Examining individual, job and perceived organizational climate factors in relation to the knowledge sharing behavior

This study examined the direct relationship between individual capabilities, career advancement, personal values, job characteristics, perceived organizational climate and knowledge- sharing behavior. The study also investigated the moderating effect of subjective norms on the relationship between i...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Balozi, Mohamed Abbasi
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2017
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7210/1/s94777_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7210/2/s94777_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7210
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Othman, Siti Zubaidah
Mohd Isa, Mohd Faizal
topic HD28-70 Management
Industrial Management
spellingShingle HD28-70 Management
Industrial Management
Balozi, Mohamed Abbasi
Examining individual, job and perceived organizational climate factors in relation to the knowledge sharing behavior
description This study examined the direct relationship between individual capabilities, career advancement, personal values, job characteristics, perceived organizational climate and knowledge- sharing behavior. The study also investigated the moderating effect of subjective norms on the relationship between individual capabilities, career advancement, personal values, job characteristics, perceived organizational climate and knowledge- sharing behavior. A total of 650 questionnaires were personally distributed to respondents from five Tanzanian public hospitals (Muhimbili National Hospital, Ligula Referral Hospital, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Sekou Toure Reginal Hospital Mwanza and Mbeya Referral Hospital) after permission was granted by the hospital management. Out of the 650 questionnaires distributed, 476 questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 73%. However, only 439 questionnaires were usable for final analysis. The hypotheses for direct and moderating effects were tested using Smart PLS. The findings of the PLS path model indicated that individual capabilities, career advancement, personal values, and perceived organizational climate are significantly and positively related to knowledge- sharing behavior. Regarding the subjective norms as a moderator in the relationship between exogenous latent variables and the endogenous latent variable, subjective norms were found to moderate the relationship between individual capabilities, job characteristics, perceived organizational climate and knowledge- sharing behavior. The research results reported in this study suggest the need to enhance individual capabilities, career advancement, personal values, and perceived organizational climate as a way of encouraging knowledge- sharing behavior among the healthcare professionals. Apart from that, the hospital management also needs to consider the role of subjective norms when planning to enhance healthcare professionals’ knowledge- sharing behavior, especially when involving individual capabilities, job characteristics and perceived organizational climate.
format Thesis
qualification_name other
qualification_level Doctorate
author Balozi, Mohamed Abbasi
author_facet Balozi, Mohamed Abbasi
author_sort Balozi, Mohamed Abbasi
title Examining individual, job and perceived organizational climate factors in relation to the knowledge sharing behavior
title_short Examining individual, job and perceived organizational climate factors in relation to the knowledge sharing behavior
title_full Examining individual, job and perceived organizational climate factors in relation to the knowledge sharing behavior
title_fullStr Examining individual, job and perceived organizational climate factors in relation to the knowledge sharing behavior
title_full_unstemmed Examining individual, job and perceived organizational climate factors in relation to the knowledge sharing behavior
title_sort examining individual, job and perceived organizational climate factors in relation to the knowledge sharing behavior
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2017
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7210/1/s94777_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7210/2/s94777_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828173783957504
spelling my-uum-etd.72102021-05-02T03:17:30Z Examining individual, job and perceived organizational climate factors in relation to the knowledge sharing behavior 2017 Balozi, Mohamed Abbasi Othman, Siti Zubaidah Mohd Isa, Mohd Faizal School of Business Management School of Business Management HD28-70 Management. Industrial Management This study examined the direct relationship between individual capabilities, career advancement, personal values, job characteristics, perceived organizational climate and knowledge- sharing behavior. The study also investigated the moderating effect of subjective norms on the relationship between individual capabilities, career advancement, personal values, job characteristics, perceived organizational climate and knowledge- sharing behavior. A total of 650 questionnaires were personally distributed to respondents from five Tanzanian public hospitals (Muhimbili National Hospital, Ligula Referral Hospital, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Sekou Toure Reginal Hospital Mwanza and Mbeya Referral Hospital) after permission was granted by the hospital management. Out of the 650 questionnaires distributed, 476 questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 73%. However, only 439 questionnaires were usable for