Health 6(2), 93-104. DOI:10.21891/jeseh.673901</p><p>Drost, E. A. (2011). Validity and Reliability in Social Science Research. Education Research and Perspectives, 38(1), 105-124.</p><p>Dugger W. E. (2010). Evolution of STEM in the United States. In: 6th Biennial International Conference on Technology Education Research. Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.</p><p>Early Childhood STEM Working Group (2017). Early STEM matters: Providing High-Quality STEM Experiences for All Young Learners. A policy report by Early Childhood STEM working group. Retrieved on September 7th, 2021 from http://ecSTEM.uchicago.edu.</p><p>Early Childhood STEM Working Group. (2017). Early STEM matters: Providing high-quality STEM experiences for all young learners. Policy report. Chicago, IL: Erikson Institute.</p><p>Eckman, E. W., Williams, M. A. & Silver-Thorn, M. B. 2016. An integrated model for STEM teacher preparation: The value of a teaching cooperative educational experience. Journal of STEM Teacher Education, 51(1), 71-82.</p><p>Educational Planning and Research Division. (2019). Number of Students Taking Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Deteriorating. Putrajaya, Malaysia: Ministry of Education Malaysia.</p><p>Ehsan, H., & Rehmat, A. P., & Osman, H., & Ohland, C., & Cardella, M. E., & Yeter, I. H. (2019). Examining the Role of Parents in Promoting Computational Thinking in Children: A Case Study on One Homeschool Family (Fundamental). Paper presented at ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Tampa, Florida. https://peer.asee.org/32784</p><p>Ejiwale, J. A. (2012). Facilitating teaching and learning across STEM .elds. Journal of STEM Education, 13(3), 87-94.</p><p>Ejiwale, J. (2013). Barriers to Successful Implementation Of STEM Education. Journal of Education and Learning, 7(2), 63-74.</p><p>El-Deghaidy, H., & Mansour, N. (2015). Science teachers perceptions of STEM education: Possibilities and challenges. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 1(1), 51-54.</p><p>Elola, I., & Oskoz, A. (2010). Collaborative writing: Fostering foreign language and writing conventions development. Language Learning and Technology, 14(3), 51-71.</p><p>Engineering. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved May 20, 2021, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/engineering</p><p>English, L. D. (2015). STEM: Challenges and Opportunities for Mathematics Education. In Proceedings of the 39th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 1, pp. 4-18). PME.</p><p>English L. D. (2016). STEM Education K-12: Perspectives on Integration. International Journal of STEM Education, 3(3), 2-8.</p><p>Etikan, I. l., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4.</p><p>Feyzi-Behnagh, R., Azevedo, R., Legowski, E., Reitmeyer, K., Tseytlin, E., & Crowley, R. (2013). Metacognitive scaffolds improve self-judgments of accuracy in a medical intelligent tutoring sySTEM. Instructional Science,. doi:10.1007/s11251-013-9275-4.</p><p>Fluke, S., OConnor, A., Hoff, N., & Peterson, R. L. (2014). Academic supports and tutoring. Academic Support, Strategy Brief. Lincoln, NE: Student Engagement Project, University of Nebraska-Lincoln and the Nebraska Department of Education. http://k12engagement.unl.edu/academic-supports.</p><p>Frey, B. (2018). The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation (Vols. 1-4). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781506326139</p><p>Furtak, E. M., Seidel, T., Iverson, H., & Briggs, D. C. (2012). Experimental and quasi-experimental studies of inquiry-based science teaching: A meta-analysis. Review of educational research, 82(3), 300- 329. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654312457206</p><p>Higgs, G. (2013). Theory in Educational Research and Practice in Teacher Education. Retrieved on April 4th 2022 from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED567134.pdf</p><p>Gray, P. (2013). Free to Learn. Why Unleashing The Instinct to Play Will Make Our Children Happier, More Self-Reliant, and Better Students for Life. Basic Books.</p><p>Government of Western Australia. What is STEM? Department of Education. Retrieved on December 3, 2020 from https://www.education.wa.edu.au/what-is-STEM.</p><p>Gold, Z., Elicker, J., & Beaulieu, B. A. (2020). Learning Engineering through Block Play: STEM in Preschool. YC Young Children, 75(2), 24-29.</p><p>Halim, L., Syed Abdullah, S.I.S & Mohd. Meerah, T.S. (2014). Students perceptions of their science teachers pedagogical content knowledge. Journal of Science Education Technology, 23(2), 227237.</p><p>Han, S., Yalvac, B., Capraro, M.M., & Capraro, R.M. (2015). In-service teachers implementation and understanding of STEM project based learning. EURASIA J. Math. Science Teching Education, 11, 6376.</p><p>Hancock, D. R., Algozzine, B. (2016). Doing case study research: A practical guide for beginning researchers. New York, NY: Teachers College Press</p><p>Harcey, A. C. (2020). Success for all: fostering early childhood STEM identity. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 13(1), 135-139.</p><p>Hasbullah, S. S., Bakar, K. A., & Othman, N. (2020). Early Science Learning and Preschool Childrens Social and Emotional Competencies. Akademika 90(3), 20, 55-70.</p><p>Hassan, M. N., Abdullah, A. H., Ismail, N., Suhud, S. N. A., & Hamzah, M. H. Mathematics Curriculum Framework for Early Childhood Education Based on Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 14(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.12973/iejme/3960</p><p>Hollins, E. R. (2011). Teacher preparation for quality teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 62(4), 395407. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022487111409415</p><p>Hood. J. H. (2013). The how to book of meetings: Conducting effective meetings. Adelaide, Australia: WordCraft Global.</p><p>Human Development Institute. (2013). The Importance of Communication Skills in Young Children. University of Kentucky. Retrieved on August 27th. 2020 on https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED574738.pdf</p><p>Hung, C. M., Hwang, G. J., & Huang, I. (2012). A Project-based digital storytelling approach for improving students learning motivation, problem solving competence and learning achievement. Educational Technology & Society, 15(4), 368-379.</p><p>Heale, R., & Forbes, D. (2013). Understanding Triangulation in Research. Evidence-Based Nursing, 16(40), 89-98.</p><p>Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2020). What Is a Case Study? Evidence-Based Learning. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & RCN Publishing</p><p>Helaluddin, H. W. (2019). Analisis Data Kualitatif. Makassar, Indonesia: Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray</p><p>Hoachlander, G., & Yanofsky, D. (2011). Making STEM Real: By Infusing Core Academics with Rigorous Real-World Work, Linked Learning Pathways Prepare Students for Both College and Career. Educational Leadership, 68(3), 6065.</p><p>Hoffman, J. (2017). Triagulation: Raise Your Probability of Making Good Decision. Retrieved On May 30, 2021 from jaymeyhoffman.medium.com</p><p>Idin, S. & Donmez, I. (2018). A metaphor analysis study related to STEM subjects based on middle school students perceptions. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health (JESEH), 4(2), 246-257. DOI:10.21891/jeseh.453629</p><p>Isabelle, A. D., & Valle, N. Z. (2016). Inspiring STEM Minds: Biogra-Phies and Activities for Elementary Classrooms. Rotterdam, WA: Sense Publishers.</p><p>Ismail, B. L., & Said, A. (2020). Validity and Reliability of Measurement Instruments Using the Rasch Model: Preschool Teacher Readiness for STEM Implementation in Malaysia. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 11(11), 122-131.</p><p>Ismail, M. H. Bin, Salleh, M. F. M., & Nasir, N. A. M. (2019). The issues and challenges in empowering STEM on science teachers in Malaysian secondary schools. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(13), 430444.</p><p>Istrate, O., Mironov, C., & Popovici, A. (2019). The Use of Technology in STEM Education. An Emprical. Journal of Pedagogy LXVII(1):73-91. DOI:10.26755/RevPed/2019.1/73</p><p>Jackson, J. K., & Ash, G. (2012). Science achievement for all: improving science performance and closing achievement gaps. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 23(7), 723744. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10972-011-9238-z</p><p>Jasmi, K, A. (2012). Metodologi Pengumpulan Data dalam Penyeldiidkan Kualitatif in Kursus Penyelidikan Kualitatif Siri 1, 2012. Johor, Malaysia: Faculty of Islamic Civilization, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia</p><p>Jayarajah, K., Saat, R. M., & Rauf, R. A. A. (2014). A review of science, technology, engineering & mathematics (STEM) education research from 1999-2013: A Malaysian perspective. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 10(3), 155163</p><p>Jekri, A., & Han, C. G. K. (2020). Cabaran dalam Melaksanakan Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran STEM di Sekolah Menengah. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 5 (34), 80-90.</p><p>Jessel, J. (2012). Social, cultural and cognitive processes and new technologies in education in Miglino, O., Nigrelli, M. L., & Sica, L. S. Role-games, computer simulations, robots and augmented reality as new learning technologies: A guide for teacher educators and trainers. Napoli: Liguori Editore.</p><p>Jewitt, C. (2012). An Introduction of Using Video for Research. London: Institute of Education</p><p>Johnson, C. C., & Sondergeld, T. A. (2016). Effective STEM professional development. In C. C. Johnson, E. E. Peters-Burton, & T. J. Moore (Eds.), STEM road map: A Framework for Integrated STEM Education (pp. 203-210). NY: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.</p><p>Johnson, C. C., Mohr-Schroeder, M. J., Moore, T. J., & English, L. D. (Eds.). (2020). Handbook of research on STEM education (1st ed.). Routledge.</p><p>Jong, M. S. Y. (2019). Sustaining the adoption of gamified outdoor social enquiry learning in high schools through addressing teachers emerging concerns: A three-year study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(3), 12751293.</p><p>Junior, P. H., Hoppen, N., & Abib, G. (2019). The Qualitative Report Validity in Qualitative Research. A Processual Approach. The qualitative Report, 24(1), 1-14.</p><p>Kangas, M., Siklander, P., Randolph, J., and Ruokamo, H. (2017). Teachers engagement and students satisfaction with a playful learning environment. Teach. Teach. Educ. 63, 274284. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2016.12.018</p><p>Kasza, P., & Slater, T. F. (2017). Secondary school STEM academy settings a survey of best practices and key learning objectives for successful. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 7(1), 53-66.</p><p>Katz, L. G. (2010). STEM in the Early Years. Paper presented at the STEM in Early Education and Development Conference, Cedar Falls, IA. Available from: http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/beyond/seed/ katz.html.