Kesan latihan kalistenik dan latihan kalistenik gabungan aerobik terhadap parameter obesiti dalam kalangan pelajar perempuan yang mengalami masalah obesiti di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris

<p>Kajian ini dijalankan untuk melihat kesan latihan kalistenik dan gabungan aerobik terhadap</p><p>parameter obesiti, psikologikal dan kecergasan dalam kalangan pelajar obes di Universiti</p><p>Pendidikan Sultan Idris. Reka bentu...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Sakinah Mohd Hassan
Format: thesis
Language:zsm
Published: 2022
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9993
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:9993
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language zsm
topic GV Recreation Leisure
spellingShingle GV Recreation Leisure
Sakinah Mohd Hassan
Kesan latihan kalistenik dan latihan kalistenik gabungan aerobik terhadap parameter obesiti dalam kalangan pelajar perempuan yang mengalami masalah obesiti di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
description <p>Kajian ini dijalankan untuk melihat kesan latihan kalistenik dan gabungan aerobik terhadap</p><p>parameter obesiti, psikologikal dan kecergasan dalam kalangan pelajar obes di Universiti</p><p>Pendidikan Sultan Idris. Reka bentuk pra dan pasca experimental digunakan, dimana</p><p>kedua-dua kumpulan eksperimen melakukan intervensi program latihan selama 12 minggu,</p><p>manakala kumpulan kawalan tidak diberikan sebarang program. Dua puluh lapan orang</p><p>pelajar perempuan (umur; 20 hingga 30 tahun) dengan mempunyai BMI lebih daripada 30</p><p>kg/m terlibat dalam kajian dan dibahagikan kepada 3 kumpulan iaitu kumpulan KAW</p><p>(n=9), kumpulan K (n=9) dan kumpulan KA (n=10). Parameter kajian adalah komposisi</p><p>tubuh (indeks jisim tubuh, peratusan lemak dan nisbah pinggang pinggul), glukosa dan</p><p>lipid profile (High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), dan</p><p>triglycerides) serta jumlah kolesterol. Parameter psikologikal adalah menggunakan Borang</p><p>soal selidik Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), Task and Ego Orientation</p><p>Questionnaire (TEOSQ) dan Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) manakala ujian kecergasan</p><p>melibatkan ujian bleep, bangkit tubi satu minit dan jangkauan melunjur dan semua</p><p>parameter diukur pada ujian pra dan pasca program latihan. Hasil multivariat analisis</p><p>variance (MANOVA) menunjukkan terdapat interaksi yang signifikan antara kumpulan</p><p>eksperimen berbanding kumpulan kawalan bagi komposisi tubuh, glukosa, triglycerides,</p><p>keseronokan, orientasi matlamat (tugasan dan ego), kemurungan, keletihan, semangat,</p><p>ujian bleep dan bangkit tubi satu minit. Keputusan analisis post-hoc bagi kedua-dua</p><p>kumpulan eksperimental menunjukkan nilai komposisi tubuh, glukosa, triglycerides,</p><p>kemurungan dan keletihan adalah lebih rendah berbanding kumpulan kawalan manakala</p><p>bagi kumpulan eksperimental menunjukkan nilai semangat, keseronokan, orientasi</p><p>matlamat, skor ujian bleep dan bangkit tubi satu minit lebih tinggi berbanding kumpulan</p><p>kawalan. Selain itu, terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara kumpulan eksperimen bagi</p><p>parameter nisbah pinggang pinggul, bangkit tubi satu minit, ujian bleep, orientasi matlamat</p><p>(tugasan), kemurungan, keletihan dan semangat. Kesimpulannya, program latihan</p><p>kalistenik dan gabungan aerobik selama 12 minggu adalah berkesan untuk menurunkan</p><p>komposisi badan dan perubahan pada aspek psikologi serta meningkatkan tahap</p><p>kecergasan bagi pelajar perempuan yang obes.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Sakinah Mohd Hassan
author_facet Sakinah Mohd Hassan
author_sort Sakinah Mohd Hassan
title Kesan latihan kalistenik dan latihan kalistenik gabungan aerobik terhadap parameter obesiti dalam kalangan pelajar perempuan yang mengalami masalah obesiti di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
title_short Kesan latihan kalistenik dan latihan kalistenik gabungan aerobik terhadap parameter obesiti dalam kalangan pelajar perempuan yang mengalami masalah obesiti di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
