Readiness in implementing Student-Centered Learning(SCL): an insight to develop a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module

<p>This study aims to unravel readiness in implementing Student-Centred Learning (SCL)</p><p>and thus determine insight to develop a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module. This</p><p>study employed a case study research design which...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Tan, Agnes Shek Li
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2022
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9707
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:9707
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic QH Natural history
spellingShingle QH Natural history
Tan, Agnes Shek Li
Readiness in implementing Student-Centered Learning(SCL): an insight to develop a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module
description <p>This study aims to unravel readiness in implementing Student-Centred Learning (SCL)</p><p>and thus determine insight to develop a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module. This</p><p>study employed a case study research design which was conducted in three national</p><p>type secondary schools in Hilir Perak district. The participants involved were six</p><p>administrators, fourteen teachers and seven students and they were chosen using the</p><p>purposive sampling technique. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to</p><p>acquire comprehensive information on the schools awareness, readiness and</p><p>perspective on the issues in SCL implementation. Inductive qualitative data analysis</p><p>was used whereby the data were compared, contrast and interpreted. Findings suggested</p><p>that there were three major themes had emerged which were; awareness about SCL,</p><p>readiness to adopt SCL and issues and challenges in implementing SCL. Subsequently,</p><p>these findings had provided four main insights for PBL teaching and learning in</p><p>Malaysian secondary schools which were; i) implementing PBL and developing PBL</p><p>module should not be in an accelerating manner but introduced carefully and gradually,</p><p>ii) difficulty of problem scenario in a PBL classroom need to be increased towards the</p><p>late stage of implementation, iii) PBL guide and support for both teachers and students</p><p>are crucial along the stage of implementation, and iv) the amount of facilitation</p><p>decreases towards the late stage of implementation. In conclusion, findings showed that</p><p>the studys participants were aware of PBL as an approach to encourage students in</p><p>meaningful learning process. This research implies as a guidance in developing PBL</p><p>module specific for Malaysian context.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Tan, Agnes Shek Li
author_facet Tan, Agnes Shek Li
author_sort Tan, Agnes Shek Li
title Readiness in implementing Student-Centered Learning(SCL): an insight to develop a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module
title_short Readiness in implementing Student-Centered Learning(SCL): an insight to develop a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module
title_full Readiness in implementing Student-Centered Learning(SCL): an insight to develop a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module
title_fullStr Readiness in implementing Student-Centered Learning(SCL): an insight to develop a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module
title_full_unstemmed Readiness in implementing Student-Centered Learning(SCL): an insight to develop a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module
title_sort readiness in implementing student-centered learning(scl): an insight to develop a problem-based learning (pbl) module
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Sains dan Matematik
publishDate 2022
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9707
_version_ 1783730295678173184
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:97072023-11-21 Readiness in implementing Student-Centered Learning(SCL): an insight to develop a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module 2022 Tan, Agnes Shek Li QH Natural history <p>This study aims to unravel readiness in implementing Student-Centred Learning (SCL)</p><p>and thus determine insight to develop a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module. This</p><p>study employed a case study research design which was conducted in three national</p><p>type secondary schools in Hilir Perak district. The participants involved were six</p><p>administrators, fourteen teachers and seven students and they were chosen using the</p><p>purposive sampling technique. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to</p><p>acquire comprehensive information on the schools awareness, readiness and</p><p>perspective on the issues in SCL implementation. Inductive qualitative data analysis</p><p>was used whereby the data were compared, contrast and interpreted. Findings suggested</p><p>that there were three major themes had emerged which were; awareness about SCL,</p><p>readiness to adopt SCL and issues and challenges in implementing SCL. Subsequently,</p><p>these findings had provided four main insights for PBL teaching and learning in</p><p>Malaysian secondary schools which were; i) implementing PBL and developing PBL</p><p>module should not be in an accelerating manner but introduced carefully and gradually,</p><p>ii) difficulty of problem scenario in a PBL classroom need to be increased towards the</p><p>late stage of implementation, iii) PBL guide and support for both teachers and students</p><p>are crucial along the stage of implementation, and iv) the amount of facilitation</p><p>decreases towards the late stage of implementation. In conclusion, findings showed that</p><p>the studys participants were aware of PBL as an approach to encourage students in</p><p>meaningful learning process. This research implies as a guidance in developing PBL</p><p>module specific for Malaysian context.</p> 2022 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9707 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9707 text eng closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains dan Matematik <p>Achike, F. I. and Nain, N. (2005). Promoting problem-based learning (PBL) in nursing education: A Malaysian experience. Nursing Education in Practice, 5, 302-311.</p><p>Aggarwal, J.C.(1996) Principles, methods and techniques of teaching. New Delhi: Vikas publishing Houses Pvt. Ltd.p:42.</p><p>Ahmad, A. R., Awang, M. M., Seman, A. A, Abdullah, R. (2013). The Skills of Using History Textbooks in Secondary School. Asian Social Science, 9(12), 229-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n12p229</p><p>Akbulut, Y. (2007). Implications of two well-known models for instructional designers in distance education: Dick-Carey versus Morrison-Ross-Kemp. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 8(2).</p><p>Albanese, M. A., & Mitchell, S. (1993). Problem-based learning: A review of literature on it outcomes and implementation issues. Academic Medicine, 68(1), 52-81. Retrieved March 9, 2016, from http://www.academicmedicine.org</p><p>Aldowah, H., Rehman, S. U., Ghazal, S., & Umar, I. N. (2017, September). Internet of Things in higher education: a study on future learning. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 892, No. 1, p. 012017). IOP Publishing.</p><p>Alexander, P., & Murphy, P. (2000). The research base for APA's leaner-centered psychological principles. In N. Lambert, & B. McCombs (Eds.), How Students Learn (pp. 25-60).Washington, D.D.: American Psychological Association.</p><p>Ali, R., Akhter, A., Shahzad, S., Sultana, N., & Ramzan, M. (2011). The Impact of Motivation on Students Academic Achievement in Mathematics in Problem Based Learning Environment. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(1), 306310.Arends, R. I., 1997. Classroom Instruction and Management. New York: McGraw Hillinc.p: 10-290.</p><p>Arksey, H., & O'Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19-32. doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616</p><p>Azmi, M. N., & Nurzatulshima. (2017). Penerapan Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT): Kesdiaan Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Reka Bentuk dan teknologi (RBT) di Sekolah Rendah. International Research Journal of Education and Sciences (IRJES), Vol.1 Special Issue 1 (Malay). eISSN2550-2158.</p><p>Azungah, T. (2018), "Qualitative research: deductive and inductive approaches to data analysis", Qualitative Research Journal, Vol. 18 No. 4, pp. 383-400. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-D-18-00035</p><p>Barrows, H. S. (1996). Problem-based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview. In L. Wilkerson & W. H. Gijselaers (Eds.), Bringing problem-based learning to higher education: Theory and practice (pp. 3-12). San Francisco: JosseyBass</p><p>Barrows, H. S., & Kelson, A. (1993). Problem-based learning in secondary education and the Problem-based Learning Institute (Monograph). Springfield: Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Barrows, H. S., & Tamblyn, R. M</p><p>Bedru kedir. (1998). Learner-centered education and its methodology. Addis Ababa, Education Sector Development Program.</p><p>Biggs, J. B. (1987). Student approaches to learning and studying. Melbourne: Australian Council for educational research.</p><p>Bilgin, I., Senocak, E., & Szbilir, M. (2009). The effects of problem-based learning instruction on university students' performance of conceptual and qualitative problems in gas concepts. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 5(2), 153-164. Retrieved from http://www.ejmste.com</p><p>Bonwell, C. C., & Eison, J. A. (1991). Active learning: Creating excitement in the classroom.ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 1. Washington D.C.: The George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development</p><p>Borhan, M. T. (2014). A Review of the Impact of Problem Based Learning (PBL) onPre-Service Teachers Learning. Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers& Teacher Education, 4(1), 5-14.</p><p>Borhan, M.T., Yassin, S. M. (2014). Impact of Problem Based Learning (PBL) Implementation on Student Learning. Australian Journal of Teacher Education</p><p>Boyle, C.R. (1999). A problem-based learning approach to teaching biostatistics. Journal of Statistics Education, 7(1).</p><p>Britzman, D. P. (2011). Freud and Education. New York: Routledge.Burnard, P., 1999. Care Rogers and postmodernism; Challenge in Nursing and Health science. Nursing and Health science 1,241-247.</p><p>Brooks, J. G. & Brooks, M. G. (1999). In search of understanding: the case for constructivist classrooms, with a new introduction by the authors. Alexandria: Association for supervision & curriculum development.</p><p>Cannon, R. and Newble, D. (2000). A guide to improving teaching methods: a handbook for teachers in university and colleges. London, Kogan Page.</p><p>Carlgren. T. (2013). Communication, Critical Thinking, Problem Solving: A Suggested for All High School Students in the 21st Century. Interchange, 44, 63-81.</p><p>Carlile, O., & Jordan, A. (2005). It works in practice but will it work in theory? The theoretical underpinnings of pedagogy. In S. Moore, G. ONeill, & B. McMullin (Eds.), Emerging Issues in the Practice of University Learning and Teaching. Dublin: AISHE Higher Education 13(1): 5767.</p><p>Chadha, D. (2006). A curriculum model for transferable skills development. Journal of the Higher Education Engineering Subject Center. Retrieved 6 Jun 2016 from www.engsc.ac.uk</p><p>Chakravathi, S., & Haleagrahara, N. (2010). An exploration of the strategic challenges of problem based learning (PBL) in medical education environment: A paradigm shift from traditional lectures. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 3(2).</p><p>Chang, Y., Hill, J. R., & Hannafin, M. (2020). Emerging trends to foster student-centered learning in the disciplines: Science, engineering, computing and medicine. In The Routledge international handbook of student-centered learning and teaching in higher education (pp. 221-234). Routledge.</p><p>Chauhan, S.S. (1996) .Advanced Educational Psychology. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt.Ltd .p 177-227</p><p>Chin, C., & Chia, L. G. (2004). Problem-based learning: Using students questions to drive knowledge construction. Science Education, 88(5), 707 727.</p><p>Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2000) Research Methods in Education. , RoutledgeFalmer: London</p><p>Collins, J. W., 3rd, & O'Brien, N. P. (Eds.). (2003). Greenwood Dictionary of Education. Westport, CT: Greenwood.</p><p>Connell, G. L., Donovan, D. A., & Chambers, T. G. (2016). Increasing the Use of Student-Centered Pedagogies from Moderate to High Improves Student Learning and Attitudes about Biology. CBE - Life Sciences Education, 15(1).</p><p>DSouza, M. S. (2013). Engagement in clinical learning environment among nursing students: Role of nurse educators. Open Journal of Nursing, 3(1), 2532. doi:10.4236/ojn.2013.31004</p><p>Dahlgren, M. A. (2000). Portraits of PBL: course objectives and students study strategies in computer engineering, psychology and physiotherapy. Instructional Science, 28, 309-329.</p><p>Dejene, A. (2007). Student centred teaching and learning experience from the external world. Student Centred Teaching, 113-141.</p><p>Dochy,F.,Segers,M.,Van den Bossche,P.,&Gijbels, D.(2003).Effects of problem-based learning:a meta-analysis.Learning and Instruction, 13(5),533-568.</p><p>Draghicescu L M, Petrescu A M, Cristea G C, Gorghiu L M and Gorghiu G (2014). Application of problem-based learning strategy in science lessons- examples of good practice Proc. Social and Behavioral Sciences 149 pp 297301.</p><p>Duch, B. J., Groh, S. E, & Allen, D. E. (Eds.). (2001). The power of problem-based learning. Sterling, VA: Stylus.</p><p>Eggen, P.D., & Kauchak, D.P. (1996). Strategies for teachers: Teaching content and thinking skills. (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.</p><p>Ena, S. (2007). Effective professional development for 21st century vocational education and training teachers. In D. Berthelsen (Ed.), Transforming Queensland VET: Challenges and Opportunities (Vol. 1). Brisbane: QUT Publications.</p><p>Gagne, R. (1985). The Conditions of Learning . New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston</p><p>Gallagher, S. A. (1997). Problem-based learning: Where did it come from, what does it do, and where is it going? Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 20 (4), 332-362.</p><p>Gentry, E. (2000). Creating Student-centered, Problem-based Classrooms. In (Ed.)</p><p>Gibbs, G. (1992). Assessing more students. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University.</p><p>Gibbs, G. (1995). Assessing student centred courses. Oxford: Oxford Centre for Staff Learning and Development.