</p><p>Kayode, G. M., & Ayodele, J. B. (2015). Impacts of Teachers Time Management on Secondary School Students Academic Performance in Ekiti State, Nigeria. International Journal of Secondary Education, 3(1), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsedu.20150301.11</p><p>Keung, C. P. C., Yin, H., Tam, W. W. Y., Chai, C. S., & Ng, C. K. K. (2019). Kindergarten teachers perceptions of whole-child development: The roles of leadership practices and professional learning communities. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(5), 875-892. doi:10.1177/1741143219864941</p><p>Keiler, L. S. (2018). Teachers Roles and Identities in Student-Centered Classrooms. International of STEM Education, 5(34). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0131-6.</p><p>Kertil, M. & Gurel, C. (2016). Mathematics modelling: a bridge to STEM education. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 4(1), 44-45.</p><p>Khalik, M., Talib, C. A., Aliyu, H., Ali, M., Samsudin, M. A. (2019). Dominant Instructional Practices and their Challenges of Implementation in Integrated STEM Education: A SySTEMatic Review with the Way Forward. Learning Science and Mathematics, 14, 92-106.</p><p>Khan, H. M. A., Farooqi, M. T. K., Khalil, A., & Faisal, I. (2016). Exploring Relationship of Time Management with Teachers Performance. Bulletin of Education and Research, 38(2), 249-263.</p><p>Klo Kiray, S. A. (2011). A New Model for the Integration of Science and Mathematics: The Balance Model. Energy education Science and Technology Part B: Social and educational Studies, 4(3), 1181-1196.</p><p>Kloser, M. (2014).Identifying a Core Set of Science Teaching Practices: A Delphi Expert Panel Approach. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 51(9). DOI:10.1002/tea.21171</p><p>Kohn, A. (2015). Four Reasons to Worry About Personalized Learning. Retrieved on August 24th 2021 from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-homework-myth/201502/four-reasons-worry-about-personalized-learnin</p><p>Koparan, t. (2017). Analysis of teaching materials developed by prospective mathematics teachers and their views on material development. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 5(4), 8-28.</p><p>Krajcik. J., & Delen, I. Engaging Learners in STEM Education. Eesti Haridusteaduste Ajakiri, nr 5(1), 2017, 3558. doi: https://doi.org/10.12697/eha.2017.5.1.02b</p><p>Kurniasari, A. I., & Santoso, A. (2016). The Teachers Roles in Supporting The ZPD in The Students English Oral Communication Skills Based on The PYP Language Scope and Sequence of Grade EY 3A: A Case Study. A Journal of Language, Literature, Cultural, and Education, 12(2), 1-23.</p><p>Kurt, S. (2020). Lev Vygotsky Theory Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development. Retrieved on February, 18, 2020 from https://educationaltechnology.net/contact-us/</p><p>Laboy-Rush, D. (2011). Integrated STEM education through project-based learning. Learning. Retrieved on September 12th, 2021 from https://goo.gl/hdWKWC.</p><p>Lange, A. A., Brenneman, K., & Mano, H. (2019). Teaching STEM in the preschool classroom: Exploring big ideas with 3-to 5-year-olds. New York: Teachers College Press.</p><p>Leadership for Inclusion in the Early Years programme (LINC). (2016). Many Roles of the Early Childhood Teacher. Retrieved on October 5th from https://lincprogramme.ie/blog/many-roles-of-the-early-childhood-teacher</p><p>Lee, C. (2014). Worksheet Usage, Reading Achievement, Classes Lack of Readiness, and Social Achievement: A Cross Country Comparison. International Journal of education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 2(2), 96-106.</p><p>Lefa, B. (2014). The Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: An Educational Implications. Educational Psychology, 1(1), 1-8.</p><p>Li, Y., Schoenfeld, A. H., diSessa, A. A., Graesser, A. C., Benson, L. C., English, L. D., & Duschl, R. A. (2019). On thinking and STEM education. Journal for STEM Education Research, 2(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41979-019-00014-x.</p><p>Ling, S. L., Pang, V., & Lajium, V. (2020). A Case Study of Teachers Pedagogical Content Knowledge in the Implementation of Integrated STEM Education. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains & Matematik Malaysia, 10(1), 49-64.</p><p>Lippard, C., Lamm, M. H., & Riley. K. (2017). Engineering Thinking in Prekindergarten Children: A SySTEMatic Literature Review: Engineering Thinking in Prekindergarten Children. Journal of Engineering Education, 106(3), 454-474.</p><p>Liu, F. (2020). Addressing STEM in the context of teacher education. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 13(1), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIT-02-2020-0007</p><p>Lossius, M., & Lundhaug, T. (2020). Mathematical problem-solving visualised in outdoor activities. In M. Carlsen, I. Er.ord, & P. S. Hundeland (Eds.), Mathematics education in the early years. Results from the POEM4 conference, 2018 (pp. 127141). Cham: Springer</p><p>Lundtofte, T. M. (2020). Young children's tablet computer play. American Journal of Play, 12(2), 216-232.</p><p>Lytras, M., Marouli, C., & Papadopoulou, P. (2016). Best Practices in STEM Education: Using Active Learning and Novel Teaching Methodologies in Education for Innovation and Sustainability. Pixel International Conferences -The Future of Education: Vol. ISBN code (978-88-6292-620-1), Active Learning Strategies in Higher Education</p><p>Lune, H., & Berg, b, L. (2017). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. England: Pearson Education Limited.</p><p>MacFarlane, B. (2016). Infrastructure of Comprehensive STEM Programming for Advanced Learners. In B. MacFarlane (Ed.), STEM Education for High-Ability Learners Designing and Implementing Programming (pp. 139160). Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.</p><p>Magaldi, D., & Berler, M. (2018). Semi-structured Interviews. In: Zeigler-Hi, V., Shackelford, T. (eds). Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Chan. Retrieved on 22, February, 2020 from https://doi.org/10.1.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_857-1</p><p>Makovec, D. (2018). The Teacher's Role and Professional Development. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 6(2), 33-45.</p><p>Matanluk, O., Mohammad, B., Kiflee, D. N. A., & Imbug, M. (2013). The Effectiveness of using teaching module based on radical constructivism toward students learning process. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90, 607-615.</p><p>Marginson, S., Tytler, R., Freeman, B. (2019). An International View of STEM Education. DOI:10.1163/9789004405400_019</p><p>Marginson, S., Tytler, R., Freeman, B., & Roberts, K. (2013). STEM: Country Comparisons: International Comparisons of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education. Final report. Melbourne: Australian Council of Learned Academies.</p><p>Margot, K. C., & Kettler, T. (2019). Teachers perception of STEM integration and education: a sySTEMatic literature review. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0151-2</p><p>Marrison, M. (2019). What is best practice. Retrieved on September 12th, 2021 from https://rapidbi.com/what-is-best-practice/#comments</p><p>Martn-Pez, T., Aguilera, D., Perales-Palacios, F. J., & Vlchez-Gonzlez, J. M. (2019). What are We Talking About When We Talk About STEM Education? A review of literature. Science Education, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21522.</p><p>Mathematics. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved May 20, 2021, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary. reference.com/browse/mathematics.</p><p>McClure, E. R., Guernsey, L., Clements, D. H., Bales, S. N., Nichols, J., Kendall-Taylor, N., & Levine, M. H. (2017). STEM Starts Early: Grounding Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math Education in Early Childhood. New York: The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop.</p><p>McDonel, J. (2015). Exploring Learning Connections Between Music and Mathematics in Early Childhood. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, (203), 45-62. doi:10.5406/bulcouresmusedu.203.0045</p><p>McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater Reliability: The Kappa Statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 277-282.</p><p>Mihladiz, G., & Duran, M. (2014). Views of Elementary Education Students Related To Science and Technology Teaching Process. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141, 290-297.</p><p>Mills, A. J., Durepos, G., & Wiebe, E. (2010). Multiple-Cases Study. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412957397.n216</p><p>Ministry of Education of Malaysia (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013 2015 (Pre School Post- Secondary Education). Putrajaya, Malaysia: Ministry of Education.</p><p>Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2015). Annual Report 2015: Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2015. Putrajaya, Malaysia.</p><p>Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2016). Implementation Guide for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Teaching and Learning. Putrajaya, Malaysia: Ministr of Education.</p><p>Mobley, M. C. (2015). Development of the SETIS instrument to measure teachers selfefficacy to teach science in an integrated STEM framework. (Doctoral Dissertation). Tennessee: University of Tennessee, Knoxville.</p><p>Mohammud, M. N., Ismail, N. I., Fohimi, N. A. M., Sharudin, H., & Rampisela, T. P. H. (2016). Design and Develop STEM Education in Malaysia: A Downdraft Gasifier Model. International Journal of e-Learning and Higher Education, 14(1), 5-15.</p><p>Moeed, A. Easterbrook, M. (2016). Promising teacher practices: Students views about their science learning. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 4 (1), 17-25.</p><p>Moore, T. J., Johnson, C. C., Peter-Burton, E. E, Guzey, S. S. (2016). STEM Road Map: A Framework for Integrated STEM Education (pp. 13-22). NY: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group</p><p>Morgot. K. C., & Kettler. T. (2019). Teachers" perception of STEM intergration and education: A sySTEMatic literature review. International Journal of STEM</p><p>Education. Retrieved on September 7th, 2021 from file:///C:/Users/USER/Documents/UPDATE%20KRJA%20D R.%20C/Teachers_ perception_of_STEM_i ntegration_and_educa.pdf N</p><p>Morrison, G.S. (2012). Early Childhood Education Today. New Jersey: Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall.</p><p>Moustafa, A., Ben-Zvi-Assaraf, O., & Eshach, H. (2013). Do junior high school students perceive their learning environment as constructivist? Journal of Science Education and Technology, 22(4), 418431.