title_full Kesan latihan kalistenik dan latihan kalistenik gabungan aerobik terhadap parameter obesiti dalam kalangan pelajar perempuan yang mengalami masalah obesiti di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
title_fullStr Kesan latihan kalistenik dan latihan kalistenik gabungan aerobik terhadap parameter obesiti dalam kalangan pelajar perempuan yang mengalami masalah obesiti di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
title_full_unstemmed Kesan latihan kalistenik dan latihan kalistenik gabungan aerobik terhadap parameter obesiti dalam kalangan pelajar perempuan yang mengalami masalah obesiti di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
title_sort kesan latihan kalistenik dan latihan kalistenik gabungan aerobik terhadap parameter obesiti dalam kalangan pelajar perempuan yang mengalami masalah obesiti di universiti pendidikan sultan idris
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan
publishDate 2022
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9993
_version_ 1804890534237437952
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:99932024-04-03 Kesan latihan kalistenik dan latihan kalistenik gabungan aerobik terhadap parameter obesiti dalam kalangan pelajar perempuan yang mengalami masalah obesiti di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris 2022 Sakinah Mohd Hassan GV Recreation Leisure <p>Kajian ini dijalankan untuk melihat kesan latihan kalistenik dan gabungan aerobik terhadap</p><p>parameter obesiti, psikologikal dan kecergasan dalam kalangan pelajar obes di Universiti</p><p>Pendidikan Sultan Idris. Reka bentuk pra dan pasca experimental digunakan, dimana</p><p>kedua-dua kumpulan eksperimen melakukan intervensi program latihan selama 12 minggu,</p><p>manakala kumpulan kawalan tidak diberikan sebarang program. Dua puluh lapan orang</p><p>pelajar perempuan (umur; 20 hingga 30 tahun) dengan mempunyai BMI lebih daripada 30</p><p>kg/m terlibat dalam kajian dan dibahagikan kepada 3 kumpulan iaitu kumpulan KAW</p><p>(n=9), kumpulan K (n=9) dan kumpulan KA (n=10). Parameter kajian adalah komposisi</p><p>tubuh (indeks jisim tubuh, peratusan lemak dan nisbah pinggang pinggul), glukosa dan</p><p>lipid profile (High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), dan</p><p>triglycerides) serta jumlah kolesterol. Parameter psikologikal adalah menggunakan Borang</p><p>soal selidik Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), Task and Ego Orientation</p><p>Questionnaire (TEOSQ) dan Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) manakala ujian kecergasan</p><p>melibatkan ujian bleep, bangkit tubi satu minit dan jangkauan melunjur dan semua</p><p>parameter diukur pada ujian pra dan pasca program latihan. Hasil multivariat analisis</p><p>variance (MANOVA) menunjukkan terdapat interaksi yang signifikan antara kumpulan</p><p>eksperimen berbanding kumpulan kawalan bagi komposisi tubuh, glukosa, triglycerides,</p><p>keseronokan, orientasi matlamat (tugasan dan ego), kemurungan, keletihan, semangat,</p><p>ujian bleep dan bangkit tubi satu minit. Keputusan analisis post-hoc bagi kedua-dua</p><p>kumpulan eksperimental menunjukkan nilai komposisi tubuh, glukosa, triglycerides,</p><p>kemurungan dan keletihan adalah lebih rendah berbanding kumpulan kawalan manakala</p><p>bagi kumpulan eksperimental menunjukkan nilai semangat, keseronokan, orientasi</p><p>matlamat, skor ujian bleep dan bangkit tubi satu minit lebih tinggi berbanding kumpulan</p><p>kawalan. Selain itu, terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara kumpulan eksperimen bagi</p><p>parameter nisbah pinggang pinggul, bangkit tubi satu minit, ujian bleep, orientasi matlamat</p><p>(tugasan), kemurungan, keletihan dan semangat. Kesimpulannya, program latihan</p><p>kalistenik dan gabungan aerobik selama 12 minggu adalah berkesan untuk menurunkan</p><p>komposisi badan dan perubahan pada aspek psikologi serta meningkatkan tahap</p><p>kecergasan bagi pelajar perempuan yang obes.