Synthesis, characterization and optimization of chicken feather-based keratin biopolymers

Every year, large amounts of feather waste are generated from chicken meat consumption, posing a threat to environmental safety and human health. However, keratin protein found in chicken feathers can be used to make a variety of eco-friendly products, including biopolymers. As a result, they benefi...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Basma Yahya Muaydh, Ahmed Alashwal
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2022
Subjects:	TA Engineering (General) Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/37632/1/ir.Synthesis%2C%20characterization%20and%20optimization%20of%20chicken%20feather-based%20keratin%20biopolymers.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-ump-ir.37632
record_format	uketd_dc
spelling	my-ump-ir.376322023-09-18T01:38:51Z Synthesis, characterization and optimization of chicken feather-based keratin biopolymers 2022-08 Basma Yahya Muaydh, Ahmed Alashwal TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology Every year, large amounts of feather waste are generated from chicken meat consumption, posing a threat to environmental safety and human health. However, keratin protein found in chicken feathers can be used to make a variety of eco-friendly products, including biopolymers. As a result, they benefit the environment by reducing the uses of synthetic plastics. The current research aimed to clean the chicken feathers and extract the keratin protein for producing keratin-based biopolymer. Accordingly, two different cleaning agents were used to clean chicken feather waste in the pretreatment processes. Additionally, four parameters were chosen to optimize the keratin extraction process from cleaned chicken feathers using response surface methodology (RSM): reducing agent concentration (NaOH) (0.5–1.5N), temperature (45–75°C), mixing time (3–7 hr), and pH (10–13). On the other hand, the optimal conditions for the synthesis of biopolymers were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) with three selected parameters, including keratin concentration (3-6 g/ml), mixing temperature (55-65°C), and drying time (36- 60hr). The keratin/cellulose-based biopolymer (KC-60) were synthesized using the same conditions as the keratin-based biopolymer (K-60), and their properties were compared under specific characterization conditions, with (PVA) and glycerol serving as the study primary biopolymer and plasticizer. The result showed that the cleaning by detergent with bleaching agent help increase the keratin yield with high purity compared to detergent and bleaching. The optimal conditions for keratin extraction were 1N NaOH at 60°C temperature for 5 hours of mixing time, based on the error (%) of RSM modelling. The functional groups of extracted keratins were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the elements of keratin were quantified using EDX, the surface morphology of keratin was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the crystallinity of keratin protein was determined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Moreover, the model determined the optimal conditions for the best formation of the biopolymer using 6 g/ml keratin for 70 minutes of mixing time and 60 hours of drying time, resulting in a film with the highest actual value tensile strength 8.29 MPa and a sample accuracy error of 0.72 %. The FT-IR analysis of the K-60 and KC-60 biopolymer confirmed the presence of the keratin and microcrystalline cellulose functional groups. In comparison, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the surface morphology, while X-ray diffraction revealed the films' crystalline structure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the prepared biopolymer's robust crystalline structure. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of (K-60) and (KC-60) demonstrated that increasing the temperature increased the cross- linking efficiency of cellulose and keratin. Mechanical properties indicate that the K-60 sample exhibits momentous values of tensile strength and Young's modulus to 3.64 MPa and 1.4 MPa higher than the KC-60 sample. The degradations, moisture and solubility tests revealed that the K- 60 biopolymer was relatively higher than KC-60 with 10%, 6.4% and 9.6% and they broke at a specific period. The distinctive properties of keratin protein contribute to its efficacy in the synthesis of keratin-based biopolymers in laboratory and industry. 2022-08 Thesis http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/37632/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/37632/1/ir.Synthesis%2C%20characterization%20and%20optimization%20of%20chicken%20feather-based%20keratin%20biopolymers.pdf pdf en public phd doctoral Universiti Malaysia Pahang Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Arun, Gupta
institution	Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
collection	UMPSA Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Arun, Gupta