</p><p>Moyo, L., & Hadebe, L. (2018). The role of teacher education in the sustainability of STEM. European Journal of Education Studies, 4(8), 253-262.doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1288279</p><p>Mpofu, V. (2019). A Theoretical Framework for Implementing STEM Education. Theorizing STEM Education in the 21st Century. Retrieved on December, 3 from https://www.intechopen.c om /books/theorizing-STEM-education-in-the-21st-century/a-theoretical-framework-for-im plementing-STEM-education.doi:1 0.5772/intechopen.88304</p><p>Murphy, S., MacDonald, A., Danaia, L., & Wang, C. (2019). An Analysis of Australian STEM Education Strategies. Policy Future in Education, (17)2, 122-139.</p><p>Mustafa, N., Ismail, Z., Tasir, Z., & Mohamad Said, M. H. (2016). A meta-analysis on effective strategies for integrated STEM education. Advanced Science Letters, 12, 4225-4229.</p><p>Nadelson, L. S., & Seifert, A. L. (2017). Integrated STEM defined: Context, challenges, and the future. The Journal of Educational Research, 110(3), 221-223. </p><p>Nafiqoh, H., & Wulancusi, G. (2021). Experiential learning methods to improve young childrens science process skills during covid-19 pandemic. 5th International Conference on Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2020), 358, 14-18.</p><p>National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and National Research Council (NRC). (2014). STEM Integration in K-12 education: Status, Prospects, and an Agenda for Research. Committee on Integrated STEM Education. Washington, D.C: The National Academies Press.</p><p>National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2020). What Do Children Learn in a High-Quality Preschool Program? Washington, DC: help.naetc.org</p><p>National Economic Council and Office of Science and Technology Policy. (2015). A Strategy for American Innovation. Retrieved on October, 5th, 2014 from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/strategy_for_american_innovation_october_2015.pdf</p><p>National Research Council (NRC). (2010). Successful K-12 STEM-Identifying Effective Approaches in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics</p><p>National Science Foundation. (2018). Improving STEM Curriculum and Instruction: Engaging Students and Raising Standards. Waltham, United Kingdom: Education Development Center</p><p>National Research Council (NRC). (2011). Successful K-12 STEM education: Identifying effective approaches in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Washington, DC: The National Academic Press.</p><p>National Research Council [NRC]. (2012). A framework for K-12 science education: Practices, cross cutting concepts, and core ideas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.</p><p>National STEM Movement (2017). STEM content provider network. Retrieved on November 14th, 2020 from http://www.STEMmalaysia.com/.</p><p>Nell, M., Drew, W., & Bush, D. (2013). From play to practice: connecting teachers play to childrens learning. Washington, DC: NAEYC.</p><p>Niklas, F., & Schneider, W. (2017). Home learning environment and development of child competencies from kindergarten until the end of elementary school. Contemp Educ Psychol, 49, 26374. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.03.006.</p><p>Nordin, K. (2012). Jumlah pelajar sains di ipt makin kurang, berita harian. Retrieved on September 7th, 2021 from http://www.bharian.com.my/articles/Jumlahpelajarsainsdi IPTmakinkurang/Article/</p><p>Novak, J. (1977). A Theory of Education. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.</p><p>Ntemngwa, C., & Oliver, J.S. (2018). The Implementation of Integrated Science Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Instruction using Robotics in the Middle School Science Classroom. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology (IJEMST), 6(1), 12-40.</p><p>Odom, A. L., & Bell, C. V. (2015). Associations of middle school student science achievement and attitudes and science with student-reported frequency of teacher lecture demonstrations and student-centered learning. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 10(1), 8797.</p><p>Ohm, M., & Hjelle, K. (2019). The Role of the educational conversation in succeeding in undergraduate kindergarten teacher education. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(3A), 31-39. DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2019.071304.</p><p>Okulu, H. Z., and Oguz-Unver, A. (2021). The development and evaluation of a tool to determine the characteristics of STEM activities. European Journal of STEM Education, 6(1), 06. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejSTEMe/10894</p><p>Ompok, C. C., Teng, L. M., Sopiah Abdullah, S. N. M., Tambagas, M., Tony, E. E., & Said. N. (2020). Mentor-Mentee Programme for STEM Education at Preschool Level. Southeast Asia Early Childhood Journal, 9 (1), 1-14.</p><p>Pantoya, M., Hunt, E., & Aguirre-Munoz, Z. (2015). Developing an engineering identity in early childhood. American Journal of Engineering Education, 6(2), 6168.</p><p>Partnership for 21st Century Learning. (2016). Framework for 21st century learning. Retrieved on November 13th from www.p21.org/about-us/p21-framework.</p><p>Patino, C. M., & Ferreira, J. C. (2018). Internal and external validity: can you apply research study results to your patients?. Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia, 44(3), 183. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37562018000000164</p><p>Pattison, S. A., Ramos-Montaez, S., & Svarovsky, G. V. (2020). Early Childhood Engineering: Supporting Engineering Design Practices with Young Children and Their Families. NARST 2020 Annual International Conference, Portland, OR</p><p>Pawilan, G. T., & Yuzin, M. R. A. (2019). Planning a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curriculum for young children: a collaborative project for pre-service teacher education students. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction 11(2), 130146.</p><p>Pew Internet Project. (2013). Teens, Social Media, and Privacy, Washington, D.C.: Pew Internet & American Life Project.</p><p>Petrescu, A. A., Gorghiu, G., Draghicescu, L. M. (2017). LUMEN Proceedings, 2, 326-333. https://doi.org/10.18662/lumproc.icsed2017.36Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International Universities Press.</p><p>Piaget, J. (1929). The childs conception of the world. London: Routledge.</p><p>Piaget, J. (1963). The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: W. W. Norton</p><p>Piaget, J. (1983). Piaget's theory. P. Mussen (ed). Handbook of Child Psychology. 4th edition. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley</p><p>Podolskij, A. I. (2012). Zone of Proximal Development. In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning (pp.3485-3487). doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_316</p><p>Portz, S. (2015). The Challenges of STEM Education. The Space Congress Proceeding 3.</p><p>Pruden, S., Levine, S., & Huttenlocher, J. (2011). Childrens Spatial Thinking: Does Talk About The Spatial World Matter? Developmental Science, 14(6), 14171430.</p><p>Pyle, A., DeLuca, C., and Danniels, E. (2017). A scoping review of research on play-based pedagogies in kindergarten education. Rev. Educ. 5, 311351. doi: 10.1002/rev3.3097</p><p>Pytes, K. (2020). Cohens Kappa: Understanding Cohens Kappa Coefficient. Retrieved on 23, February, 2021 from https://towardsdatascience.com/cohens-kappa-9786ceceab58</p><p>Purzer, S., Strobel, J., & Cardella, M. E. (2014). Engineering in Pre-College Settings: Synthesizing Research, Policy, and Practices. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press</p><p>Rahaman, A. A., Rahman, M. J. A, Alias S. A. M., Roslan, N. A., & Daud, N. (2018). Aplikasi STEM dalam pengajaran dan pemudahcaraan di sekolah luar bandar: peluang dan cabaran. International Conference on Education and Regional Development 2018(ICERD 3rd 2018), 1-5.</p><p>Rahayu, T., Syafril, S., Othman, K. B., Halim, L., & Erlina, N. (2018). Kualiti Guru, Isu Dan Cabaran Dalam Pembelajaran STEM. Retrieved on May 18th, 2020 from https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/jqcu6</p><p>Rahman, N. A., Yusoff, N. A. M., Sulaiman, N. F., Suhaimi, A., Hashim, R., Ahamed, A. B., Raising Children Network of Australia. (2021). Suitable for 5-6 years: Child Development. Retrieved on May 21, 2021 from https://raisingchildren.net.au/school-age/development/development-tracker/5-6-years</p><p>Ramli, N. F., & Talib, O. 2017. Can education instituition implement STEM? From malaysian taechers view. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 7(3): ISSN 2222-6990.</p><p>Ramli, A. A., Ibrahim, N. H., Surif, J., Bunyamin, M. A. H, Jamaluddin, J., & Abdullah, N. (2017). Teachers' readiness in teaching STEM education. Man in India, 97 (13), 343-350.</p><p>.Ramli, N. F., & Talib, O. (2015). Can Education Institution Implement STEM? From Malaysian Teachers View. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(3), 721-732.</p><p>Rau, F. C., Hartman, A., Tellhelm, B., Klumpp, S., Zwick, M., Puckler, K. H., Oltersdoft, B., & Kramer, M. (2010). Observer Variability in Radiographic Detection of Medical Coronoid Process Disease Using Arthroscopy as Gold Standard. 15th Congress of the Internationalveter Inary Radiology Association, 5, 313-322.</p><p>Reeve, E. M. (2013). Implementing Science, Technology, Mathematics, and Engineering (STEM) Education in Thailand and in ASEAN. A Report Prepared for: The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology (IPST).</p><p>Richer, E., Brunner, M., & Richer, D. (2021). Teacher Educators Task Perception and Its Relationship to Professional Identity and Teaching Practice. Teaching and Teacher Education, 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103303</p><p>Ritz, J. M., & Fan, S. C. (2015). STEM and Technology Education: International State-of-the-Art. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 25(4), 429451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-014-9290-z</p><p>Roberts, A. (2012). A Justification for STEM Education. Engineering and Technology Teachers (pp 1-5). Norfolk, VA: Old Dominion University</p><p>Roehrig, G. H., Moore J., T., Wang, H.-H., & Park, M. S. (2012). Is adding the E Enough? Investigating the impact of K-12 engineering standards on the implementation of STEM integration. School Science and Mathematics, 112(1), 3144.</p><p>Rudov H, Mller T, Murray K. (2011). Complex university course timetabling. Journal of Scheduling, 14(2), 187207.</p><p>Sahito, Z., Khawaja, K., Panhwar, U. M., Siddiqui, A., & Saeed, H. (2016). Teachers Time Management and the Performance of Students: A Comparison of Government and Private Schools of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. World Journal of Education, 6(6), doi:10.5430/wje.v6n6p42</p><p>Salleh, S. M., & Ariffin, N. H. (2010). Pembangunan dan Penilaian Modul Pembelajaran Kendiri (Mpk) Kimia Tingkatan Empat: Asid Dan Bes. Pembangunan dan Penilaian Modul Pembelajaran Kendiri (Mpk) Kimia Tingkatan Empat. Unpublished Manuscript, Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.</p><p>Samiei, F. (2014). The Impact of Using PowerPoint Presentations on Students Learning and Motivation in Secondary Schools. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 1672-1677. DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.592</p><p>Sarama, J., Clements, D., Nielsen, N., Blanton, M., Romance, N., Hoover, M., Staudt, C., Baroody, A., McWayne, C., & McCulloch, C. (2018). Considerations for STEM education from PreK through grade 3. Waltham, MA: Education Development Center, Inc. Retrieved from http://cadrek12.org/resources/considerationsSTEM-education-prek-through-grade-3.</p><p>Sathiyaseelan M. (2015). Research instruments. Indian J Cont Nsg Edn, 16, 57-60.</p><p>Seidman, E., Kim, S., & Raza, M. (2018). Assessment of pedagogical practices and processes in low and middle income countries: Findings from secondary school classrooms in Uganda. Teaching and Teacher Education, 71, 283296.</p><p>Sellers, T.P., Valentino A.L., & LeBlanc L. A. (2016). Recommended Practices for Individual Supervision of Aspiring Behavior Analysts. Behavior Analysis Practice, 9(4):274-286</p><p>Sen, C., Ay, Z. S., & Kiray, S. A. (2018). STEM Skills in the 21st Century Education. In Research Highlights in STEM Education (p. 81). ISRES Publishing.</p><p>Ser, M. (2014). Identifying A Core Set of Science Teaching Practices: A Delphi Expert Panel Approach. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 51(9), 11851217. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21171.</p><p>Shah, N. M., & Hanafi, Z. (2017). Teacher-Child Interactions During Mathematic Activities in a Preschool Class (Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR): Vol: 58. 3rd International Conference on Early Childhood Education (pp. 353-358). Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. DOI:10.2991/icece-16.2017.61</p><p>Shala, A. (2016). Action Researcher in Education: Formal and Non-Formal Education in theNew Era</p><p>Shen, B., McCaughtry, N., Martin, J., Garn, A., Kulik, N., & Fahlman, M. (2015). The relationship between teacher burnout and student motivation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(4), 519532. http://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12089</p><p>Shukri, A. A. M., Ahmad, C. C., & Daud, N. (2020). Integrated STEM-based module: Relationship between students creative thinking and science achievement. Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia, 6(2), 173-180.</p><p>Sneiderman, J. M. (2013). Feature Story. Washington, DC: North American Association for Envimental Education.</p><p>Soylu, S. (2016). STEM Education in Early Childhood in Turkey. Journal of Educational and Instructional Studies in the World, 6(7), 38-47.</p><p>Stone-MacDonald, A., Bartolini, V., Douglass, A., & Love, M. (2012). Focusing a new lens: STEM professional development for early education and care educators and programs. Retrieved on September 7th, 2021 from: http:// www.communityinclusion.org/ecs/STEM/ FocusingNewLensFINALfullreport.pdf</p><p>Taha, H., & Subramaniam, T. (2020). A Correlational Study between Parental Awareness of STEM Education and Students enrolment for STEM-related subjects for Upper Secondary School Level. Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters, 8(2), 8-14.</p><p>Tank, K. M., Rynearson, A. M., & Moore, T. J. (2018). European Journal of STEM Education,2018, 3(3), 1-15.</p><p>Tao, Y. (2019). Kindergarten Teachers Attitudes toward and Confidence for Integrated STEM Education. Journal for STEM, 2, 154171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41979-019-00017-8</p><p>Thibaut, L., Ceuppens, S., De Loof, H., De Meester, J., Goovaerts, L., Struyf, A., Boeve-de Pauw, J., Dehaene, W., Deprez, J., De Cock, M., Hellinckx, L., Knipprath, H., Langie, G., Struyven, K., Van de Velde, D., Van Petegem, P. & Depaepe, F. (2018). Integrated STEM Education: A SySTEMatic Review of</p><p>Instructional Practices in Secondary Education. European Journal of STEM Education, 3(1), 02. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejSTEMe/85525</p><p>Tippett, C. D., & Milford, T. M. (2017). Findings from a pre-kindergarten classroom: Making the case for STEM in early childhood education. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 15(S1), S67-S86. doi:10.1007/s10763- 017-9812-8</p><p>Tofur, S., & Gkkaya, Y. (2020). Examining The Preschool Curriculum in Terms of the STEM Approach. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching (IOJET), 7(3), 1189-1203. https://iojet.org/index.php/IOJET/article/view/526</p><p>Treacy, Praic. (2012). Authentic Integration of Mathematics and Science: a model for integrating Mathematics and Science in 2nd level education. 10.11120/STEM.hea.2012.064.</p><p>Salkind, J., N. (2010). Cohens Kappa. Encyclopedia of Research Design. Retrieved on February 10th, 2021 from https://dx.doi.org?10.41359/9781412961288.n60</p><p>Samsudin, M. , Bakar, K. and Noor, N. (2019) The Benefits of Music and Movement in Early Mathematics. Creative Education, 10, 3071-3081. doi: 10.4236/ce.2019.1012231</p><p>Shabani, K. (2010). Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development: Instructional Implications and Teachers' Professional Development. English Language Teaching, 3(4), 236-248.</p><p>Shernoff, D. J., Sinha, S., Bressler, D. M., & Ginsburg, L. (2017). Assessing Teacher Education and Professional Development Needs for The Implementation of Integrated Approaches to STEM Education. 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-017-0068-1</p><p>Sigelman, C. K., & Rider, E. A. (2012). Life-Span Human development. Belmont, USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning</p><p>Sikandar, A. (2015). John Dewey and His Philosophy of Education. Journal of Education and Educational Development 2(2), 191 201.