The use of scaffolded digital storytelling to improve secondary level EFL learners speaking skills
<p>The objectives of study are to: (1) determine how scaffolded digital storytelling</p><p>improves learners speaking skills in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context;</p><p>(2) determine the factors that influence the use...
Saved in:
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | thesis |
Language: | eng |
Published: |
2023
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9824 |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:9824 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
institution |
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
collection |
UPSI Digital Repository |
language |
eng |
topic |
LB Theory and practice of education |
spellingShingle |
LB Theory and practice of education Delfia Herwanis The use of scaffolded digital storytelling to improve secondary level EFL learners speaking skills |
description |
<p>The objectives of study are to: (1) determine how scaffolded digital storytelling</p><p>improves learners speaking skills in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context;</p><p>(2) determine the factors that influence the use of scaffolded digital storytelling in</p><p>English-speaking classroom; (3) examine the students views of scaffolded digital</p><p>storytelling in the English-speaking classroom. The mixed-method design was used</p><p>which combined a one-group post-test only design and the removed-treatment design</p><p>from quasi-experimental research. The data were collected using observation, tests,</p><p>interviews and survey. The number of participants was 23 students. The quantitative</p><p>data was analyzed using the interactive model, a t-test and parametric statistical tests.</p><p>The findings confirmed that Hypothesis 1 (H1) is accepted. This is evident from the</p><p>paired samples test, the sig value. (2- tailed) is 0.000, which means that if the sig. (2-</p><p>tailed) is lower than 0.05, Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. The use of scaffolding</p><p>digital storytelling has improved the speaking skills among EFL learners as evidenced</p><p>from the triangulation of data from the observation data as well as the questionnaire</p><p>results. According to the findings from the students interviews, the process of</p><p>repeating and pronouncing words accompanied by pictures was the strength of the</p><p>scaffolded digital storytelling. The implications of the study suggest that teachers</p><p>must not be dominant and provide assistance only when necessary to enable students</p><p>to work independently. Instructions should also remain within the zone of proximal</p><p>development while still challenging students to develop their knowledge reflecting a</p><p>proper way to minimize anxiety in their learning. Finally, teachers must adhere to</p><p>scientific concepts when instructing students to prevent them from reverting to the</p><p>traditional method of gaining knowledge.</p> |
format |
thesis |
qualification_name |
|
qualification_level |
Doctorate |
author |
Delfia Herwanis |
author_facet |
Delfia Herwanis |
author_sort |
Delfia Herwanis |
title |
The use of scaffolded digital storytelling to improve secondary level EFL learners speaking skills |
title_short |
The use of scaffolded digital storytelling to improve secondary level EFL learners speaking skills |
title_full |
The use of scaffolded digital storytelling to improve secondary level EFL learners speaking skills |
title_fullStr |
The use of scaffolded digital storytelling to improve secondary level EFL learners speaking skills |
title_full_unstemmed |
The use of scaffolded digital storytelling to improve secondary level EFL learners speaking skills |
title_sort |
use of scaffolded digital storytelling to improve secondary level efl learners speaking skills |
granting_institution |
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
granting_department |
Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9824 |
_version_ |
1794025756672655360 |
spelling |
oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:98242024-02-19 The use of scaffolded digital storytelling to improve secondary level EFL learners speaking skills 2023 Delfia Herwanis LB Theory and practice of education <p>The objectives of study are to: (1) determine how scaffolded digital storytelling</p><p>improves learners speaking skills in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context;</p><p>(2) determine the factors that influence the use of scaffolded digital storytelling in</p><p>English-speaking classroom; (3) examine the students views of scaffolded digital</p><p>storytelling in the English-speaking classroom. The mixed-method design was used</p><p>which combined a one-group post-test only design and the removed-treatment design</p><p>from quasi-experimental research. The data were collected using observation, tests,</p><p>interviews and survey. The number of participants was 23 students. The quantitative</p><p>data was analyzed using the interactive model, a t-test and parametric statistical tests.</p><p>The findings confirmed that Hypothesis 1 (H1) is accepted. This is evident from the</p><p>paired samples test, the sig value. (2- tailed) is 0.000, which means that if the sig. (2-</p><p>tailed) is lower than 0.05, Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. The use of scaffolding</p><p>digital storytelling has improved the speaking skills among EFL learners as evidenced</p><p>from the triangulation of data from the observation data as well as the questionnaire</p><p>results. According to the findings from the students interviews, the process of</p><p>repeating and pronouncing words accompanied by pictures was the strength of the</p><p>scaffolded digital storytelling. The implications of the study suggest that teachers</p><p>must not be dominant and provide assistance only when necessary to enable students</p><p>to work independently. Instructions should also remain within the zone of proximal</p><p>development while still challenging students to develop their knowledge reflecting a</p><p>proper way to minimize anxiety in their learning. Finally, teachers must adhere to</p><p>scientific concepts when instructing students to prevent them from reverting to the</p><p>traditional method of gaining knowledge.</p> 2023 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9824 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9824 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi <p>Aarons, A., Hawes, H., & Gayton, J. (1979). Approaches to learning and teaching. Child-to-Child, 1627. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16130-0_2.</p><p></p><p>Abadikhah, S., & Valipour, M. (2018). The effect of self-transcription and expert scaffolding on the accuracy of oral production of EFL learners. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 26(1), 149166.</p><p></p><p>Abda, K. (2017). Assessing the Factors That Affect Teaching Speaking Skills: The Case of Robe Teachers College, English Department Second Year Students. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies.</p><p></p><p>Abdolmanafi-Rokni, S. J. (2014). Digital Storytelling in EFL Classrooms: The Effect on the Oral Performance. International Journal of Language and Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijll.20140204.12.</p><p></p><p>Abrahamson, C. (1998). Storytelling as a Pedagogical Too in Higher Education. Academic Journal Article Education, 118. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-20494609/storytelling-as-a-pedagogical-tool-in-higher-education</p><p></p><p>Adams et al., (2015). Effectiveness and acceptability of parental financial incentives and quasi-mandatory schemes for increasing uptake of vaccinations in preschool children: Systematic review, qualitative study and discrete choice experiment. In Health Technology Assessment (Vol. 19, Issue 94). https://doi.org/10.3310/hta19940.