final analysis. The hypotheses for direct and moderating effects were tested using Smart PLS. The findings of the PLS path model indicated that individual capabilities, career advancement, personal values, and perceived organizational climate are significantly and positively related to knowledge- sharing behavior. Regarding the subjective norms as a moderator in the relationship between exogenous latent variables and the endogenous latent variable, subjective norms were found to moderate the relationship between individual capabilities, job characteristics, perceived organizational climate and knowledge- sharing behavior. The research results reported in this study suggest the need to enhance individual capabilities, career advancement, personal values, and perceived organizational climate as a way of encouraging knowledge- sharing behavior among the healthcare professionals. Apart from that, the hospital management also needs to consider the role of subjective norms when planning to enhance healthcare professionals’ knowledge- sharing behavior, especially when involving individual capabilities, job characteristics and perceived organizational climate. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7210/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7210/1/s94777_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7210/2/s94777_02.pdf text eng public other doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abidi, S. (2007). Healthcare knowledge sharing: Purpose, practices, and prospects. Healthcare Knowledge Management, 6, 67–86. Abidi, S. S. R. (2001). Knowledge management in healthcare: Towards knowledge-driven decision-support services. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 63, 5–18. Abidi, S. S. R., Cheah, Y. N., & Curran, J. (2005). A knowledge creation info-structure to acquire and crystallize the tacit knowledge of health-care experts. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 9(2), 193–204. http://doi.org/10.1109/TITB.2005.847188 Abzari, M., Barzaki, A. S., & Abbasi, R. (2011). Knowledge sharing behavior: Organizational reputation or losing organizational power case study: Employees of agricultural bank in Fars state. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(17), 144–149. Adler, P. (2003). Learning from hospitals: An introduction. California Management: Review, 4(2), 6–11. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1993). Probing the effects of individual components in multiple component prevention programs. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21(5), 571–605. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00942173 Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. http://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Ajzen, I. (2002). Constructing a TPB questionnaire: Conceptual and methodological considerations. Available at: Http://people.umass.edu/aizen/pdf/tpb. measurement.pdf, 19(7), 1–14. http://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22759 Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Akashah, E. P., Rizal, S. R., & Hafiz, M. A. (2011). Knowledge sharing platform framework using case based reasoning. In 2011 International Conference on Information and Intelligent Computing (Vol. 18, pp. 76–80). Singapore: IACSIT Press, Singapore Knowledge. Akhavan, P., Rahimi, A., & Mehralian, G. (2013). Developing a model for knowledge sharing in research centers. VINE: The Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 43(3), 357–393. http://doi.org/10.1108/VINE-06-2012-0020 Akter, S., Ambra, J. D., & Ray, P. (2010). A hierarchical model of trustworthiness in health information services: Model development and validation using Partial Least Squares (PLS). Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(1), 100–116. http://doi.org/10.1002/asi Aktharsha, S. U., Ali, D. S., & Anisa, H. (2012). Knowledge sharing behavior in hospitals. The Journal of Contemporary Management Research, 6(2), 33–51. Aktharsha, S. U., & Anisa, H. (2012). Knowledge sharing: Nursing ambience. Journal of Indian Management, 9(2), 13–26. Aktharsha, U. S., Anisa, H., & Ali, S. D. (2012). The usage behavior of knowledge management system in hospitals. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(2), 1–24. Aktharsha, U. S., & Sengottuvel, A. (2016). Knowledge sharing behavior and innovation capability: HRM practices in hospitals. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 1(3), 118–131. Al-Alawi, A. I., Al-Marzooqi, N. Y., & Mohammed, Y. F. (2007). Organizational culture and knowledge sharing: Critical success factors. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(2), 22–42. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710738898 Al-Zu’bi, H. A. (2011). Organizational citizenship behavior and impacts on knowledge sharing: An empirical study. International Business Research, 4(3), 221–228. http://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v4n3p221 Alam, S., Abdullah, Z., Ishak, N., & Zain, Z. (2009). Assessing knowledge sharing behavior among employees in SMEs: An empirical study. International Business Research, 2(2), 115–122. Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. (2001). Review knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues. MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 107–136. Ali, I., Ali, J. F., & Raza, S. H. (2011). Determinants of public sector Employee’s performance in Pakistan. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, 5(3), 23–29. Alwis, S. R., & Hartmann, E. (2008). The use of tacit knowledge within innovative companies: Knowledge management in innovative enterprises. Journal of Knowledge Management, 12(1), 133–147. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270810852449 Amayah, A. T. (2013). Determinants of knowledge sharing in a public-sector organization. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(3), 454–471. http://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2012-0369 Arahman, M. S., Osmangani, A. M., Daud, N. M., Chowdhury, A. H., & Hassan, H. H. (2015). Trust and workplace spirituality on knowledge sharing behavior. The Learning Organization, 22(6), 317–332. Araújo, E., & Maeda, A. (2013). How to recruit and retain health workers in rural and remote areas in developing countries: A guidance note (No. 78506). Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Argote, L. (2012). Organizational learning: Creating, retaining and transferring knowledge. London: Kluwer Academic Publisher. Argote, L., McEvily, B., & Reagans, R. (2003). Managing knowledge organizations: An integrative framework and review of emerging themes. Management Science, 49(4), 571–582. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), 396–402. http://doi.org/10.2307/3150783 Auh, S., & Menguc, B. (2013). Knowledge sharing behaviors of industrial salespeople: An integration of economic, social psychological, and sociological perspectives. European Journal of Marketing, 47(8), 1333–1355. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090561311324354 Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327 Barker, R. (2015). Management of knowledge creation and sharing to create virtual knowledge- sharing communities: A tracking study. Journal of Knowledge Management, 19(2), 334–350. http://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-06-2014-0229 Barnett, V., & Lewis, T. (1994). Outliers in statistical data (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–82. Benard, R. (2013). Knowledge management & e-Learning understanding the knowledge sharing process among rural communities in Tanzania: a review of selected. Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 5(2), 205–217. Bender, S., & Fish, A. (2000). The transfer of knowledge and the retention of expertise: The continuing need for global assignments. Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(2), 125–137. Bhatt, G. D. (2001). Knowledge management in organizations: Examining the interaction between technologies, techniques, and people. Journal of Knowledge Management, 5(1), 68–75. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270110384419 Bijttebier, P., Delva, D., Vanoost, S., Bobbaers, H., Lauwers, P., & Vertommen, H. (2000). Reliability and validity of the critical care family needs inventory in a Dutch-speaking Belgian sample. Heart and Lung: Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 29(4), 278–286. http://doi.org/10.1067/mhl.2000.107918 Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley & Sons. Blolad, P., Simone, P., Burkholder, B., Slutsker, L., & De Cock, K. M. (2012). Perspectives in global health the role of public health institutions in global health system strengthening efforts: The US CDC’ s perspective. PLOS Medicine, 9(4), 1–5. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001199 Bock, G.-W., Kankanhalli, A., & Sharma, S. (2006). Are norms enough? The role of collaborative norms in promoting organizational knowledge seeking. European Journal of Information Systems, 15(4), 357–367. http://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000630 Bock, G.-W., Lee, J.-N., Zmud, R. W., & Kim, Y.-G. (2005). Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the role of extrinsic motivators. social-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 87–111. Bock, G., & Kim, Y. (2001). Breaking the myths of rewards: An exploratory study of attitudes about knowledge sharing. Information Resources Management Journal, 15(4), 1–14. Boer, D., & Fischer, R. (2013). How and when do personal values guide our attitudes and sociality? Explaining cross-cultural variability in attitude-value linkages. Psychological Bulletin, 139(5), 1113–1147. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0031347 Boh, W. F., & Wong, S. (2013). Organizational climate and perceived manager effectiveness: Influencing perceived usefulness of knowledge sharing mechanisms. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14(3), 122–152. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equation modeling with latent variables (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. Bontis, N., & Serenko, A. (2007). The moderating role of human capital management practices on employee capabilities. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(3), 31–51. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710752090 Borenstein, M., Rothstein, H., & Cohen, J. (2003). Power and precision. Air Force Magazine, 86(6), 32–39. http://doi.org/10.1300/J407v15n04_06 Borgatti, S. P., & Cross, R. (2003). A relational view of information seeking and learning in social networks. Management Science, 49(4), 432–445. Borges, R. (2013). Tacit knowledge sharing between IT workers: The role of organizational culture, personality, and social environment. Management Research Review, 36(1), 89–108. http://doi.org/10.1108/01409171311284602 Bruin, J. (2006). Newtest: command to compute new test. Bryan, L., Garg, R., Ramji, S., Silverman, A., Tagar, E., & Ware, I. (2006). Investing in Tanzanian human resources for health. Bye, H. H., Sandal, G. M., van de Vijver, F. J. R., Sam, D. L., Cakar, N. D., & Franke, G. H. (2011). Personal values and intended self-presentation during job interviews: A cross-cultural comparison. Applied Psychology, 60(1), 160–182. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2010.00432 Cabrera, Á., Collins, W. C., & Salgado, J. F. (2006). Determinants of individual engagement in knowledge sharing. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(2), 245–264. http://doi.org/10.1080/09585190500404614 Caemeli, A., Gelbard, R., & Reiter-Palmon. (2013). Leadership, creative problem-solving capacity, and creative performance: The importance of knowledge sharing. Human Resource Management, 52(1), 95–122. http://doi.org/10.1002/hrm Cao, Y., & Xiang, Y. (2012). The impact of knowledge governance on knowledge sharing. Management Decision, 50(4), 591–610. http://doi.org/10.1108/00251741211220147 Carlsson, S., El Sawy, Eriksson, I., & Raven, A. (1996). Gaining competitive advantage through shared knowledge creation: In search of a new design theory for strategic information systems,in Dias Coelho, J., Jelassi, T., Ko ¨nig, W., Krcmar, H., Callaghan, R.O. and Sa¨ksjarvi, M. (Eds). In Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on information Systems (pp. 1067–1066). Lisbon. Cavaliere, V., & Lombardi, S. (2001). Organizational antecedents shaping knowledge sharing behaviors: Empirical evidence from innovative manufacturing sectors. In Academic Conferences (pp. 95–104). Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied business research: Qualitative and quantitative method. Australia: John Wiley & Sons. Chang, C.-W., Huang, H.-C., Chiang, C.-Y., Hsu, C.-P., & Chang, C.-C. (2012). Social capital and knowledge sharing: Effects on patient safety. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(8), 1793–1803. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05871.x Chatzoglou, P. D., & Vraimaki, E. (2009). Knowledge-sharing behaviour of bank employees in Greece. Business Process Management Journal, 15(2), 245–266. http://doi.org/10.1108/14637150910949470 Chen, C.-C. (2011). Factors affecting high school teachers’ knowledge-sharing behaviors. Social Behavior and Personality, 39(7), 993–1008. http://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.7.993 Chen, C.-S., Chang, S.-F., & Liu, C.-H. (2012). Understanding knowledge-sharing motivation, incentive mechanisms, and satisfaction in virtual communities. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 40(4), 639–647. http://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.4.639 Chen, C., & Chiu, S.-F. (2009). The mediating role of job involvement in the relationship between job characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(4), 474–494. Chen, S., Chang, S., Lin, H., & Chen, C. (2008). Post-SARS knowledge sharing and professional commitment in the nursing profession. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(5), 1738–1745. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02488.x Chen, S., Chuang, Y., & Chen, P. (2012). Knowledge-based systems behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of KMS quality, KMS self-efficacy, and organizational climate. Knowledge-Based Systems, 31(11), 106–118. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2012.02.001 Chen, Y.-S., & Hu, M.-C. (2008). The impact of task motivation and organizational innovative climate on adult education teachers’ creative teaching performance: An analysis of hierachical linear. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 40, 176–179. Cheng, C., & Chen, L. (2007). A study on the knowledge sharing of health technology for technological college students’ mobile learning. Internal Journal of Computer, 1(2), 15–20. Cheng, M., Ho, J., & Lau, P. (2009). Knowledge sharing in academic institutions: A study of Multimedia University Malaysia. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(3), 313–324. Cheng, M. Y. (2002). Socializing knowledge management: The influence of the opinion leader. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 3(3), 76–83. Chiang, H., Han, T.-S., & Chuang, J.-S. (2011). The relationship between high-commitment HRM and knowledge-sharing behavior and its mediators. International Journal of Manpower, 32(5/6), 604–622. http://doi.org/10.1108/01437721111158224 Chin, J., Henseler, & Wang, H. (2010). Perspectives on partial least squares vincenzo. Springer Handbooks. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8 Chin, W., Marcolin, B., & Newstead, P. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a monte carlo simulation study and voice mail emotion / adoption study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189–217. http://doi.org/10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018 Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Mahwah, New Jersey. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.010 Chiu, S., & Chen, H. (2005). Relationship between job characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediational role of job satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality, 33(6), 523–540. Cho, H., Chen, M., & Chung, S. (2010). Testing an integrative theoretical model of knowledge-sharing behavior in the context of Wikipedia. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(6), 1198–1212. http://doi.org/10.1002/asi Chong, X., & Pandya, K. V. (2003). Issues of knowledge management in public sector. Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(2), 25–33. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hillsdale, NJ. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Cohen %2C+J.+%281988%29.+Statistical+power+analysis+ for+the+behavioral+sciences.+Hillsdale%2C+NJ%3A +Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates.&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C5 &as_sdtp=#2 Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical power analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science (Wiley-Blackwell), 1(3), 98–101. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783 Connelly, C. E., Zweig, D., Webster, J., & Trougakos, J. P. (2012). Knowledge hiding in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 88(1), 64–88. http://doi.org/10.1002/job Cordano, M. (2000). Pollution reduction preferences environmental managers: Applying ajzen’s theory of planned behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 43(4), 627–641. Cropanzano, R. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900. http://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602 Currie, G., Finn, R., & Martin, G. (2007). Spanning boundaries in pursuit of effective knowledge sharing within networks in the NHS. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 21(4/5), 406–417. http://doi.org/10.1108/14777260710778934 Cyr, S., & Choo, C. W. (2010). The individual and social dynamics of knowledge sharing: An exploratory study. Journal of Documentation, 66(6), 824–846. http://doi.org/10.1108/00220411011087832 Davenport, B. T. H., Prusak, L., & Webber, A. (1998). Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. De Vries, R. B., Van Den Hooff, B., & De Ridder, J. (2006). Explaining knowledge sharing: The role of team communication styles, job satisfaction, and performance beliefs. Communication Research, 33(2), 115–135. http://doi.org/10.1177/0093650205285366 Demirel, Y., & Goc, K. (2013). The impact of organizational commitment on knowledge sharing. In Annual International Interdisciplinary Conference (pp. 24–26). Azores, Portugal. Dougherty, D. (1992). Interpretive barriers to successful product innovation in large firms. Organization Science, 3(2), 179–202. Dougherty, V. (1999). Knowledge is about people, not databases. Industrial and Commercial Training, 31(7), 262–266. http://doi.org/10.1108/00197859910301962 Drucker, P. F. (1969). The age of discontinuity: guidelines to our changing society. London: Heinemann. Duarte, P., & Raposo, M. (2010). A PLS model to study brand preference: An application to the mobile phone market. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler & H. Wang (Eds.). Handbook of Partial Least Squares, 449–485. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8 Dube, L., & Ngulube, P. (2012). Knowledge sharing in a multicultural environment: Challenges and opportunities. South Africa Journal Libs & Information Science, 78(1), 68–78. Edvardsson, I. R. (2008). HRM and knowledge management. Employee Relations, 30(5), 553–561. http://doi.org/10.1108/01425450810888303 Elinaza, A. (2014). China vows continued support despite brain drain. Daily News Paper. Elliott, A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2007). Statistical analysis: Quick reference guidebook with SPSS examples. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://srmo.sagepub.com/view/statistical-analysis-quick-reference-guidebook/SAGE.xml Endres, M. L., Endres, S. P., Chowdhury, S. K., & Alam, I. (2007). Tacit knowledge sharing, self-efficacy theory, and application to the open source community. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(3), 92–103. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710752135 Esmaeilzadeh, P., Sambasivan, M., Kumar, N., & Nezakati, H. (2013). The effect of knowledge sharing on technology acceptance among physicians. Global Advanced Research Journal of Engineering, Technology and Innovation, 2(2), 48–57. Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. Ohio: The University of Akron Press. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications. Finegan, J. (1994). The impact of personal values on judgments of ethical behavior in the workplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 13, 747–755. Firdaus, O. M., Uryadi, K. S., & Govindaraju, R. (2011). Medical knowledge sharing guideline. In 2011 Ninth International Conference on ICT and Knowledge Engineering Medical (pp. 22–26). Bandung, Indonesia. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Contemporary Sociology, 6(2), 244–245. Flynn, B. B., Sakakibara, S., Schroeder, R. G., Bates, K. A., & Flynn, E. J. (1990). Empirical research methods in operations management. Journal of Operations Management, 9(2), 250–284. http://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ 0272-6963(90)90098-X Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural models with unobservable variable and measurement. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), 1689–1699. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Foss, N. J., Minbaeva, D. B., Pedersen, T., & Reinholt, M. (2009). Encouraging knowledge sharing among employees: How job design matters. Human Resource Management, 48(6), 871–893. http://doi.org/10.1002/hrm Fullwood, R., Rowley, J., & Delbridge, R. (2013). Knowledge sharing amongst academics in UK universities. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(1), 123–136. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673271311300831 Gagne, M. (2009). A model of knowledge-sharing motivation. Human Resource Management, 48(4), 571–589. http://doi.org/10.1002/hrm Galletta, D. F., Mccoy, S., Marks, P. V, & Polak, P. (2003). What leads us to share valuable knowledge? An experimental study of the effects of managerial control, group identification, and social value orientation on knowledge-sharing behavior control group social value. In 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1–10). Hawaii. Gay, L., & Diehl, P. (1992). Research methods for business and management. London: Macmillan Publishing Company. Gebretsadik, T., Mirutse, G., Tadesse, K., & Terefe, W. (2014). Knowledge sharing practice and its associated factors of healthcare professionals of public hospitals, Mikelle, northern Ethiopia. American Journal of Health Research, 2(3), 241–246. http://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140205.14 Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effect model (London).: Oxford University Press. Geladi, P., & Kowalski, B. (1986). Partial least-squares regression: a tutorial. A Tutorial. Analytical Chimica Acta, 1–17. http://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(86)80028-9 Gera, R. (2012). Bridging the gap in knowledge transfer between academia and practitioners. International Journal of Educational Management, 26(3), 252–273. http://doi.org/10.1108/09513541211213336 Gibson, C. B., & Cohen, S. G. (2003). Knowledge sharing and shared understanding in virtual teams, the Jossey-Bass Business & Management Series. John willey & Sons. Gloet, M., & Berrell, M. (2003). The dual paradigm nature of knowledge management: Implications for achieving quality outcomes in human resource management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(1), 78–89. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270310463635 Goh, S. K., & Sandhu, M. S. (2013). Knowledge sharing among Malaysian academics: Influence of affective commitment and trust. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(1), 38–48. Goh, S., & Sandhu, M. (2013). Affiliation, reciprocal relationships and peer pressure in Knowledge sharing in public universities in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 9(7), 290–299. http://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n7p290 González-gonzález, A. I. (2007). Information needs and information-seeking behavior of primary care Physicians. The Annals of Family Medicine, 5(4), 345–352. http://doi.org/10.1370/afm.681.Jos Gotz, O., Liehr-Gobbers, K., & Krafft, M. (2010). Evaluation of structural equation models using the partial least squares (PLS) ppproach. In Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 171– 193). Heidelberg: Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8 Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161–178. Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. (2000). Knowledge managements social dimension: Lessons from nucor steel. Sloan Management Review, 42(1), 71–81. Gupta, B. (2012). The effect of expected benefit and perceived cost on employees’ knowledge sharing behavior: A study of IT employees in India. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 3(1), 8–20. Gupta, B., Samaria, P., & Sarda, P. (2012). Organizational commitment & psychological contract in knowledge sharing behavior. The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 47(4), 737–750. Gupta, K. S. (2008). A comparative analysis of knowledge sharing climate. Knowledge and Process Management, 15(3), 186–195. http://doi.org/10.1002/kpm Haas, D. F., & Deseran, F. A. (1981). Trust and symbolic exchange. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44(1), 3–13. Hackman, J. R., & Greg, R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159–170. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1974). The job diagnostic survey: An instrument for the diagnosis of jobs and the evaluation of job redesign projects. JSAC Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4(148), 1–14. Hair, J. F., Black, W.., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a Silver Bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. http://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202 Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1–2), 1–12. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001 Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414–433. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6 Hair, J., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London EC1Y 1: SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. Han, T.-S., Chiang, H.-H., & Chang, A. (2010). Employee participation in decision making, psychological ownership and knowledge sharing: Mediating role of organizational commitment in Taiwanese high-tech organizations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(12), 2218–2233. http://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.509625 Hansen, S., & Avital, M. (2005). Share and share alike: The social and technological influences on knowledge sharing behavior. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 5(1), 5–13. Hartog, J. (2001). On human capital and individual capabilities. Review of Income and Wealth, 47(4), 515–540. Hass, R. (1981). Effects of source characteristics on cognitive responses and persuasion. In RE. Petty, T.M. Ostrom, & T.e. Brock (Eds.). In Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 141–172). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Hassan, S., & Al-hakim, L. A. Y. (2011). The relationships among critical success factors of knowledge management, innovation and organizational performance: A conceptual framework. In International Conference on Management and Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 6, pp. 94–103). Bali, Indonesia: IACSIT Press. Hassandoust, F., Logeswaran, R., & Kazerouni, M. F. (2011). Behavioral factors influencing virtual knowledge sharing: Theory of reasoned action. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 3(2), 116–134. http://doi.org/10.1108/17581181111198665 Heirman, W., Walrave, M., & Ponnet, K. (2013). Predicting adolescents’ disclosure of personal information in exchange for commercial incentives: An application of an extended theory of planned behavior. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(2), 81–88. http://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0041 Henseler, J., & Fassott, G. (2010). Testing moderating effects in PLS path models: An illustration of available procedures. Handbook of Partial Least Squares. Berlin et al: Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8 Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 29(3), 318–319. http://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(92)90003-4 Henseler, J., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling. Computational Statistics, 28(2), 565–580. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00180-012-0317-1 Henttonen, K., Kianto, A., & Ritala, P. (2016). Knowledge sharing and individual work performance: An empirical study of a public-sector organization. Journal of Knowledge Management, 20(4), 749–768. http://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10-2015-0414 Hicks, R. C., Dattero, R., & Galup, S. D. (2007). A metaphor for knowledge management: Explicit islands in a tacit sea. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(1), 5–16. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710728204 Ho, L.-A. (2013). How system quality and incentive affect knowledge sharing. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 113(7), 1048–1063. http://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-01-2013-0015 Ho, L.-A., Kuo, T.-H., & Lin, B. (2012). How social identification and trust influence organizational online knowledge sharing. Internet Research, 22(1), 4–28. http://doi.org/10.1108/10662241211199942 Hooff, B. Van Den, & Ridder, J. A. De. (2004). Knowledge sharing in context: The influence of organizational commitment, communication climate and CMC use on knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(6), 117–130. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270410567675 Hsu, C., & Lin, J. (2008). Acceptance of blog usage: The roles of technology acceptance, social influence and knowledge sharing motivation. Information & Management, 45, 65–74. Huang, M.-C., Chiu, Y.-P., & Lu, T.-C. (2013a). Knowledge governance mechanisms and repatriate’s knowledge sharing: The mediating roles of motivation and opportunity. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(5), 677–694. http://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-01-2013-0048 Huang, M.-C., Chiu, Y.-P., & Lu, T.-C. (2013b). Knowledge governance mechanisms and repatriate’s knowledge sharing: The mediating roles of motivation and opportunity. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(5), 677–694. http://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-01-2013-0048 Huang, Q., Davison, R. M., & Gu, J. (2008). Impact of personal and cultural factors on knowledge sharing in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 25(3), 451–471. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-008-9095-2 Huang, Q., Davison, R. M., & Gu, J. (2011). The impact of trust, guanxi orientation and face on the intention of Chinese employees and managers to engage in peer-to-peer tacit and explicit knowledge sharing. Information Systems Journal, 21(6), 557–577. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2010.00361.x Hung, S.-Y., Chen, C. C., & Lee, W.-J. (2009). Moving hospitals toward e-learning adoption: An empirical investigation. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 22(3), 239–256. http://doi.org/10.1108/09534810910951041 Isika, N. U., Ismail, M. A., Fauzi, A., & Khan, A. (2013). Knowledge sharing behavior of postgraduate students in university of Malaya. The Electronic Library, 31(6), 713–726. http://doi.org/10.1108/EL-02-2012-0021 Ismail, M., & Yusof, Z. (2010). The impact of individual factors on knowledge sharing quality. Journal of Organizational Knowledge Management, 1–13. http://doi.org/10.5171/2010.327569 Jabr, N. H. (2007). Physicians attitudes towards knowledge transfer and sharing. An International Business Journal, 17(4), 218–260. http://doi.org/10.1108/10595420710844334 Jackson, J. M. (1987). Social impact theory: As social forces model of influence. Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Jackson, J. M., & Latané, B. (1981). All alone in front of all those people: Stage fright as a function of number and type of co-performers and audience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(1), 73–85. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.1.73 Janeiro, R. De, & Nelson, R. E. (2014). Leadership, personal values, and cultural context in Brazil, China, and the USA. Bar, Rio de Janeiro, 11(1), 47–63. Javernick-will, A., & Asce, A. M. (2012). Motivating knowledge sharing in engineering and construction organizations: Power of social motivations. Journal of Management in Engineering, 193–203. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479. 0000076. Jayawardhena, C. (2004). Personal values’ influence on e-shopping attitude and behaviour. Internet Research, 14(2), 127–138. http://doi.org/10.1108/10662240410530844 Jeon, S., Kim, Y.-G., & Koh, J. (2011). An integrative model for knowledge sharing in communities-of-practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(2), 251–269. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673271111119682 Jo, S. jun, & Joo, B.