</p><p>Gijselaers, W. H. (1996). Connecting problem based practices with educational theory. In L. Wilkerson & W. H. Gijselaers (Eds.), Bringing problem-based learning to higher education: Theory and practice (pp. 13-21). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.</p><p>Gover, A., Loukkola, T., & Peterbauer, H. (2019). Student-centred learning: approaches to quality assurance. EUA (European University Association).</p><p>Grasha, A. F. (1996). Teaching with style: A practical guide to enhancing learning by understanding teaching and learning styles. Pittsburgh: Alliance Publishers.</p><p>Hall, J. (1997). Adopting a student-centred approach to management of learning. Implementing Flexible Learning. London: Kogan Page</p><p>Hallinger, P. (2013). Learner centered higher education in East Asia: assessing the effects on student engagement. International Journal of Educational Management, 27(6), 594612. doi:10.1108/IJEM-06- 2012-0072.</p><p>Hartikainen, S., Rintala, H., Pylvs, L., & Nokelainen, P. (2019). The concept of active learning and the measurement of learning outcomes: A review of research in engineering higher education. Education Sciences, 9(4), 276.</p><p>Hergenhann, B.R, and M.H Olson. (1997).An introduction to Theories of Learning. (5thed.) New Jersey: Prentice Hall.</p><p>Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (1998). Cognitive consequences of problem-based learning for the early development of medical expertise. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 10(2), 92-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15328015TLM1002_7</p><p>Hoidn, S., & Reusser, K. (2020). Foundations of student-centered learning and teaching. In The Routledge International Handbook of Student-Centered Learning and Teaching in Higher Education (pp. 17-46). Routledge.</p><p>Hooshyar, D., Kori, K., Pedaste, M., & Bardone, E. (2019). The potential of open learner models to promote active thinking by enhancing self-regulated learning in online higher education learning environments. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(5), 2365-2386.</p><p>Humes, Barbara (1998) Understanding Information Literacy, National Institute on Postsecondary Libraries, and Lifelong Learning, U.S office of Educational Research and Improvement.</p><p>Jacobs, G., & Power, M. A. (2016). Student Centered LearningAn approach to fostering democracy in schools. Beyond Words, 4(2), 79-87.</p><p>Jemaah Nazir Sekolah Persekutuan. Perlaksanaan program KBSM dalam bilik darjah. Kertas kerja Seminar Kebangsaan Penilaian KBSM. Institut Aminuddin Baki. 9-11 Disember.</p><p>Johnson, W. D. (1991). Student-student interaction: The neglected variable in education. Educational Research, 10(1), 5-10.</p><p>Kadir. (2013). Enhancing students problem solving skills using Problem-Based Learning as an instructional communication approach (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/4660/1/zulida_abdul_kadir.pdf</p><p>Kelly, W. E. (2002). Harnessing the river of time: A theoretical framework of time use efficiency with suggestions for counselors. Journal of Employment Counseling, 39, 12-21.doi:10.1002/j.2161-1920.2002.tb00504.x</p><p>Koray, O., Presley, A., Koskal, M. S., & Ozdemir, M. (2008). Enhancing Problem Solving Skills of Pre-service Elementary School Teachers through Problem Based Learning. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science and Teaching, 9(2), 1.</p><p>Lee, S. J., & Branch, R. M. (2018). Students beliefs about teaching and learning and their perceptions of student-centred learning environments. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 55(5), 585-593.</p><p>Lenox, Mary F. and Walker, Michael L. (1993) "Information Literacy in the Educational Process". The Educational Forum, Vol. 57, Spring</p><p>Mackenzie, A. H. (Ed.). (2009). Preparing high shool students for college science classes. The American Biology Teacher, 71(1), 67. doi:10.1662/005.071.0102</p><p>Magolda, M. B. B. (2020). Making their own way: Narratives for transforming higher education to promote self-development. Stylus Publishing, LLC.</p><p>Marshall, C. and Rossman, G.B. (1999) Designing qualitative research. London.</p><p>Maruli, S & Wayan, R. (2007). Identifikasi miskonsepsi guru Kimia pada pembelajaran konsep struktur atom. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan, 1(2), 148-160.</p><p>Masek, A., & Yamin, S. (2012). The Impact of instructional methods on critical thinking: A comparison of problem-based learning and conventional approach in engineering education. Retrieved from http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/education/2012/759241/</p><p>Maxwell, W. E. (1998). Supplemental instruction, learning communities and students studying together. Retrieved September 20, 2016 from findarticles.com.</p><p>Md Osman, Jamaludin & Iranmanesh. (2015). Student centered learning at USM: what lecturer and students think of this new approach? Journal of Education and Practice, 277 2015.</p><p>Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2012c). Preliminary report: Malaysia education blueprint 20132025. Putrajaya: Ministry of Education Malaysia.