</p> 2022 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9993 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9993 text zsm closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan <p>Ahmad Hashim (2014) Panduan analisis data secara efisien, DuBook Press Sdn.Bhd</p><p></p><p>Ahmad Hashim (2015) Pengujian dan penilaian pendidikan jasmani, DuBook Press Sdn.Bhd</p><p></p><p>Ali Ozkan, Bayrak Ariburun, Isler, A. K. (2007). Relationship of Body Composition, Anaerobic Performance and Isokinetic Knee Strength in American Football Players. Poster Presentations, Physiological Testing of Football Players. Journal of Sport Science and Medicine.Suppl. 10: 127. </p><p>Allender, S., Peto, V., Scarborough, P., Boxer, A., & Rayner, M. (2006) Diet Physical activity and obesity statistics. 2006, British Heart Foundation & Stroke Association, Oxford, England.</p><p></p><p>Al Saif, A., & Alsenany, S. (2015). Aerobic and anaerobic exercise training in obese adults. Journal of physical therapy science, 27(6), 1697-1700.</p><p></p><p>American College of Sports Medicine (2011) Position stand on physical activity and weight loss. Media web</p><p></p><p>Andrade, A., Bevilacqua, G. G., Coimbra, D. R., Pereira, F. S., & Brandt, R. (2016). Sleep quality, mood and performance: a study of elite Brazilian volleyball athletes. Journal of sports science & medicine, 15(4), 601.</p><p></p><p>Aydin, T., Taspinar, ., Sariyildiz, M. A., Gneser, M., Keskin, Y., Canbaz, N., ... & Eris, A. H. (2016). Evaluation of the effectiveness of home based or hospital based calisthenic exercises in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation, 29(4), 723-730.</p><p></p><p>Bakhshalipour, V., Azizi, B., & Sareshkeh, S. K. (2018). The effect of a period of 8-weeks of aerobic exercise training program on some components of sleep subjective quality, weight, and BMI in non-active elderly women with type 2 diabetes. Biology of Exercise, 14(1).</p><p></p><p>Bartholomew, J. B., Morrison, D., & Ciccolo, J. T. (2005). Effects of acute exercise on mood and well-being in patients with major depressive disorder. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 37(12), 2032.</p><p></p><p>Belay, M. A., Reddy, R. C., & Syam Babu, M. (2013). The effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on obese adults, Northwest Ethiopia. Research Journal of Recent Sciences ISSN, 2277, 2502.</p><p></p><p>Blair, S. N & Bouchard, C (2000). Physical activity and obesity: American College of Sport Medicine Consensus Conference. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 31, S497-S497</p><p></p><p>Blimenthal JA., Emery CF., Madden DJ George IK. Coloman RE and Riddle MW (2001) Cardiovascular and behavioral effect of aerobic exercise training in health older man and women. J Gerontol.44:147-157,2001</p><p></p><p>Berger, A. K., Fratiglioni, L., Forsell, Y., Winblad, B., & Bckman, L. (1999). The occurrence of depressive symptoms in the preclinical phase of AD A population- based study. Neurology, 53(9), 1998-1998.</p><p></p><p>Berger, B. G, Pargman D, Weinberg. R. S, (2007) Foundations of Exercise Psychology, 2nd edition. Morgantown: Fitness Information Technology</p><p></p><p>Baccouche, M. A., Arous, I., Sellami, H., Trabelsi, K., Masmoudi, L., & Elloumi, A. (2013). Effect of Physical Training on Anthropometric Parameters and Cognitive Performance in Obese Adolescents,International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, Volume 2 Issue, April. 2013, PP.55-62</p><p></p><p>Ball, K., Burton, N. W., & Brown, W. J. (2009). A prospective study of overweight, physical activity, and depressive symptoms in young women.Articles Behavior</p><p>and Psychology, Obesity, 17(1), 66-71.</p><p></p><p>Beedie, C. J., Terry, P. C., & Lane, A. M. (2000). The profile of mood states and athletic performance: Two meta-analyses. Journal of applied sport psychology, 12(1), 49- 68.</p><p></p><p>Bigaard, J., Frederiksen, K., Tjnneland, A., Thomsen, B. L., Overvad, K., Heitmann, B. L., &Srensen, T. I. A. (2005). Waist circumference and body composition in relation to all-cause mortality in middle-aged men and women. International journal of obesity, 29(7), 778-784</p><p></p><p>Bjerkeset, O., Romundstad, P., Evans, J., & Gunnell, D.(2007). Association of adult</p><p>body mass index and height with anxiety, depression, and suicide in the general population: the HUNT study.American journal of epidemiology, 167(2), 193-202.