Public awareness level and occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water with potential health risk in Kajang, Malaysia
The presence of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water has been a subject of concern and received growing attention from environmental and health agencies worldwide. This is because pharmaceutical residues can pose negative ecotoxicological risks from a long-term exposure. In addition, the mos...
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| 主要作者: | |
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| 格式: | Thesis |
| 語言: | English |
| 出版: |
2020
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| 主題: | |
| 在線閱讀: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/98170/1/FPSK%28m%29%202020%2039%20-%20IR.pdf |
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| 總結: | The presence of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water has been a subject
of concern and received growing attention from environmental and health
agencies worldwide. This is because pharmaceutical residues can pose negative
ecotoxicological risks from a long-term exposure. In addition, the most used
conventional drinking water treatment technology is ineffective for complete
removal of these pollutants. Currently there is rising on global spending for
medicine however the public awareness level on its disposal practice is less
explored in Malaysia. Objective: To study the public awareness level on drinking
water quality, occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water and
potential human health risks. Methodology: The study was conducted in
selected residential areas throughout Kajang. A set of modified questionnaire
was administered to the respondents to assess the public awareness level and
drinking water sample was taken to analyse the occurrence of pharmaceutical
residues. The drinking water samples were analysed using enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the potential human health risk were
calculated. Statistical analysis involved in this study were descriptive and
Spearman’s rho analysis. Spearman’s rho was to investigate the correlation
between knowledge, attitude and practice variables for drinking water quality and
pharmaceutical residues in drinking water. Results: In general, the Kajang
population posed poor knowledge for drinking water quality (71.91%) and
pharmaceutical residues in drinking water (78.65%), less positive attitude for
drinking water quality (88.76%) and pharmaceutical residues in drinking water
(94.38%) and poor practice for drinking water quality (58.43%) and
pharmaceutical residues in drinking water (69.66%). There was a moderate
positive correlation between attitude score for pharmaceutical residues in
drinking water and practice score for pharmaceutical residues in drinking water
(r =0.541, p=0.000). All the selected pharmaceuticals were presence in drinking
water samples from 0.001 to 0.667 ng/L. The highest concentration was denoted for ciprofloxacin (0.667 ng/L) while amoxicillin (0.001 ng/L) was the lowest.
Nevertheless, these reported concentrations were found to be lower than studies
conducted elsewhere. Besides, findings showed no adverse human health risk
effect (RQ<1) from the pharmaceutical residues exposure via drinking water.
Conclusion: This study has contributed to the extension of sparse information
on public awareness level towards drinking water quality and pharmaceutical
residues in drinking water in Malaysia, particularly for Kajang population. In
addition, output of this study has provided information to fulfil the knowledge gap
in pharmaceutical residues occurrence in drinking water and the potential human
health risk. Besides, findings from this study can provide guideline to decision
makers and authorities to improve current existing drinking water risk
management and regulations related with emerging pollutants in Malaysia. |
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