</p><p></p><p>Adani, S., & Cepanec, M. (2019). Sex differences in early communication development: Behavioral and neurobiological indicators of more vulnerable communication system development in boys. Croatian Medical Journal, 60(2), 141149. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2019.60.141.</p><p></p><p>Adriana, R., Melendez, M., Gandy, M., Zavala, G. Q., & Mendez, R. F. (2014). Teaching Speaking Strategies To Beginners. European Scientific Journal.</p><p></p><p>Agustina, F. (2019). Improving students speaking ability through stirytelling technique at second grade of SMPN 19 Bandar Lampung. University of Lampung.</p><p></p><p>Al Othman, F. H. M., & Shuqair, K. M. (2013). The Impact of Motivation on English Language Learning in the Gulf States. International Journal of Higher Education, 2(4), 1115. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v2n4p123</p><p></p><p>Albusaidi, S. (2019). Using Activity Theory to Explain How a Student Learns in an Internationalised Classroom from a Sociocultural Perspective. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 10(6), 1142. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1006.02.</p><p></p><p>Aleksandrzak, M. (2011). Problems and challenges in teaching and learning speaking at advanced level. Glottodidactica (Poznan). https://doi.org/10.14746/gl.2011.37.3.</p><p></p><p>Allen, E., & Seaman, C. (2007). Statistics roundtable: Likert Scales and data analyses. In Quality Progress (Vol. 40, Issue 7, pp. 13). http://asq.org/quality-progress/2007/07/statistics/likert-scales-and-data-analyses.html%0Ahttp://mail.asq.org/quality-progress/2007/07/statistics/likert-scales-and-data-analyses.html</p><p></p><p>Allo, M. D. G., & Priawan, A. (2019). Students Self-Confidence in Speaking Skill. Jurnal Studi Guru Dan Pembelajaran. https://doi.org/10.30605/jsgp.2.1.2019.1263.</p><p></p><p>Allwright. D., & B. K. . (1991). Focus on language classroom: An introduction to classroom research for language teachers. Cambridge University Press.</p><p></p><p>Alterio, M. (2004). Using storytelling to enhance student learning. The Higher Education Academy.</p><p></p><p>Amandeep, & Robin. (2015). Comparative Analysis of Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests. Journal of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, 6(6), 336342. www.compmath-journal.org</p><p></p><p>An, Y.-J., & Cao, L. (2014). Examining the Effects of Metacognitive Scaffolding on Students Design Problem Solving and Metacognitive Skills in an Online Environment. Journal of Online Learning & Teaching.</p><p></p><p>Anandari, C. L. (2015). Indonesian Efl Students Anxiety in Speech Production: Possible Causes and Remedy. Teflin Journal - A Publication on the Teaching and Learning of English. https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v26i1/1-16</p><p></p><p>Angrosino, M. (2007). Recontextualizing observation. The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 161184.</p><p></p><p>Anjaniputra, A. G. (2013). Teachers Strategies in Teaching Speaking To Students At Secondary Level. Journal of English and Education.</p><p></p><p>Ariyanti, A. (2016). Psychological Factors Affecting EFL Students Speaking Performance. ASIAN TEFL Journal of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.21462/asiantefl.v1i1.14</p><p></p><p>Armstrong, S. (2003). The Power of stirytelling in education, un Snapshots, ed. by S Armstrong. Snapshots! Educational insights from the Thorburg Centre.</p><p></p><p>Arshavskaya, E. (2014). Analyzing mediation in dialogic exchanges in a pre-service second language (L2) teacher practicum blog: A sociocultural perspective. System, 45(1), 129137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2014.05.007</p><p></p><p>Asakereh, A., & Afshar, H. S. (2016). Speaking skills problems encountered by Iranian EFL freshmen and seniors from their own and their english instructors perspectives. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching.</p><p></p><p>Asassfeh, S. M., Al-Shaboul, Y. M., Zuraiq, W., & Alshboul, S. (2011). Lending ears to EFL learners: Language difficulties. Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1375/aedp.28.1.33</p><p></p><p>Barrett, H. C. (2006). Digital Stories in ePortfolios: Multiple Purposes and Tools. http://electronicportfolios.org/digistory/purposesmac.html</p><p></p><p>Barrett, T., & Webster, P. (2017). Making Picture as a Method of Teaching Art History. International Journal of Education & the Art, 18(19), 124.</p><p></p><p>Barthes, R. (1977). Image, music, text. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Cricism, 37, 220.</p><p></p><p>Basic, L. (2011). Speaking anxiety. Masters Thesis.</p><p></p><p>Bean, T. W., & Stevens, L. P. (2002). Scaffolding Reflection for Preservice and Inservice Teachers. Reflective Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623940220142343</p><p></p><p>Behmer, S. (2005). Literature review digital storytelling: Examining the process with middle school students.</p><p></p><p>Berk, R. (2009). Teaching strategies for the net generation. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching & Learning Journal, 3(2), 123.</p><p></p><p>Berns, M. S. (1983). Functional approaches to language and language teaching: another look (No. 4; 278 227).</p><p></p><p>Bettney, E. (2017). Research Articles A picture is worth a thousand words : Portraying language learning experiences in a bilingual school in Honduras 1 Una imagen vale ms que mil palabras : retratar experiencias de aprendizaje de idiomas en una escuela bilinge en Honduras. 19(2), 177192.</p><p></p><p>Bliss, J., Askew, M., & Macrae, S. (1996). Effective teaching and learning: Scaffolding revisited. Oxford Review of Education, 22(1), 3761. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305498960220103</p><p></p><p>Boneva, D., & Mihova, E. (2012). Module 8 - Learning Styles and Learning Preferences. Dyslang Project. http://dyscovery.research.southwales.ac.uk/media/files/documents/2014-01-16/Module_8.pdf</p><p></p><p>Boonkit, K. (2010). Enhancing the development of speaking skills for non-native speakers of English. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 13051309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.191</p><p>Bowden & Beukelman. (1988). Rate, accuracy, and massage flexibility: case studies in communication augmentation strategies. Grune & Sutton.</p><p></p><p>Brannen, J. (2005). Mixing methods: The entry of qualitative and quantitative approaches into the research process. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory and Practice, 8(3), 173184. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570500154642</p><p></p><p>Brookfiels, S. (1997). Focus on speaking. Jossey-Bass.</p><p></p><p>Brown, H. . (2007). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy ((2nd ed)). Longman.</p><p></p><p>Brown, H. D. (2000). Teaching by Principles. Longman.</p><p></p><p>Brown, S. (2010). Likert Scale Examples for Surveys. Iowa State University, 14. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0508</p><p></p><p>Brumfit, C. (1991). The practice of communicative teaching. Pergamon Press.</p><p></p><p>Bryman, Alan & Teevan, J. . (2005). Social Research Methods (Canadian E). Oxford University Press.</p><p></p><p>Bryman, A. (2003). Quantity and Quality in Social Research. In Quantity and Quality in Social Research. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203410028</p><p></p><p>Bryman, A. (2006). Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: How is it done? Qualitative Research, 6(1), 97113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794106058877</p><p></p><p>Burnett et al, C. M. (2004). Teaching Englis 3-11 The essential guide. Continuum.</p><p></p><p>Burns & Joyce. (1997). Focus on speaking. National centre for English language teaching and research.