</p><p></p><p>Boecker H, Sprenger T, Spilker ME, Henriksen G, Koppenhoefer M, Wagner KJ, Valet M, Berthele A, Tolle TR (2008). The runner's high: opioidergic mechanisms in the human brain. Cerebral Cortex, Volume 18, Issue 11, 1 November 2008, Pages 25232531</p><p></p><p>Brog G (1998) Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales, Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics</p><p></p><p>Buntat, Yahya and Mohd Mokhtar, Mohd Rozikin (2010) Persepsi Pelajar Kolej Tuanku Canselor Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Terhadap Pengaruh Amalan Pemakanan, Amalan Riadah, Amalan Pengurusan Masa Dan Amalan Persekitaran Terhadap Berat Badan. pp. 1-9. (thesis yang tidak diterbitkan)</p><p></p><p>Burgos, M. S., Reuter, C. P., Possuelo, L. G., Valim, A. R. D. M., Renner, J. D. P., Tornquist, L., ... & Gaya, A. R. (2015). Obesity parameters as predictors of early development of cardiometabolic risk factors. Science & Collective Health, 20 (8): 2381-2388.</p><p></p><p>Bhurosy, T., & Jeewon, R. (2014). Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: a problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status? The Scientific World Journal, 2014.</p><p></p><p>Caro, J. F., Sinha, M. K., Kolaczynski, J. W., Zhang, P. L., & Considine, R. V. (1996). Leptin: the tale of an obesity gene. Diabetes, 45(11), 1455-1463.</p><p></p><p>Chao, C. Y., Shih, C. C., Wang, C. J., Wu, J. S., Lu, F. H., Chang, C. J., & Yang, Y. C. (2014). Low socioeconomic status may increase the risk of central obesity in incoming university students in Taiwan. Obesity research & clinical practice, 8(3), e212-e219.</p><p></p><p>Clark, A. V. (2005).-Psychology of moods. Nova Publishers</p><p></p><p>Corbin dan Linsay (1994). Adult Fitness Programs: Planning, Designing, Managing and Improving Fitness Programs. USA: Scott, Foresman and Company</p><p></p><p>Colakoglu, F. F. (2008). The effect of callisthenic exercise on physical fitness values of sedentary women. Science & Sports, 23(6), 306-309.</p><p></p><p>Ebbeling. C.B. Pawlak,D.B., dab Ludwig, D. S. (2002) Childhood obesity: Public-health crisis, common sense cure.The lance. 360(9331), 473-482</p><p></p><p>De Wit, L. M., Van Straten, A., Van Herten, M., Penninx, B. W., & Cuijpers, P. (2009) Depression and body mass index, a u-shaped association. BMC public health, (1),14.</p><p></p><p>Derya Ozer Kaya, Irem Duzgun, Gul Baltaci, Selma Karacan dan Filiz Colakoglu (2012), Effects of calisthenics and pilates exercises on coordination and proprioception in adult women: a randomized controlled trial, Journal of sport rehabilitation 21</p><p>(3), 235-243.</p><p></p><p>Dias, I., Farinatti, P., De Souza, M. G., Manhanini, D. P., Balthazar, E., Dantas, D. L., ... & Kraemer-Aguiar, L. G. (2015). Effects of resistance training on obese adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 47(12), 2636-44.</p><p></p><p>Dorgo, S., King, G. A., Candelaria, N., Bader, J. O., Brickey, G. D., & Adams, C. E. (2009).The effects of manual resistance training on fitness in adolescents. Journal of strength and conditioning research/ National Strength & Conditioning Association, 23(8), 2287.</p><p></p><p>Elmer, D. J., Laird, R. H., Barberio, M. D., & Pascoe, D. D. (2016). Inflammatory, lipid, and body composition responses to interval training or moderate aerobic training. European journal of applied physiology, 116(3), 601-609.</p><p></p><p>Evangelista, A. L., Evangelista, R. A. G. T., Machado, A. F., Rica, R. L., Miranda, J. M. Q., & Scala, C. V. T. (2017). Effects of high-intensity calisthenic training on mood and affective responses. J Exerc Physiol Online, 20(6), 15-23</p><p></p><p>Faigenbaum, A. D., Westcott, W. L., Micheli, L. J., Outerbridge, A. R., Long, C. J., LaRosa-Loud, R., & Zaichkowsky, L. D. (1996). The effects of strength training and detraining on children. Journal of strength and Conditioning Research, 10, 109-114.</p><p>Faigenbaum, A.D., Myer, G.D., (2010). Resistance training among young athletes: Safety, efficacy and injury prevention effects. Br. J. Sports Med. 44, 5663.</p><p></p><p>Faridah Abdul Rahman (2009) Obesiti dan gaya hidup murid perempuan sekolah rendah di negeri Kedah. Masters thesis, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris</p><p></p><p>Frank, M. B. & Michelle, W. (2010). Childhood obesity and adult morbidities. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 91 (5), 1499-1505.</p><p></p><p>Govindji, F., Hunter, F., Graimes, N., Marshall, J., More, J. & Wilcock, F. (2002). Food for Your Body. London: Readers Digest.</p><p></p><p>Godin, G., Deshamais, R., Valois, P., Lepage, P., Jobin, J., & Bradet, R. (1994). Differences in perceived barriers to exercise between high and low intenders: Observations among different populations. American Journal of Health Promotion, 8, 279-285.</p><p></p><p>Gupta, S., Ray, T. G., & Saha, I. (2009). Overweight, obesity and influence of stress on body weight among undergraduate medical students. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 34(3), 255.</p><p></p><p>Guerra, L. A., Dos Santos, L. R. A., Pereira, P. E., Lauria, V. T., De Lima, C., Evangelista, A. L., ... & Teixeira, C. V. L. S. (2019). A low-cost and time-efficient calisthenics strength training program improves fitness performance of children. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19, 58-62.</p><p></p><p>Gibson, C. D., Atalayer, D., Flancbaum, L., & Geliebter, A. (2012). Body adiposity index (BAI) correlates with BMI and body fat pre-and post-bariatric surgery but is not an adequate substitute for BMI in severely obese women. International journal of body composition research, 10(1), 9.</p><p></p><p>Hairul Anuar Hashim dan Asmadi Ishak (2017) Senaman Kalistenik. Buku Panduan Senaman untuk Kesihatan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.ms 70</p><p></p><p>Hamizah Basir (2016) separuh rakyat Malaysia obesiti, 2 Februari 2016 akhbar Sinar Online http://www.sinarharian.com.my/nasional/separuh-rakyat-malaysia-obesiti- 1.480847</p><p></p><p>Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, Willett WC; Manson; Stampfer; Colditz; Liu; Solomon; Willett (2001). "Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women". The New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (11): 790797. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010492. PMID 11556298.</p><p></p><p>Harrison G.G Hamide S (2009) Section IV: food and health: Overweight, obesity and related Diseases. In adequate food for all: Culture, science and technology of food in the 21th century.Taylor and francis group.</p><p></p><p>Huimin Yan, Antonio Prista, Sushant M. Ranadive, Albertino Damasceno, Paula Caupers, Jill A. Kanaley, Bo Fernhall, "Effect of Aerobic Training on Glucose Control and Blood Pressure in T2DDM East African Males", International Scholarly Research Notices, vol. 2014, Article ID 864897, 6 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/864897</p><p></p><p>Kaya, D. O., Duzgun, I., Baltaci, G., Karacan, S., & Colakoglu, F. (2012). Effects of calisthenics and pilates exercises on coordination and proprioception in adult women: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 21(3), 235- 243.</p><p></p><p>Kelley, G. A., Kelley, K. S., & Franklin, B. (2006). Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in patients with cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, 26(3), 131.</p><p></p><p>Kliszczewicz, B., McKenzie, M., & Nickerson, B. (2019). Physiological adaptations following a four-week of high-intensity functional training. Vojnosanitetski pregled, 76(3), 272-277.</p><p></p><p>Kim, J. I. (2016). Predictors of weight control behavior according to college students' BMI, perception of body shape, obesity stress, and self-esteem. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 17(6), 438-448.</p><p></p><p>Johnston, E., Johnson, S., McLeod, P., & Johnston, M. (2004). The relation of body mass index to depressive symptoms. Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Sante'e Publique, 179-183.</p><p></p><p>Josefsson T, Lindwall M, Archer T (2014). "Physical exercise intervention in depressive disorders: meta-analysis and systematic review". Scand J Med Sci Sports. 24 (2): 259272. doi:10.1111/sms.12050. PMID 23362828.</p><p></p><p>Kang, S. J., Kim, J. H., Gang, Z., Yook, Y. S., Yoon, J. R., Ha, G. C., & Ko, K. J. (2018). Effects of 12-week circuit exercise program on obesity index, appetite regulating</p><p>hormones, and insulin resistance in middle-aged obese females. Journal of physical therapy science, 30(1), 169-173.