</p><p>Ministry of Education. (1990). Module for the integrated secondary school curriculum training:National Educational Philosophy. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</p><p>Ministry of Education. (1990). Module for the integrated secondary school curriculum training: National Educational Philosophy. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Gibbs, G. (1992). Assessing more students. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University.</p><p>Mustapha, R., & Laila, Z. A. R. (2011). Problem-Based Learning in MalaysianTechnical School. International Journal for Educational Studies, 4(1), 4154.</p><p>Najihah Mustaffa & Zaleha Ismail (2015). Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in Schools:A meta-analysis. Conference: 12th International Conference of The Mathematics Education into the 21st Century Project The Future of Mathematics Education in a Connected World, At Hunguest Hotel Sun Resort, Herceg Novi, Montenegro.</p><p>Nekvinda, C. D. (2011). Designing electronic performance support systems: Models an instructional strategies employed. (Capella University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 175. Retrieved from Applying Kemp And Constructivism 14 http://search.proquest.com/docview/902941528?accountid=7113. (902941528).</p><p>Neo, M., & Neo, T. (2005). A multimedia-enhanced problem-based learning experience in the Malaysian classroom. Learning, Media and Technology, 30(1), 41-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13581650500075553</p><p>Newman, M. (2003). A pilot systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of problem-based learning. Newcastle, UK: Learning & Teaching Subject Network for Medicine, Dentistry and Veterinary Medicine, Middlesex University.</p><p>Noah, S. M., & Ahmad, J. (2005). Pembinaan modul: Bagaimana membina modul latihan dan modul akademik. Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.</p><p>Norman, G. R., & Schmidt, H. G. (1992). The Psychological Basis of Problem-Based Learning: A Review of the Evidence. Academic Medicine, 67(9), 557-565.</p><p>Novianti, A., Bentri, A., & Zikri, A. (2020). Pengaruh Penerapan Model Problem Based Learning (Pbl) Terhadap Aktivitas Dan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Pembelajaran Tematik Terpadu Di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Basicedu, 4(1), 194-202.</p><p>Nurtanto, M., Fawaid, M., & Sofyan, H. (2020, July). Problem based learning (PBL) in Industry 4.0: Improving learning quality through character-based literacylearning and life career skill (LL-LCS). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1573, No. 1, p. 012006). IOP Publishing.</p><p>ONeill, G., & McMahon, T. (2005). Student-Centered Learning: What does it mean for students and lecturers? In, Emerging Issues in the Practice of University Learning and Teaching pp. 27-36. Dublin: AISHE publication</p><p>OSullivan, M. (2003). The reconceptualisation of learner-centred approaches: A Nambian case study. International Journal of Educational Development.</p><p>OECD (2004). Internationalisation and trade in higher education. OECD editions, Paris.</p><p>Oinam., S. (2017). Student- Centred Approach to Teaching and Learning in Higher Education for Quality Enhancement.</p><p>Peen, T. Y., & Arshad, M. Y. (2014). Teacher and Student Questions : A Case Study in Malaysian Secondary School Problem-Based Learning. Asian Social Science, 10(4), 174 182. doi:10.5539/ass.v10n4p174</p><p>Pham, T. N., & Bui, L. T. P. (2019). An exploration of students voices on the English graduation benchmark policy across Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam. Language Testing in Asia, 9(1), 1-20.</p><p>Quality in Tengku Kasim. (2014). Teaching paradigms: an analysis of traditional and student-centred approaches. Journal of Usuluddin, 40, 199-218.</p><p>Rabgay, T. (2018). The Effect of Using Cooperative Learning Method on Tenth Grade Students' Learning Achievement and Attitude towards Biology. International Journal of Instruction, 11(2), 265-280.</p><p>Ratinen, I., & Keinonen, T. (2011). Student-teachers use of Google Earth in problem-based geology learning. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 20(4), 345358. doi:10.1080/10382046.2011.619811</p><p>Renshaw, P. (1992). Synthesising the individual and the social: Sociocultural theory applied to the mathematics education of young children. Paper presented at the 7th International Congress on Mathematics Education, Quebec City.</p><p>Rhem, J. (1998). Problem-Based Learning: An Introduction. The National Teaching & Learnin Form, 8(1), . Retrieved March 10, 2016, from http://www.ntlf.com Web Site</p><p>Richey, R. C. (1995). Trends in Instructional Design: Emerging Theory-Based Models. Performance Improvement Quarterly. 8(3).96-110.</p><p>Rogers, C. R. (1983b). The politics of education. In freedom to learn for the 80s. Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company.