</p><p></p><p>Byatt, A. (2000). Identity and cultural memory in the fiction of A. S. Byatt knitting the net of culture. Palgrave Macmilan.</p><p></p><p>Bygate, M. (1998). Theoretical perspectives on speaking. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 2042.</p><p></p><p>Byrnes, J. P. (2001). Cognitive development and learning in instructional contexts (2nd ed) (Needham He). Allyn and Bacon.</p><p></p><p>Liu., Cheng., and C. W. H. (2011). The effect of simulation games on the learning of computational problem solving. Computers & Education, 3(57), 19071918.</p><p></p><p>Cajina, Estela., and Carcamo, L. (2006). How motivation influence the learning English as a foreign language. Managua.</p><p></p><p>Cambridge University. (2001). Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (D. Carter, R & Nunan (Ed.)). Cambridge Unives.</p><p></p><p>Campbell, DT., Stanley, J. (1984). Experimental and quasi-experimental design for research. In Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews (Vol. 29, Issue 4). Houghton Mifflin Company Boston. https://doi.org/10.1037/022808</p><p></p><p>Canals, L. (2017). Instruments for gathering data. Qualitative Approaches to Research on Plurilingual Education / Enfocaments Qualitatius per a La Recerca En Educaci Plurilinge / Enfoques Cualitativos Para La Investigacin En Educacin Plurilinge, 390401. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2017.emmd2016.637</p><p></p><p>Caracelli, V. J., & Greene, J. C. (1993). Data Analysis Strategies for Mixed-Method Evaluation Designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 15(2), 195207. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737015002195</p><p></p><p>Chaiklin, S. (2003). The Zone of Proximal Development in Vygotskys Analysis of Learning and Instruction. In Vygotskys Educational Theory in Cultural Context (pp. 3964). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840975.004</p><p></p><p>Chastain, K. (2018). Developing Second Language Skills : Theory to Paractice (Second Edi). Houghton Mifflin Company.</p><p></p><p>Cheepen, C. M. (1990). Spoken English: a practical guide. Printer Publisher.</p><p></p><p>Chesla, E. (2000). R Ead B Etter ,. In World Wide Web Internet And Web Information Systems (Second Edi). Learning Express. https://doi.org/https://book4you.org/book/2282928/4209ca</p><p></p><p>Chiang, M. H. (2008). Effects of fieldwork experience on empowering prospective foreign language teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(5), 12701287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.05.004</p><p></p><p>Chou, M. H. (2018). Speaking Anxiety and Strategy Use for Learning English as a Foreign Language in Full and Partial English-Medium Instruction Contexts. TESOL Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.455</p><p></p><p>Chun, D., Smith, B., & Kern, R. (2016). Technology in Language Use, Language Teaching, and Language Learning. Modern Language Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12302</p><p></p><p>Clearfield, M. W., & Nelson, N. M. (2006). Sex differences in mothers speech and play behavior with 6-, 9-, and 14-month-old infants. Sex Roles, 54(12), 127137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-8874-1</p><p></p><p>Clifford, V., Rhodes, A., & Paxton, G. (2014). Learning difficulties or learning English difficulties? Additional language acquisition: An update for</p><p>paediatricians. In Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12396</p><p></p><p>Coffey, A., & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data: Complementary research strategie. Sage.</p><p></p><p>Cohen, A. (1998). Strategies in learning and sing a second language. Longman.</p><p></p><p>Cole, M., & Cole, S. (2001). The development of children (4th Ed). Scientific American Books. Distributed by W.N Freeman and Company Daniles, H. (2001). Vygotsky and Pedagogy. NY: Routledge/Falmer.</p><p></p><p>Cole, M. (1996). Cultural Psychology: a once and future discipline. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 53, Issue 9). The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004</p><p></p><p>Copeland, A. (2017). The Pros and Cons of Open and Closed Questions Closed Questions Usually Start With. http://environment.uwaterloo.ca/research/watgreen/projects/library/1020/ocq.html</p><p></p><p>Cornbleet, S. (2002). The Language of Speech and Writing. In The Language of Speech and Writing. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203221525</p><p></p><p>Coxon, A. P. M. (2005). Integrating qualitative and quantitative data: What does the user need? Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-6.2.463</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J. W. (2009a). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. In New Directions for Teaching and Learning (Third Edit, Vol. 2017). Sage publication Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.20234</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J. W. (2009b). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed., Vol. 35, Issue 2). CA: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203093917</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approach (Fourth). Sage publication Inc.</p><p></p><p>Criystal, D. (2003). English as Global Language (2nd Ed). Cambridge University Press.</p><p></p><p>Crosby, R., DiClemente, R., & Salazar, L. (2006). Conducting Observational Research. Research Methods in Health Promotion, 107128.</p><p></p><p>Cullen, B. (1998). Brainstorming before speaking tasks. The Internet TESL 1.</p><p></p><p>Daves, A. (2002). Dictionary of language testing. Foreign language teaching and researching press.</p><p>Davies, A. (2007). Storytelling in the classroom. Enhancing oral skills for teachers and pupils. Paul Chapman Publishing.</p><p></p><p>Davin, K. J., & Troyan, F. J. (2005). The implementation of high-leverage teaching practices: From the University classroom to the field site. Foreign Language Annals, 48(1), 124142. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12124</p><p></p><p>Derakhshan, A., Khalili, A. N., & Beheshti, F. (2016). Developing EFL Learners Speaking Ability, Accuracy and Fluency. English Language and Literature Studies. https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v6n2p177</p><p></p><p>Dewalt, K. M & Dewalt, B. R. (1998). No TitleParticipant observation. In H. Russell Bernard (ed), Handbook of method in cultural antropology. AltaMitra Press.</p><p></p><p>Dilshad, M., & Ahmed, Z. (2019). Impact of Students Motivation for Learning English on their Achievement at Secondary Level Abstract : (Vol. 39, Issue 2, pp. 689696).</p><p></p><p>Djoni, D. (2019). Improving Students Speaking Skill Through Predicting With Storytelling at Grade XI/Social Science SMAN 10 Bukit Barisan Pekanbaru. ELT-Lectura. https://doi.org/10.31849/elt-lectura.v6i1.2240</p><p></p><p>Dogruer, N., Menevis, I., & Eyyam, R. (2010). EFL Teachers beliefs on learning English and their teaching styles. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 3, 8387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.015</p><p></p><p>Elftorp, F. (2007). How to Improve Students Writing and Speaking Skills. How to Improve Students Writing and Speaking Ability.</p><p>Ellis, G. A. (2014). Tell it again! The storytelling handbook for primary English language teachers. British Council.</p><p></p><p>Eriksson, M., Marschik, P. B., Tulviste, T., Almgren, M., Prez Pereira, M., Wehberg, S., Marjanovic-Umek, L., Gayraud, F., Kovacevic, M., & Gallego, C. (2012). Differences between girls and boys in emerging language skills: Evidence from 10 language communities. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 30(2), 326343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02042.x</p><p></p><p>Essays, U. (n.d.). Role Play In English Language Teaching. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/role-play-in-english-language-teaching-english-language-essay.php?vref=1</p><p></p><p>Fazal, S., Majoka, M. I., & Ahmad, M. (2016). Integration of Grammar Translation Method with Communicative Approach: A Research Synthesis. In International Research Journal of Arts and Humanities (Vol. 44, pp. 121130). https://search.proquest.com/docview/1869030362/fulltextPDF/DB87C48F7C0E4299PQ/18?accountid=38628</p><p></p><p>Field, A. P. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage publication Inc.</p><p></p><p>Foster, S. (2007). Examples of Learning Styles. 12. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/documents/childhood/professionals/support/egsls.pdf%0Ahttp://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/childhood/professionals/support/egsls.pdf</p><p></p><p>Frazel, M. (2010). Digital storytelling guide for educators. International Society for Technology in Education.</p><p></p><p>Frazier, S., & Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. TESOL Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587655</p><p></p><p>Freeman & Anderson. (2011). Language teacher education. The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics, 32(3), 215228. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203835654</p><p></p><p>Gans, H. J. (1999). Participant observation in the era of Ethnography. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 28(5), 540548. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124199129023532</p><p></p><p>Gattegno, C. (1976). The common sense of teaching foreign languages. Educational Solution.</p><p>Gibbons, J. A., Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1986). Ethnography: Principles in Practice. In Contemporary Sociology (Vol. 15, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.2307/2070079</p><p></p><p>Gibbons, P. (2015). Scaffolding language scaffolding learning. In Scaffolding language and learning. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02041959</p><p></p><p>Goh, C. CM. & Burns, A. (2012). Teaching Speaking a Holistic Approach. Cambridge University Press.</p><p></p><p>Golombek, P. R., & Johnson, K. E. (2004). Narrative inquiry as a mediational space: Examining emotional and cognitive dissonance in second-language teachers development. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 10(3), 307327. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354060042000204388</p><p></p><p>Greene, J. C., Benjamin, L., & Goodyear, L. (2001). The Merits of mixing methods in evaluation. 7(1), 2544. https://sci-hub.tw/10.1177/13563890122209504</p><p></p><p>Greene, J. C. (2008). Is mixed methods social inquiry a distinctive methodology? Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 2(1), 722. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689807309969</p><p></p><p>Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a Conceptual Framework for Mixed-Method Evaluation Designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11(3), 255274. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737011003255</p><p></p><p>Grugeon, E. & P. (2000). The art of storytelling for teachers and pupils. Curtin University.</p><p></p><p>Gumelar, R. E. (2018). The Effect of Teaching Techniques (Storytelling and Show-and-Tell) and Students Personality on Students Speaking Skill. Journal of English Education Studies. https://doi.org/10.30653/005.201811.9</p><p></p><p>Hadijah, S. (2014). Investing the Problems of English Speaking of Islamic Boarding School Program at Stain Samarinda. Dinamika Ilmu: Jurnal Pendidikan, 14(2), 240247. http://journal.iain-samarinda.ac.id/index.php/dinamika_ilmu/article/view/16/pdf_17%0Ahttps://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://journal.iain-samarinda.ac.id/index.php/dinamika_ilmu/article/viewFile/16/pdf_17</p><p></p><p>Haidara, Y. (2016). Psychological Factor Affecting English Speaking Performance for the English Learners in Indonesia. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(7), 15011505. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040701</p><p></p><p>Hammersley, M. (1996). The relationship between qualitative and quantitative research: Paradigm loyalty versus methodological eclecticism. Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods for Psychology and the Social Sciences, November 1993, 159174. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2010.1088</p><p></p><p>Hanlon, B., & Larget, B. (2011). Sex and Older Women Samples And Populations. Statistics Wisconsin University Journal, 8(9), 6. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v5-i2/1481</p><p></p><p>Hardy, B., Web, T. C., & Spencer, M. M. (2011). Narrative is a Primary Act of the Mind . September, 18.</p><p></p><p>Harmer, J. (1998). The practice of language teaching. Pearson.</p><p></p><p>Harmer, J. (2001). The Practice of English Language Teaching. In ELT Journal (Third Edit, Vol. 57, Issue 4). Longman. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/57.4.401</p><p></p><p>Harmer, J. (2007). The practice of English language teaching. Longman.</p><p></p><p>Harpe, S. E. (2015). How to analyze Likert and other rating scale data. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 7(6), 836850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2015.08.001</p><p></p><p>Harris, A. D., Bradham, D. D., Baumgarten, M., Zuckerman, I. H., Fink, J. C., & Perencevich, E. N. (2004). The use and interpretation of quasi-experimental studies in infectious diseases. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38(11), 15861591. https://doi.org/10.1086/420936</p><p></p><p>Harris, A. D., McGregor, J. C., Perencevich, E. N., Furuno, J. P., Zhu, J., Peterson, D. E., & Finkelstein, J. (2006). The use and interpretation of quasi-experimental studies in medical informatics. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 13(1), 1623. https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M1749</p><p></p><p>Hastjarjo, T. D. (2019). Rancangan Eksperimen-Kuasi. Buletin Psikologi, 27(2), 187.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.38619</p><p></p><p>Hatch, M. E. (1978). Second language acquisition. Jouse Publishers.</p><p></p><p>Haven, K & Ducey, M. (2007). Crash Course in Storytelling. In Reference & User Services Quarterly (Vol. 47, Issue 2). Libraries Unlimited. https://doi.org/10.5860/rusq.47n2.188.2</p><p></p><p>Hermkes, R., Mach, H., & Minnameier, G. (2018). Interaction-based coding of scaffolding processes. Learning and Instruction, 54, 147155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.09.003</p><p></p><p>Hill, D. A. (1990). Visual Impact: Creative language learning through pictures. Longman Group UK limited.</p><p></p><p>Holton, D., & Clarke, D. (2006). Scaffolding and metacognition. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207390500285818</p><p></p><p>Hoskin, T. (2010). Parametric and nonparametric: demystifying the terms. Ctsa.Mayo.Edu, 15. http://ctsa.mayo.edu/resources/upload/berd-5-6.pdf</p><p></p><p>Hosni, S. Al. (2016). Problems and Difficulties of Speaking That Encounter English Language Students at Al Quds Open University. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention.</p><p></p><p>Hossain, M. A. (2018). Difficulties of Learning English Language at the Secondary Level: A Case Study of Thakurgaon District. Journal of Education and Training, 5(2), 165. https://doi.org/10.5296/jet.v5i2.13500</p><p></p><p>Hsu, Y. S., Lai, T. L., & Hsu, W. H. (2015). A Design Model of Distributed Scaffolding for Inquiry-Based Learning. Research in Science Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-014-9421-2</p><p></p><p>Huda, N. (2020). Kedudukan dan fungsi bahasa asing (The position and function of foreign language). Risalah Seminar Politik Bahasa (Language Politics: Procedings of the Seminar on Language Politics), 5978.</p><p></p><p>Hughes, R. (2011). Teaching and Researching: Speaking. In Teaching and Researching: Speaking. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315833736</p><p></p><p>Ikramuddin, R. (2017). Using Story telling technique to improve speaking ability (Classroom action research on the second grade students of Insan Qurani borading school). Ar-Raniry State Islamic University.</p><p></p><p>Inayah, R. (2005). Improving Students speaking skill through storytelling technique (an experimental study in a senior high school in Bandung). ELTIN Journal, 3 (1) 25.</p><p></p><p>Isman, P. D. A. (2014). Turkish Online Journal of Turkish Online. Online Journal, 13(2).</p><p></p><p>Jahbel, K. (2017). International Journal of English and Education Factors affecting students speaking performance at High Schools in Malang. International Journal of English and Education.</p><p></p><p>Jang, E. E., McDougall, D. E., Pollon, D., Herbert, M., & Russell, P. (2008). Integrative mixed methods data analytic strategies in research on school success in challenging circumstances. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 2(3), 221247. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689808315323</p><p></p><p>Januarty, R., Asib, A., & Suparno, S. (2018). Junior High School Students Internal and External Problems in Speaking: A Preliminary Study of Implementing Shadowing Technique to Improve Students Speaking Skills. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v5i4.151</p><p></p><p>Jenkins, J. (2003). World Englishes: A resources book for students. Routledge.</p><p></p><p>Jick, T. D. (1979). Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 602. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392366</p><p></p><p>Johnson, K. (1996). Language teaching and skill learning. Blackwell.</p><p></p><p>Johnson, K. (2009). Second Language Teacher Education: A Sociocultural Perspective. In The Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203805640</p><p></p><p>Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 1426. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033007014</p><p></p><p>Joseph, R. (2000). The evolution of sex differences in language, sexuality, and visual- spatial skills. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29(1), 3566. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001834404611</p><p></p><p>Joughin, G. (2010). A Short guide to oral assesment. Leeds Metropolitan University.</p><p></p><p>Kajder, S. B. (2004). Enter Here: Personal Narrative and Digital Storytelling. The English Journal, 93(3), 64. https://doi.org/10.2307/4128811</p><p></p><p>Kawulich, B. (2014). Collecting Data Through Observation. Katalog BPS, XXXIII(2), 8187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2</p><p></p><p>Kayi, H. (2006). Teaching Speaking: Activities to Promote Speaking in a Second Language. The Internet TESL Journal.</p><p></p><p>Kern, R., Ware, P., & Warschauer, M. (2016). Network-Based Language Teaching. In Second and Foreign Language Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02323-6_30-1</p><p></p><p>Khaerana, A. S. A., & Nurdin, N. N. (2018). The Effectiveness of Story Telling and Story Reading Methods In Teaching Speaking. Eternal (English, Teaching, Learning, and Research Journal), 4(2), 181. https://doi.org/10.24252/Eternal.V42.2018.A4</p><p></p><p>Khamkhien, A. (2010). Teaching English Speaking and English Speaking Tests in the Thai Context: A Reflection from Thai Perspective. English Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v3n1p184</p><p></p><p>Khan, H. R. (2007). Problems of Oral Communication in English among Bangladeshi Students. Vol l Journal. http://dspace.ewubd.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/326/Harunur_Rashid_Khan.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</p><p></p><p>Khan, N., & Ali, A. (2010). Improving the speaking ability in English: The students perspective. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 35753579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.554</p><p></p><p>Kim, S. (2014). Developing autonomous learning for oral proficiency using digital storytelling. Language Learning and Technology.</p><p></p><p>Kim, T. K. (2015). T test a as a parametric statistic. Korean Journal Pf Anesthesiology, Table 2, 167206. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315686875-6</p><p></p><p>Komaria. (1998). The history of English teaching in Indonesia. Atma Jaya Chatolic University Jakarta.</p><p></p><p>Kozulin, A. (2015). Vygotskys Theory of Cognitive Development. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition, 25, 322328. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.23094-8</p><p></p><p>Kozulin, A., Gindis, B., Ageyev, V. S., & Miller, S. M. (2003). Introduction: Sociocultural theory and education: Students, teachers, and knowledge. Vygotskys Educational Theory in Cultural Context. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840975.002</p><p></p><p>Kumar, K. (2005). Research methodology a step by step guide for beginners. Sage Publications.</p><p></p><p>Lambert, W. E., Genesee, F., Holobow, N., & Chartrand, L. (1993). Bilingual education for majority english-speaking children. European Journal of Psychology of Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03172860</p><p></p><p>Lantolf, J. P., & Aljaafreh, A. (1995). Second language learning in the zone of proximal development: A revolutionary experience. International Journal of</p><p>Educational Research, 23(7), 619632. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-0355(96)80441-1</p><p></p><p>Larsen-Freeman, D. (2011). Technique & Principles in Language Teaching. 318.</p><p></p><p>Leong, L.-M., & Ahmadi, S. M. (2017a). An Analysis of Factors Influencing Learners English Speaking Skill. International Journal of Research in English Education. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.ijree.2.1.34</p><p></p><p>Leong, L.-M., & Ahmadi, S. M. (2017b). An Analysis of Factors Influencing Learners English Speaking Skill. International Journal of Research in English Education, 2(1), 3441. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.ijree.2.1.34</p><p></p><p>Lev Vygotsky, Kozulin, A. (1986). Thought and Language - Revised Edition. In The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science (Vol. 20, Issue 3, p. 351). http://www.amazon.com/Thought-Language-Lev-S-Vygotsky/dp/B00AZ83YYQ</p><p></p><p>Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(1), 175. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99001776</p><p></p><p>Li, T., & Lynch, R. (2016). The relationship between motivation for learning and academic achievement among basic and advanced level students studying Chinese as a foreign language in years 3 to 6 at Ascot International School in Bangkok, Thailand. Scholar: Human Sciences, 8(1), 11. http://www.assumptionjournal.au.edu/index.php/Scholar/article/view/2181</p><p></p><p>Li, W. (2011). Validity Considerations in Designing an Oral Test. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(1), 267269. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.2.1.267-269</p><p></p><p>Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Achieves of Psychology, 22(140), 55.</p><p></p><p>Listyani, L.-, & Kristie, L. S. (2018). Teachers Strategies to Improve Students Self-Confidence in Speaking: A Study at Two Vocational Schools in Central Borneo. Register Journal. https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v11i2.139-153</p><p></p><p>Littlewood, W. (2011). Communicative Language Teaching: An Expanding Concept for a Changing World. In E. Hinkel (Ed). Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning (pp. 541557).</p><p></p><p>Lopez-Fernandez, O., & Molina-Azorin, J. F. (2011). The use of mixed methods research in the field of behavioural sciences. Quality and Quantity, 45(6), 14591472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9543-9</p><p></p><p>Lopez, Miguel, A. M. (2014). Participant Observation. The Continuum Companion to Anarchism. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781501301742.ch-005</p><p></p><p>Mackey, A., & Gass, S, M. (2005). Second language research: methodology and design. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.</p><p></p><p>Madey, D. l. (1982). Some Benefits of Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Program Evaluation, with Illustrations. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 4(2), 223236. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737004002223</p><p>Mariani, L. (1997). Teacher support and teacher challenge in promoting learner autonomy. Perspectives: A Journal of TESOL Italy, 23(2), 110. http://www.learningpaths.org/papers/papersupport.htm</p><p></p><p>Marriam Bashir; Muhammad Azeem; Ashiq Hussain Dogar. (2016). Factor Effecting Students English Speaking Skills. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences.</p><p></p><p>Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1989). Designing qualitative research. CA: Sage.</p><p></p><p>Mathers, N., Fox, N., & Hunn, A. (2005). Using interviews in a research project. Yi Qi Yi Biao Xue Bao/Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 26(11), 11841187.</p><p></p><p>Maxwell, J. A. (2018). Qualitative Study. December.</p><p></p><p>Maxwell, J., & Loomis, D. (2003). Mixed method design: An alternative approach. Thousand Oaks. January 2003.</p><p></p><p>McConney, A., Rudd, A., & Ayres, R. (2002). Getting to the bottom line: A method for synthesizing findings within mixed-method program evaluations. American Journal of Evaluation, 23(2), 121140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1098-2140(02)00164-9</p><p></p><p>McDrury, J. (2003). NStorytelling as a theory of learning. Learning through storytelling in higher education: using reflection and experience to improve learningo Title. Kogan Page Limited.</p><p></p><p>McDrury, J., & Alterio, M. (2002). Leaning through storytelling: using reflection and experience in higher education contexts.</p><p></p><p>McKenzei, J. (1999). Scaffolding for success. The Educational Technology Journal, 9(42). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040327</p><p></p><p>McLeod, S. (2015). Lev Vygotsky. Nursery World, 2015(23), 2627. https://doi.org/10.12968/nuwa.2015.23.26</p><p></p><p>Megel, M. E., & Heermann, J. A. (1994). Methods of data collection. Plastic Surgical Nursing, 14(2), 109110. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/13075_10</p><p></p><p>Menggo, S., Suastra, I. M., Budiarsa, M., & Padmadewi, N. N. (2019). Needs Analysis of Academic-English Speaking Material in Promoting 21st Century Skills. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 739754. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12247a</p><p>Miguel, C. S., Rogan, F., Kilstoff, K., & Brown, D. (2006). Clinically speaking: A communication skills program for students from non-English speaking backgrounds. Nurse Education in Practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2006.02.004</p><p></p><p>Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (1998). Qualitative data analysis: a methods sourcebook. In Biophysical Chemistry (3rd ed., Vol. 74, Issue 2). Sage. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4622(98)00172-0</p><p></p><p>Miles, M.B & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oakks: Sage Publications.</p><p></p><p>Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Drawing Valid Meaning from Qualitative Data: Toward a Shared Craft. Educational Researcher, 13(5), 2030. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X013005020</p><p></p><p>Miller, E. (2009). Digital Storytelling in Department of Curriculum and Instruction. University of Northen lowa.</p><p></p><p>Mitchell, R., Myles, F., Marsden, E. (2014). Second Language Learning Theories. In Second Language Learning Theories (Third Edit). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203770658</p><p></p><p>Morell, L. (n.d.). Linda Morell. 3(1), 123.</p><p></p><p>Morgan, D. L. (1998). Practical strategies for combining qualitative and quantitative methods: Applications to health research. Qualitative Health Research, 8(3), 362376. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239800800307</p><p></p><p>Moseley, C., Gdovin, R., & Jones, K. (2013). The Use of Digital Storytelling in Exploring Mental Models of Science Teachers. Electronic Journal of , 17(1). http://ejse.southwestern.edu/article/download/11266/8112</p><p></p><p>Murphy, M. (2016). Population definitions for comparative surveys in education. Australian Council for Educational Research, January, 33.</p><p></p><p>Nairne, D. C., & Thren, J. (2017). Storytelling : A Unique Approach to Developing Partnerships with Students. The Vermons Connection, 38, 115123.</p><p></p><p>Nation, P., & Newton, J. (2008). Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking. In Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203891704</p><p></p><p>Neu & Reeser. (1997). Using information gap activities in the second language classroom. http://www.caslt.org/print/gapp.htm</p><p></p><p>Newton, J. M., & Nation, I. S. P. (2020). Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking. In Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429203114</p><p>Ngeow, K. Y.-H. (1998). ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading English and Communication Bloomington. Digest, 138. http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-4/motivation.htm</p><p></p><p>Normann, A. (2011). Digital Storytelling in second language learning, in Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.</p><p></p><p>Northern Illinois University, F. D. and I. D. C. (2008). Instructional Scaffolding to Improve Learning. Spectrum, 16.</p><p></p><p>Nunan, D. (1998). Second language teaching learning. Heinle ELT.</p><p></p><p>Nunan, D. (2003). Practical English language teaching. McGraw-Hill.</p><p></p><p>Ohler, J. (2006). Digital Storytelling in the classroom. Educational Leadership, 63(4), 4447. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ745475&site=ehost-live&scope=cite</p><p></p><p>Okano et al., (2006). The Use and Int. J Am Med Inform Assoc., 13(1), 1623. https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M1749.Background</p><p></p><p>Oluwtayo, J. (2012). Validity and reliability issues in educational research. Journal of Education and Social Research, 391400.</p><p></p><p>Oxford, R., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework. Modern Language Journal, 78, 1228.</p><p></p><p>Ozcelik, E., Cagiltay, N. E., & Ozcelik, N. S. (2013). The effect of uncertainty on learning in game-like environments. Computers and Education, 67, 1220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.02.009</p><p></p><p>Paradis, E., OBrien, B., Nimmon, L., Bandiera, G., & Martimianakis, M. A. T. (2016). Design: Selection of Data Collection Methods. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 8(2), 263264. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-16-00098.1</p><p></p><p>Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed). Sage.</p><p></p><p>Pearson, B. Z., Conner, T., & Jackson, J. E. (2013). Removing obstacles for African American English-speaking children through greater understanding of language difference. In Developmental psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028248</p><p></p><p>Pembentukkan Badan Koordinasi Sertifikasi Profesi - BKSP. (2006).</p><p></p><p>Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (1990). PP Nomor 28 Tahun 1990 tentang Pendidikan Dasar. 121.</p><p></p><p>Pennock-Speck, B. and C. G.-S. (2007). Online Reading Comprehension in English</p><p>for Spanish University Students: Student and Teacher Strategies. In Proceedings of the 30th Internationa l AEDEAN Conference, Ed. by Mara Losada Friend, Pilar Ron Vaz, Sonia Hernndez Santano & Jorge Casanova. Huel.</p><p></p><p>Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Republik Indonesia Nomor 22. (2006). 148.</p><p></p><p>Podolskij, A. I. (2012). Zone of Proximal Development. Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, January 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6</p><p></p><p>Pourhosein Gilakjani, A. (2011). Visual, Auditory, Kinaesthetic Learning Styles and Their Impacts on English Language Teaching. Journal of Studies in Education, 2(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.5296/jse.v2i1.1007</p><p></p><p>Raptou, V. (2001). Using Information Gap Activities in the Second language classroom. Canadian Association of Second Language Teachers. http://www.caslt.org/</p><p></p><p>Razaghi, M., Bagheri, M. S., & Yamini, M. (2019). The impact of cognitive scaffolding on Iranian EFL learners speaking skill. International Journal of Instruction, 12(4), 95112. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.1247a</p><p></p><p>Robin, B. R. (2008). Digital storytelling: A powerful technology tool for the 21st century classroom. Theory into practice. The Ohio State University.</p><p>Robin, B. R. (2008). Digital storytelling: a powerful technology tool for the 21st century classroom. Theory into pract (pp. 220228).</p><p></p><p>Robin, B. R. (2016). The power of digital storytelling to support teaching and learning. Digital Education Review, 30, 1729. https://doi.org/10.1344/der.2016.30.17-29</p><p></p><p>Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in Thinking: Cognitive Development in Social Context. In Korean Journal of Medical Education (1st ed., Vol. 21, Issue 2). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2009.21.2.197</p><p></p><p>Ropi, I. (2017). Religion and Regulation in. UIN Jakarta. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2827-4</p><p></p><p>Rositari, I. (2017). The Use of Digital Storytelling To Improve Students Speaking Skills in Retelling Story the Use of Digital Storytelling To Improve Students Speaking Skills in Retelling Story.</p><p></p><p>Rossiter, M., & Garcia, P. A. (2010). Digital storytellng a new player on the narrative field. New Directions for adult and continuing education (pp. 3748).</p><p></p><p>Rossman, G. B., & Wilson, B. L. (1985). Numbers and words: Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in a Single Large-Scale Evaluation Study. Evaluation Review, 9(5), 627643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X8500900505</p><p></p><p>Rusdiningsih. (2012). a Study on the Techniques for Teaching Speaking To the Second Year Students of Smp N 1 Trangkil School of Teacher Training and Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta a Study on the Techniques for Teaching Speaking To the Second Year Students of Sm.</p><p></p><p>Sadik, A. (2008). Digital storytelling: A meaningful technology-integrated approach for engaged student learning. In Educational Technology Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-008-9091-8</p><p></p><p>Saeed, K. M., Khaksari, M., Eng, L. S., & Ghani, A. M. A. (2016). The Role of Learner-learner Interaction in the Development of Speaking Skills. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0602.03</p><p></p><p>Samantaray, P. (2014). Use of Story Telling Method to Develop Spoken English Skill. International Journal of Language & Linguistics.</p><p>Sarudin, I. H., Zubairi, A. M., & Ali, A. M. (2009). A Comparative Analysis of Engineering Students Problems in Speaking and Writing. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Teaching and Learning.</p><p></p><p>Schank, R. (1990). Tell me story. Scribner.</p><p></p><p>Schoonenboom, J., & Johnson, R. B. (2017). Wie man ein Mixed Methods-Forschungs-Design konstruiert. Kolner Zeitschrift Fur Soziologie Und Sozialpsychologie, 69, 107131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-017-0454-1</p><p></p><p>Scott, J. W. (2011). Storytelling. 50(1), 203209.</p><p></p><p>Scrivener, J. (2005). Learning Teaching (Second Edi). Macmillan Books for Teachers.</p><p></p><p>Sembiring, N., & Ginting, F. Y. A. (2019). Improving Students Speaking Achievement by Using Storytelling Technique. Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal. https://doi.org/10.33258/birle.v2i4.505</p><p></p><p>Shabani, K., Khatib, M., & Ebadi, S. (2010). Vygotskys Zone of Proximal Development: Instructional Implications and Teachers Professional Development. English Language Teaching, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v3n4p237</p><p></p><p>Sheskin, D. J., & Crc, H. (2004). Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures. Technometrics, 46(3), 369370. https://doi.org/10.1198/tech.2004.s209</p><p></p><p>Signes, C. G. (2010). Practical Uses Of Digital Storytelling. Universitat de Valencia, January 2010, 10. http://www.uv.es/gregoric/digitalstorytelling/DS_files/DST_15_ene_08_final.pdf</p><p></p><p>Sitorus, C. R. G. (2018). The Application of Storytelling: A Solution to Overcome the Students Speaking Problem. JET (Journal of English Teaching). https://doi.org/10.33541/jet.v4i1.786</p><p></p><p>Smagorinsky, P. (1995). The Social Construction of Data: Methodological Problems of Investigating Learning in the Zone of Proximal Development. In Review of Educational Research (Vol. 65, Issue 3, pp. 191212). https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543065003191</p><p></p><p>Smagorinsky, P. (2013). The development of social and practical concepts in learning to teach: A synthesis and extension of Vygotskys conception. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 2(4), 238248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2013.07.003</p><p></p><p>Smagorinsky, P. (2018). Deconflating the ZPD and instructional scaffolding: Retranslating and reconceiving the zone of proximal development as the zone of next development. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 16(October 2017), 7075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2017.10.009</p><p></p><p>Smagorinsky, P., Clayton, C. M., & Johnson, L. L. (2015). Distributed Scaffolding in a Service-Learning Course. Theory into Practice, 54(1), 7178. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2015.977665</p><p></p><p>Smeda, N., Dakich, E., & Sharda, N. (2014). The effectiveness of digital storytelling in the classrooms: a comprehensive study. Smart Learning Environments, 1(1), 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-014-0006-3</p><p></p><p>Stone, C. A. (1998). Its Utility for the Field of. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31(4), 344365. http://web.a.ebscohost.com.proxy.worc.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=3cc4fd83-3209-4134-9c8e-c85c64b81859@sessionmgr4005&vid=1&hid=4206</p><p></p><p>Strand, P. S., Pula, K., Parks, C. D., & Cerna, S. (2011). Shyness-anxiousness and receptive language skills development in Spanish- and English-speaking preschoolers. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2011.06.002</p><p></p><p>Sullivan, G. M., & Artino, A. R. (2013). Analyzing and Interpreting Data From Likert-Type Scales. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 5(4), 541542. https://doi.org/10.4300/jgme-5-4-18</p><p></p><p>Sung, Y. T., Chang, K. E., & Liu, T. C. (2016). The effects of integrating mobile devices with teaching and learning on students learning performance: A meta-analysis and research synthesis. Computers and Education, 94, 252275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.11.008</p><p></p><p>Swan, M. (2018). The Practice of English Language Teaching, 5th edition. In ELT Journal (Vol. 72, Issue 1, pp. 105108). https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccx060</p><p></p><p></p><p>Swee, S., & Connie, H. (2017). Teachers and Students Perceptions of Storytelling as a Language Teaching and Learning Resource.</p><p></p><p>Tabalajun, B. S. (2002). The Indonesian legal system: An overview. Law Library Resource Exchange (LLRX). http://www.llrx.com/features/indonesia.htm</p><p></p><p>Taherdoost, H. (2016). Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument ; How to Test the Validation of a Questionnaire / Survey in a Research Hamed Taherdoost To cite this version : HAL Id : hal-02546799 Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument ; How to Test the. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 5(3), 2836.</p><p></p><p>Teijilingen Van, E. R. (2001). The importance of conducting and reporting pilot stuides the example of the scottiesh British Survey. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 289295.</p><p></p><p>Tessmer, M. (1993). Planning and conducting formative evaluations. Routledge.</p><p></p><p>Thorbury. (2005). How to teach speaking. Person Educational Limited.</p><p></p><p>Thornbury, S., & Scott, T. (2012). How to Teach Speaking - Scott Thornbury. In Journal of Education and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1093/eltj/cci025.</p><p></p><p>Tokoz-Goktepe, F. (2014). Speaking Problems of 9 th Grade High School Turkish Learners of L2 English and Possible Reasons for those Problems: Exploring the Teachers and Students Perspectives. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 18751879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.487</p><p></p><p>Tongco, M. D. C. (2007). Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 5, 147158. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.5.0.147-158</p><p></p><p>Torres-Velsquez, D. (2000). Sociocultural Theory. Remedial and Special Education, 21(2), 6669. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193250002100201</p><p></p><p>Tse, S. K., Chan, C., Kwong, S. M., & Li, H. (2002). Sex differences in syntactic development: Evidence from Cantonese-speaking preschoolers in Hong Kong. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(6), 509517. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000463</p><p>Tuff, K., & Tuff, T. (2012). Introduction to population demographics. Nature Education Knowledge, 3, 3.</p><p></p><p>Ugoni, A., & Walker, B. (1995). THE t TEST: An Introduction. 4.</p><p></p><p>Undang- Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. (1945). 105(3), 129133. https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:BDsuQOHoCi4J:https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/9138-ID-perlindungan-hukum-terhadap-anak-dari-konten-berbahaya-dalam-media-cetak-dan-ele.pdf+&cd=3&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id</p><p>Undang-Undang 1950 No.4 - Undang Undang Tentang Dasar Dasar Pendidikandan Pengadjaran Disekolah. (1950). 4. http://simpuh.kemenag.go.id/regulasi/uu_04_50.pdf</p><p></p><p>Underhill, E. (1993). Mysticism: The nature and development of spiritual consciousness (12th Ed). Oneworld Publication.</p><p></p><p>University of Arizona Military Reach. (2014). t -T ESTS A H OW -T O G UIDE. HOW-TO GUIDE-UNDERSTANDING t-TESTSA, The Arizon.</p><p></p><p>Ur, P. (2013). Language-teaching method revisited. ELT Journal, 67(4), 468474. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/cct041</p><p></p><p>Utami. (2016). Teori Konstruktivisme dan Teori Sosiokultural: Aplikasi dalam Pengajaran Bahasa Inggris. Prasi, 11(01), 411. https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/PRASI/article/download/10964/7022</p><p></p><p>UU RI Nomor 2 1989. (1989). 1, 17. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/46794/uu-no-2-tahun-1989</p><p></p><p>Vasileva, O., & Balyasnikova, N. (2019). (Re)introducing vygotskys thought: From historical overview to contemporary psychology. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(AUG). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01515</p><p></p><p>Venkatesh, V., & Brown, S. A. (2013). Guidelines for conducting mixed methods Research In Informations Systems. MIS Quarterly, X(X), 134.</p><p></p><p>Vlachopoulos, D., & Makri, A. (2017). The effect of games and simulations on higher education: a systematic literature review. In International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (Vol. 14, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-017-0062-1</p><p></p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. Harvard University Press.</p><p></p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. Harvard University Press.</p><p></p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society (E. Cole, M., Steiner, V.J., Scribner, S., Souberman (Ed.)). Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4244/EIJY14M06_06</p><p></p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). Thinking and speech. In R. W. Rieber & A. S. Carton (eds)., The collected works of L. S Vygotsky. Vol. 1. Problem of general psychology. Plenium.</p><p></p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1997). The Historical meaning of the crisis in psychology: A methodological investigation. In the collected works of L. S. Vygotsky. Vol.3 Problem of the history of psychology (pp. 233-344). R.W. Rieber & J. Wollock. Plenium.</p><p></p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1999). Vygotsky s Sociocultural Theory. Education Psychology for Learning, 2007, 26925. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4065-5</p><p></p><p>Wales, J & Clarke, P. (2013). Learning Citizenship Practical Teaching Strategies for Secondary Schools (Issue 9). RoutledgeFalmer Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004</p><p></p><p>Waller, R. T. (2015). Supporting personal narrative for school children with communication disorders.</p><p></p><p>Walqui, A. (2006). Scaffolding instruction for english language learners: A conceptual framework. In International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050608668639</p><p></p><p>Walshe, C., Ewing, G., & Griffiths, J. (2012). Using observation as a data collection method to help understand patient and professional roles and actions in palliative care settings. Palliative Medicine, 26(8), 10481054. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216311432897</p><p></p><p>Ware, P.D and Kramsch, C. (2005). Toward an intercultural stance: Teaching German and English through telecollaboration. The Modern Language Journal, 2(89), 190205.</p><p></p><p>Wells, G. (1999). Dialogic inquiry: Towards a sociocultural practice and theory of education. Cambridge University Press.</p><p></p><p>Wertsch, J. V. (1985). Vygotsky and the Social Formation of Mind. United States of America.</p><p></p><p>Wertsch, J. V. (1991). Voices of mind: A sociocultural approach to madiated action. Harvard University Press.</p><p></p><p>White, H., & Sabarwal, S. (2014). Quasi-Experimental Design and Methods. 8.</p><p></p><p>Wood, D. (1998). NoHow Children think and learn: the social contexts of cognitive development. (2nd ed) Title. Blackwell.</p><p></p><p>Worms, J., & Touati, S. (2017). Parametric and Non-Parametric Statistics for Program Performance Analysis and Comparison. https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01286112v3</p><p></p><p>Wright, A. (1990). Pictures for language learning. Cambridge University Press.</p><p></p><p>Wright, S., OBrien, B. C., Nimmon, L., Law, M., & Mylopoulos, M. (2016). Research Design Considerations. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 8(1), 9798. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-15-00566.1</p><p></p><p>Wright, T. (1987). Roles of teachers & learners. Oxford University Press.</p><p></p><p>Zare-Behtash, E., Saed, A., & Sajjadi, F. (2016). The effect of storytelling technique on speaking ability of female iranian intermediate EFL learners. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.5n.1p.209</p><p></p><p>Zipes, J. (2004). Speaking Out: Storytelling and Creative Drama for Children. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 53, Issue 9). Rotledge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004</p><p></p><p>Zuhriyah, M. (2017). Storytelling to improve students speaking skill. English Educational: Jurnal Tadris Bahasa Inggris, 10(1), 119134.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p> |