topic	TA Engineering (General) Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	TA Engineering (General) Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology Basma Yahya Muaydh, Ahmed Alashwal Synthesis, characterization and optimization of chicken feather-based keratin biopolymers
description	Every year, large amounts of feather waste are generated from chicken meat consumption, posing a threat to environmental safety and human health. However, keratin protein found in chicken feathers can be used to make a variety of eco-friendly products, including biopolymers. As a result, they benefit the environment by reducing the uses of synthetic plastics. The current research aimed to clean the chicken feathers and extract the keratin protein for producing keratin-based biopolymer. Accordingly, two different cleaning agents were used to clean chicken feather waste in the pretreatment processes. Additionally, four parameters were chosen to optimize the keratin extraction process from cleaned chicken feathers using response surface methodology (RSM): reducing agent concentration (NaOH) (0.5–1.5N), temperature (45–75°C), mixing time (3–7 hr), and pH (10–13). On the other hand, the optimal conditions for the synthesis of biopolymers were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) with three selected parameters, including keratin concentration (3-6 g/ml), mixing temperature (55-65°C), and drying time (36- 60hr). The keratin/cellulose-based biopolymer (KC-60) were synthesized using the same conditions as the keratin-based biopolymer (K-60), and their properties were compared under specific characterization conditions, with (PVA) and glycerol serving as the study primary biopolymer and plasticizer. The result showed that the cleaning by detergent with bleaching agent help increase the keratin yield with high purity compared to detergent and bleaching. The optimal conditions for keratin extraction were 1N NaOH at 60°C temperature for 5 hours of mixing time, based on the error (%) of RSM modelling. The functional groups of extracted keratins were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the elements of keratin were quantified using EDX, the surface morphology of keratin was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the crystallinity of keratin protein was determined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Moreover, the model determined the optimal conditions for the best formation of the biopolymer using 6 g/ml keratin for 70 minutes of mixing time and 60 hours of drying time, resulting in a film with the highest actual value tensile strength 8.29 MPa and a sample accuracy error of 0.72 %. The FT-IR analysis of the K-60 and KC-60 biopolymer confirmed the presence of the keratin and microcrystalline cellulose functional groups. In comparison, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the surface morphology, while X-ray diffraction revealed the films' crystalline structure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the prepared biopolymer's robust crystalline structure. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of (K-60) and (KC-60) demonstrated that increasing the temperature increased the cross- linking efficiency of cellulose and keratin. Mechanical properties indicate that the K-60 sample exhibits momentous values of tensile strength and Young's modulus to 3.64 MPa and 1.4 MPa higher than the KC-60 sample. The degradations, moisture and solubility tests revealed that the K- 60 biopolymer was relatively higher than KC-60 with 10%, 6.4% and 9.6% and they broke at a specific period. The distinctive properties of keratin protein contribute to its efficacy in the synthesis of keratin-based biopolymers in laboratory and industry.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Basma Yahya Muaydh, Ahmed Alashwal
author_facet	Basma Yahya Muaydh, Ahmed Alashwal
author_sort	Basma Yahya Muaydh, Ahmed Alashwal
title	Synthesis, characterization and optimization of chicken feather-based keratin biopolymers
title_short	Synthesis, characterization and optimization of chicken feather-based keratin biopolymers
title_full	Synthesis, characterization and optimization of chicken feather-based keratin biopolymers
title_fullStr	Synthesis, characterization and optimization of chicken feather-based keratin biopolymers
title_full_unstemmed	Synthesis, characterization and optimization of chicken feather-based keratin biopolymers
title_sort	synthesis, characterization and optimization of chicken feather-based keratin biopolymers
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Pahang
granting_department	Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology
publishDate	2022
url	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/37632/1/ir.Synthesis%2C%20characterization%20and%20optimization%20of%20chicken%20feather-based%20keratin%20biopolymers.pdf
_version_	1783732270360690688

Synthesis, characterization and optimization of chicken feather-based keratin biopolymers

Similar Items