</p><p></p><p>Kim, J. W., Ko, Y. C., Seo, T. B., & Kim, Y. P. (2018). Effect of circuit training on body composition, physical fitness, and metabolic syndrome risk factors in obese female college students. Journal of exercise rehabilitation, 14(3), 460.</p><p></p><p>Kylasov A, Gavrov S (2011). Diversity of Sport: non-destructive evaluation. Paris: UNESCO: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. pp. 462491. ISBN 978-5- 8931- 7227-0</p><p></p><p>Lane, A. M., & Terry, P. C. (2000). The nature of mood: Development of a conceptual model with a focus on depression. Journal of applied sport psychology, 12(1), 16- 33.</p><p></p><p>Lane, A. M., & Jarrett, H. (2005). Mood changes following golf among senior recreational players. Journal of sports science & medicine, 4(1), 47.</p><p></p><p>Lameiras, J., Almeida, P. L., & Garcia-Mas, A. (2014). Relationships between cooperation and goal orientation among male professional and semi-professional team athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 119(3), 851-860.</p><p></p><p>Lawrence, K.E., Shaw, I. & Shaw, B.S. (2014) Hemodynamic changes in normotensive overweight and obese individuals following home-based calisthenics training. January 2014. African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance Supplement (2):82-90</p><p></p><p>Lian, T. C., Bonn, G., Han, Y. S., Choo, Y. C., & Piau, W. C. (2016). Physical activity and its correlates among adults in Malaysia: a cross-sectional descriptive study. PLoS One, 11(6), e0157730</p><p></p><p>Luppino, F. S., de Wit, L. M., Bouvy, P. F., Stijnen, T., Cuijpers, P., Penninx, B. W., & Zitman, F. G. (2010). Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Archives of general psychiatry, 67(3), 220-229</p><p></p><p>Luo, J., & Zheng, B. (2019). Effect of yoga combined with aerobic exercise intervention on morphological and blood lipid indicators in female college students. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness.</p><p></p><p>Lesinski, M., Prieske, O., & Granacher, U. (2016). Effects and doseresponse relationships of resistance training on physical performance in youth athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med, 50(13), 781-795.</p><p></p><p>Lpez, A. A., Cespedes, M. L., Vicente, T., Tomas, M., Bennasar-Veny, M., Tauler, P., & Aguilo, A. (2012). Body adiposity index utilization in a Spanish Mediterranean population: comparison with the body mass index. PloS one, 7(4), e35281.</p><p></p><p>Lowry, R., Galuska, D. A., Fulton, J. E., Wechsler, H., Kann, L., & Collins, J. L. (2000). Physical activity, food choice, and weight management goals and practices among US college students. American journal of preventive medicine, 18(1), 18-27.</p><p></p><p>Manna, I., Khanna, G. L., & Dhara, P. C. (2011). Effect of Training on Anthropometric, Physiological, and Health-Related Variables of Indian Senior Elite Volleyball Players. Asian Journal of Exercise & Sports Science, 8(1).</p><p></p><p>Maillard, F., Pereira, B., & Boisseau, N. (2018). Effect of high-intensity interval training on total, abdominal and visceral fat mass: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(2), 269-288.</p><p></p><p>Mayer. (2002). http://www.fitnessterminology.com.</p><p></p><p>Merrigan G and Huston CL, (2004) Communication research method: California: Wadsworth.</p><p></p><p>McInnis, K.J., Franklin, B.A., & Rippe, J.M. (2003). Counseling for physical activity in overweight and obese patients.American Family Physician, 67, 1249-1256.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Azlan Abdullah dan Noraziah Ali (2011). Amalan pemakanan dalam kalangan pelajar universiti dan implikasinya terhadap pembelajaran. Jurnal Personalia Pelajar, (14), 59-68.</p><p></p><p>Mosher, P. E., Ferguson, M. A., & Arnold, R. O. (2005). Lipid and lipoprotein changes in premenstrual women following step aerobic dance training. International journal of sports medicine, 26(08), 669-674.</p><p></p><p>Mura, G., Moro, M. F., Patten, S. B., & Carta, M. G. (2014). Exercise as an add-on strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review. CNS spectrums, 19(6), 496-508.</p><p></p><p>Nadzatul Hidayah (2009) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi obesity dikalangan penduduk</p><p>Kota Samarahan yang berumur awal 20 an . Universiti malaysia Sarawak.