</p><p>Saka, A. Z., & Kumas, A. (2009). Implementation of problem based learning in cooperative learning groups: An example of movement of vertical shooting. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 13271336. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.234.</p><p>Serevina, V., Astra, I., & Sari, I. J. (2018). Development of E-Module Based on Problem Based Learning (PBL) on Heat and Temperature to Improve Student's Science Process Skill. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 17(3), 26-36.</p><p>Slavin, R. E. (1990). Cooperative learning theory, research and practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.</p><p>Sorroche-Del-Rey, Y., Piedra-Muoz, L., Galdeano-Gmez, E., & Garca-Granero, E. M. (2022). Comparison Of Problem-Based Learning Versus Traditional Teaching Method Among High School Students: An Experimental Study. In EDULEARN22 Proceedings (pp. 638-644). IATED.</p><p>Tan Yin Peen & Mohammad Yusof Arshad ( 2014 ). Teachers and Students Questions : A case study in Malaysian Secondary School Problem Based Learning. Asian Social Science, 10(4),174-182. Tay, C. S., & Arshad, M. Y. (2008). Penyoalan dalam kelas pengajaran sains (Questioning in science teaching classroom). Jurnal Pendidikan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 13, 1-14.</p><p>Taylor P.G,, 2000. Changing Expiations, Preparing Students for Flexible Learning. The International Journal of Academic Development. 5(2),107-115.</p><p>Temechegn Engida.(2001).Issues, methods and materials in teaching primary school subjects. Adds Ababa : Department of Curriculum and Instruction , Faculty of Education . Addis Ababa</p><p>Tengku Kasim. (2014). Teaching paradigms: an analysis of traditional and student-centred approaches. Journal of Usuluddin, 40, 199-218.</p><p>Thornburg, D. (1997). The future isn't what it use to be. The Thornburg Center [Electronic version]. Available: http://www.tcpd.org</p><p>Torp, L., & Sage, S. (2002). Problems as Possibilities: Problem-Based Learning for k-16 Education (2 ed.). Alexandria, WA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.</p><p>Tseng, K.H., Chiang, F.K., & Hsu, W.H. (2008). Interactive processes and learning attitudes in a webbased problem-based learning (PBL) platform. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 940955.</p><p>Tsou, K., Cho, S., Lin, C., Sy, L, Yang, L., Chou, T., & Chiang, H. (2009). Short- term outcomes of a near-full PBL curriculum in a new Taiwan Medical School. Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 282-293.</p><p>Utama, K. H., & Kristin, F. (2020). Meta-Analysis Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis IPA Di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Basicedu, 4(4), 889-898.</p><p>Utecht.(2003). Creating a community of leaders. Retrieved from: http://www.jeffutecht.com/docs/creating%20a%20community</p><p>Vernon, D. T., & Blake, R. L. (1993). Does problem-based learning work? A meta- analysis of evaluative research. Academic Medicine, 68(7), 550-563. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/pages/default.aspx</p><p>Washer, P. (2007). Revisiting key skills: A practical framework for higher education.</p><p>Weimer, M. (2002) Learner-Centered Teaching: Five Key Changes to Practice, San Francisco: JosseyBass.</p><p>Wilson, R. (2008). References for promoting the development of scientific thinking, Early childhood NEWS. Retrieved from http://www.earlychildhoodnews.com/earlychildhood/article_view.aspx?ArticleId=409</p><p>Wong, K. H., & Day, J. (2006). Problem based learning improves students awareness of their learning in science. Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on Problem-based Learning, Lima, Peru</p><p>Xu.(2004).Applying Student Centered Strategies in the cause of Environmental Biology. University of science and Technology of China. The China Papers,50-153.</p><p>Yustina, Y., Syafii, W., & Vebrianto, R. (2020). The Effects of Blended Learning and Project-Based Learning on Pre-Service Biology Teachers Creative Thinking through Online Learning in the Covid-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 9(3), 408-420.</p><p>Zairul, M. (2020). A thematic review on student-centred learning in the studio education. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(2), 504-511.</p><p>Zamri, M., & Lim, N. R. (2011). Kepelbagaian kaedah penyoalan lisan dalam pengajaran guru bahasa melayu: Kaedah pemerhatian (Variety of oral questioning methods in teachingMalay language: observation method). Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu; Malay Language Education (MyLEJ), 1(1), 51- 65.</p><p>Zhang, M., Lundeberg, M., & Eberhardt, J. (2011). Strategic facilitation of problem- baseddiscussion for teacher professional development. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 20(3), 342-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508406.2011.553258</p><p>Zwiers, J. (2007). Teacher practices and perspectives for developing academic language. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 93-116.</p><p></p><p></p>