</p><p>Statistics Solutions. (2020). What Is the Difference Between Population and Sample? Retrieved on December 28, 2020 from https://www.statisticssolutions.com</p><p>Stohlmann, M., Moore, T. J., & Roehrig, G. H. (2012). Considerations for Teaching Integrated STEM Education. Journal of Pre-College Engineering Research (J-PEER) 10(2), 4.</p><p>Syamsuddin, A., Babo, S., Sulfasyah., Rahman, Rahman. (2020). Mathematics Learning Interest of Students Based on the Difference in the Implementation of Model of Thematic Learning and Character-Integrated Thematic Learning. European Journal of Educational Research 10, (2), 581 - 591.</p><p>Taherdoost, H. (2016). Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument. How to Test the Validation of a Questionnaire/Survey in Research, 5(2), 28-36.</p><p>Tosuncuoglu, I. (2018). Importance of Assessment in ELT. Journal of Educational and Training Studies, 6(9), 163-167.</p><p>University of Texas Arlington (UTA). (2016). Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Retrieved on May 30, 2020 from https://libguides.uta.edu/quantitative_and_qualitative_research/quant</p><p>U.S Department of Education. (2021). Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, including Computer Science. Retrieved on November, 17th 2021 from https://www.ed.gov/STEM</p><p>Van de Pol, J., Volman, M., Oort, F. et al. The effects of scaffolding in the classroom: support contingency and student independent working time in relation to student achievement, task effort and appreciation of support. Instructional Science, 43, 615641 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-015-9351-z</p><p>VanMeter-Adams, A., Frankenfeld, C. L., Bases, J., Espina, V., & Liotta, L. A. (2014). Students who demonstrate strong talent and interest in STEM are initially attracted to STEM through extracurricular experiences. CBE Life Sciences Education, 13(4), 687697. http://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.13-11-0213</p><p>Vasquez, J. A. (2015). STEM-Beyond the Acronym. Educational Leadership. 72(4), 10-15.</p><p>Verdine, B. N., Golinkoff, R. M., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Newcombem N. S., Filipowicz, A. T., & Chang, A. (2014). Deconstructing Building Blocks: Preschoolers' Spatial Assembly Performance Relates to Early Mathematical Skills. Child Development, 85(3),1062-1076.</p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. doi: 10.1037/11193-000</p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1981). The development of higher forms of attention in childhood. In J. V. Wertsch (Ed.), The concept of activity in Soviet psychology. Armonk, NY: Sharpe</p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky: Vol. 1. Problems of General Psychology (R. W. Rieber & A. S. Carton, Eds.). New York, NY: Plenum.</p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1998b). Infancy. In Rieber R. W. (Ed.). The Collected Works of L.S. Vygotsky (207-241). Vol. 5.Plenum Press, New York.</p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1998a). The Problem of Age. In The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky. Vol. 5. Child Psychology. R.W. Rieber (Ed.). New York: Plenum</p><p>Walliman, N. (2011). Research Methods: The Basics. New York: Rout Ledge</p><p>Wang, H.-H., Moore, T. J., Roehrig, G. H., & Park, M. S. (2011). STEM Integration: Teacher Perceptions and Practice. Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research, 1(2), 113. http://doi.org/10.5703/ 12882</p><p>Wallerstedt, C., & Pramling, W. (2011). Learning to Play in a Goal-Directed Practice. Early Years 32, 515.</p><p>Walliman, N. (2011). Research Methods: The Basics. New York: Rout Ledge</p><p>Weng, X., Jong, M., & Chiu, T. K.F. (2020). Implementation challenges of STEM education: Fom teachers' perspective. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computers in Education: Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education.</p><p>White, D. W. (2014). What Is STEM Education and Why Is It Important? Florida Association of Teacher Educators Journal, 1 (14), 1-9. http://www.fate1.org/journals/2014/white.pdf</p><p>Wolf, E. (2019). What is a Research Gap? Manchester, England: Sourthen New Hamspire University</p><p>Yalin, V., & Erden, S. (2021). The Effect of STEM Activities Prepared According to the Design Thinking Model on Preschool Children's Creativity and Problem-Solving Skills. Thinking Skills and Creativity,41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100864.</p><p>Yata, C., Ohtani, T., & Isobe, M. (2020). Conceptual Framework of STEM Based on Japanese Subject Principles. International Journal of STEM Education, 7(1), 1-10.</p><p>Yildirim, B., & Selvi, M. (2016). Examination of the effects of STEM education integrated as a part of science, technology, society and environment courses. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(3), 3684-3695. DOI:10.14687/jhs.v13i3.3876</p><p>Yu, T., & Mohammad. (2019). Integration of 21st Century Learning Skills (4C Elements) in Interventions to Improve English Writing Skill Among 3K Class Students. International Journal of Contemporary Education, 2(2), 100-121.</p><p>Yukhymenko, M. A., Brown, S. W., Lawless, K. A., Brodowinska, K., & Mullin, G. (2014). Thematic analysis of teacher instructional practices and student responses in middle school classrooms with problem-based learning environment. Global Education Review, 1(3), 93109.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>

Similar Items