</p><p></p><p>Nagy, T. R., Gower, B. A., Trowbridge, C. A., Dezenberg, C., Shewchuk, R. M., & Goran, M. I. (1997). Effects of gender, ethnicity, body composition, and fat distribution on serum leptin concentrations in children. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 82(7), 2148-2152.</p><p></p><p>Natalie Digate Muth (2009) Health and Fitness Expert, American Council on exercise, https://www.acefitness.org/education-and-resources/lifestyle/blog/112/what-are- the-guidelines-for-percentage-of-body-fat-loss</p><p></p><p>Nieman, D. C., Brock, D. W., Butterworth, D., Utter, A. C., & Nieman, C. C. (2002). Reducing diet and/or exercise training decreases the lipid and lipoprotein risk factors of moderately obese women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 21(4), 344-350.</p><p></p><p>Nor Kumala Awang (2007) Gaya hidup sihat perlu keseimbangan rohani dan jasmani</p><p></p><p>Odlaug, B. L., Lust, K., Wimmelmann, C. L., Chamberlain, S. R., Mortensen, E. L., Derbyshire, K., ... & Grant, J. E. (2015). Prevalence and correlates of being overweight or obese in college. Psychiatry research, 227(1), 58-64</p><p></p><p>Petry, N. M., Barry, D., Pietrzak, R. H., & Wagner, J. A. (2008). Overweight and obesity are associated with psychiatric disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychosomatic medicine, 70(3), 288- 297.</p><p>Peltzer, K., Pengpid, S., Samuels, T., zcan, N., Mantilla, C., Rahamefy, O., & Gasparishvili, A. (2014). Prevalence of overweight/obesity and its associated factors among university students from 22 countries. International journal of environmental research and public health, 11(7), 7425-7441.</p><p></p><p>Pilch, W., Tota, L., Sadowska-Krepa, E., Piotrowska, A., Kepinska, M., Palka, T., & Maszczyk, A. (2017). The effect of a 12-week health training program on selected anthropometric and biochemical variables in middle-aged women. BioMed research international.</p><p></p><p>Poh, B. K., Safiah, M. Y., Tahir, A., Siti Haslinda, N., Siti Norazlin, N., Norimah, A. K., & Fatimah, S. (2010). Physical Activity Pattern and Energy Expenditure of Malaysian Adults: Findings from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS). Malaysian Journal of nutrition, 16(1).</p><p></p><p>Raglin, J. S., Koceja, D. M., Stager, J. M., & Harms, C. A. (1996). Mood, neuromuscular function, and performance during training in female swimmers. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 28(3), 372-377.</p><p></p><p>Ranjbar E, Memari AH, Hafizi S, Shayestehfar M, Mirfazeli FS, Eshghi MA (June 2015). "Depression and Exercise: A Clinical Review and Management Guideline". Asian J. Sports Med. 6 (2): e24055. doi:10.5812/asjsm.6(2)2015.24055. PMC 4592762. PMID 26448838.</p><p></p><p>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Curtis J, Ward PB (2014). "Physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta- analysis". J Clin Psychiatry. 75 (9): 964974. doi:10.4088/JCP.13r08765. PMID 24813261.</p><p></p><p>Rosenbaum, M., Nicolson, M., Hirsch, J., Murphy, E., Chu, F., & Leibel, R. L. (1997). Effects of weight change on plasma leptin concentrations and energy expenditure. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 82(11), 3647-3654.</p><p>.</p><p>Salleh, R. M., Shahar, S., & Arshad, F. (2007). Abdominal obesity increased breast cancer risk. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 5(2), 17-28.</p><p></p><p>Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Richards J, Ward PB, Stubbs B (July 2016). Exercise improves physical and psychological quality of life in people with depression: A meta-analysis including the evaluation of control group response. Psychiatry Res. 241: 4754.</p><p></p><p>Schneider, R., Harrington, M., & Tobar, D. (2017). Goal orientation and how a task or ego mentality can affect the enjoyment for college hockey players. College Student Journal, 51(1), 57-62.</p><p></p><p>Shaw, I., Lawrence, K.E., Shaw, B.S. & Toriola, A.L. (2013). Influence of Callisthenic Training on Anthropometry in Overweight and Obese Individuals. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance. November (Supplement 1), 211-219</p><p></p><p>Segal. D. G,. dan sanchez. J.c (2001) Childhood obesity in year The 2001 Andocrinologist, 11(4), 296-306</p><p></p><p>Seo, Y. G., Noh, H. M., & Kim, S. Y. (2019). Weight loss effects of circuit training interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 20(11), 1642-1650.</p><p>Shenbagavalli, A., & Mary, R. D. (2008). Effect of aerobic training on body mass index on sedentary obese men. Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, 4(2), 125.</p><p>Sporer, B. C., & Wenger, H. A. (2003). Effects of aerobic exercise on strength performance following various periods of recovery. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(4), 638-644.</p><p></p><p>Strasser, B., & Schobersberger, W. (2010). Evidence for resistance training as a treatment therapy in obesity. Journal of obesity, 2011.</p><p></p><p>Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC; Hu; Manson; Rimm; Willett (2000). "Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Women through Diet and Lifestyle". New England Journal of Medicine. 343 (1): 1622. doi:10.1056/NEJM200007063430103. PMID 10882764.</p><p></p><p>Thayer, R. E., Newman, J. R., & McClain, T. M. (1994). Self-regulation of mood: Strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy, and reducing tension. Journal of personality and social psychology, 67(5), 910.</p><p></p><p>Thomas, E., Bianco, A., Mancuso, E. P., Patti, A., Tabacchi, G., Paoli, A., & Palma, A. (2017). The effects of a calisthenics training intervention on posture, strength and body composition. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 25(3), 215-222.</p><p></p><p>Umamaheswari, K., Dhanalakshmi, Y., Karthik, S., John, N. A., & Sultana, R. (2017). Effect of Exercise Intensity on Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Individuals. J Physiol Pharmacol, 58-64.</p><p></p><p>Veerendra, K. M., & Jayabal, T. (2012). Effects of Concurrent Aerobic and Calisthenic Exercises on Physical Fitness Components of Middle Aged Obese Men's. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 1(3), 285-291. of personality and social psychology, 67(5), 910.</p><p></p><p>Villareal, D. T., Aguirre, L., Gurney, A. B., Waters, D. L., Sinacore, D. R., Colombo, E., & Qualls, C. (2017). Aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, in dieting obese older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(20), 1943-1955.</p><p></p><p>Wadden, T. A., & Stunkard, A. J. (Eds.). (2002). Handbook of obesity treatment. Guilford Press.pp 3 19.</p><p></p><p>Wang, Y., & Xu, D. (2017). Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins. Lipids in health and disease, 16(1), 132.</p><p></p><p>Wewege, M., Van Den Berg, R., Ward, R. E., & Keech, A. (2017). The effects of high- intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Obesity Reviews, 18(6), 635-646.</p><p></p><p>Weiss, M. R., Ferrer-Caja, E., & Horn, T. S. (2002). Advances in sport psychology.Moral development in sport and physical activity: theory, research, and intervention. Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Whelton, S. P., Chin, A., Xin, X., & He, J. (2002). Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Annals of internal medicine, 136(7), 493-503.</p><p></p><p>World Health Organization (WHO), (2012). Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) Analysis Guide; Retrieved from http://www.who.int/chp/steps/resource /GPAQ_Analysis_Guide.pdf. 2012.</p><p></p><p>Willis, L. H., Slentz, C. A., Bateman, L. A., Shields, A. T., Piner, L. W., Bales, C. W., ... & Kraus, W. E. (2012). Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults. Journal of applied physiology, 113(12), 1831-1837.</p><p></p><p>World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) Obesity and overweight http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/</p><p></p><p>Yaakub, N., Ariffin, N. M., & Rasyid, N. M. (2019). Perkaitan orientasi matlamat dan keseronokan dalam kalangan atlet hoki UPSI. Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 8(2), 28-41.</p><p></p><p>Zhao, G., Ford, E. S., Dhingra, S., Li, C., Strine, T. W., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009). Depression and anxiety among US adults: associations with body mass index. International journal of obesity, 33(2), 257.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>