-K. (2011). Knowledge sharing: The influences of learning organization culture, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 18(3), 353–364. http://doi.org/10.1177/1548051811405208 Juma, A., Kangalawe, A. G., Dalrymple, E., & Kanyenda, T. (2012). Brain drain of the healthcare professionals in Tanzania. New York: Cornell University. Kakabadse, N. K., Kouzmin, A., & Kakabadse, A. (2001). From tacit knowledge to knowledge management: Leveraging invisible assets. Knowledge and Process Management, 8(3), 137–154. Kalipeni, E., Semu, L. L., Mbilizi, M. A., Clemens, M. A., & Pettersson, G. (2012). The brain drains of health care professionals from sub-Saharan Africa: A geographic perspective. Progress in Development Studies, 3(12), 153–171. Kanaan, R. (2013). The impact of knowledge sharing enablers on knowledge sharing capability: An empirical study on Jordanian telecommunication firms. European Scientific Journal, 9(22), 237–258. Kankanhalli, A., Tan, B. C. Y., & Wei, K. (2005). Knowledge contributing repositories: Knowledge to electronic an empirical investigation. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 113–143. Kankanhalli, A., Tanudidjaja, F., Sutanto, J., & Tan, B. C. (2003). The role of IT in successful knowledge management initiatives, communications of the ACM. Communications of the ACM, 46(9), 69–73. Kathiravelu, S. R., Abu Mansor, N. N., & Kenny, K. (2013). Factors influencing knowledge sharing behavior (KSB) among employees of public services in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 2(3), 107–119. Kelley, K., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Sample size for multiple regression: Obtaining regression coefficients that are accurate, not simply significant. Psychological Methods, 8(3), 305–321. http://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.8.3.305 Kenny, D. A., & Judd, C. M. (1984). Estimating the nonlinear and interactive effects of latent variables. Psychological Bulletin, 96(1), 201–210. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.96.1.201 Killingsworth, B., Xue, Y., & Liu, Y. (2016). Factors influencing knowledge sharing among global virtual teams. Team Performance Management, 22(5/6), 1352–759. Kim, T. T., & Lee, G. (2013). Hospitality employee knowledge-sharing behaviors in the relationship between goal orientations and service innovative behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 324–337. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.04.009 Kim, Y.-M., Newby-Bennet, D., & Song, H.-J. (2012). Knowledge sharing and institutionalism in the healthcare industry. Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(3), 480–494. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673271211238788 Kim, Y. W., & Ko, J. (2014). H R practices and knowledge sharing behavior: Focusing on the moderating effect of trust in supervisor. Public Personnel Management, 43(4), 586–607. Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38(30), 607–610. Krogh, G. Von, Kim, S., & Erden, Z. (2008). Fostering the knowledge-sharing behavior of customers in interorganizational healthcare communities. In IFIP International Conference on Network and Parallel Computing Fostering (pp. 432–439). http://doi.org/10.1109/NPC.2008.70 Kumar, C. N. (2012). Relationship of personal and organizational values with job satisfaction. Journal of Management Research, 12(2), 75–82. Kumar, N., & Rose, R. (2012). The impact of knowledge sharing and Islamic work ethic on innovation capability. Cross Cultural Management, 19(2), 142–165. Kumar, N., & Rose, R. C. (2012). The impact of knowledge sharing and Islamic work ethic on innovation capability. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 19(2), 142–165. http://doi.org/10.1108/13527601211219847 Kuo, T.-H. (2013). How expected benefit and trust influence knowledge sharing. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 113(4), 506–522. http://doi.org/10.1108/02635571311322766 Kwesigabo, G., Mwangu, M. A., Kakoko, D. C., Warriner, I., Mkony, C. A., Killewo, J., … Freeman, P. (2012). Tanzania’s health system and workforce crisis. Journal of Public Health Policy, 33(3), 535–544. http://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2012.55 Kwok, S., & Gao, S. (2005). Attitude towards knowledge sharing behavior. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46(2), 45–51. Lambert, D., & Harrington, T. (1990). Measuring nonresponse bias in customer service mail surveys. Journal of Business Logistics, 11(2), 5–25. Latane, B., & Nida, S. (1980). Social impact theory and group influence: Asocial engineering perspective. In P. B. Paulus (Ed.), psychology of group influence. Communication Research. Hills- dale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Retrieved from http://crx.sagepub.com.sci-hub.org/content/21/ 4/427.short Latane, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36(4), 1–14. http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.36.4.343 Lemmergaard, J. (2009). Reducing hospital-acquired infections through knowledge-sharing in work teams. Team Performance Management, 15(1/2), 63–77. http://doi.org/10.1108/13527590910937720 Lengnick-Hall, M. L., & Lengnick-Hall, C. A. (2003). Human resource management in the knowledge economy: New challenges, new roles, new capabilities. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Leppänen, A., Hopsu, L., Klemola, S., & Kuosma, E. (2008). Does multi-level intervention enhance work process knowledge? Journal of Workplace Learning, 20(6), 416–430. http://doi.org/10.1108/13665620810892085 Leshabari, M. T., Muhondwa, E. P. Y., Mwangu, M. A., & Mbembati, N. A. A. (2008). Motivation of health care workers in Tanzania: A case study of Muhimbili National Hospital. East African Journal of Public Health, 5(1), 32–37. http://doi.org/10.4314/eajph.v5i1.38974 Li, M., & Gao, F. (2003). Why Nonaka highlights tacit knowledge: Acritical review. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(4), 6–14. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270310492903 Li, Z., Zhu, T., & Luo, F. (2010). A study on the influence of organizational climate on knowledge-sharing behavior in IT enterprises. Journal of Computers, 5(4), 508–515. http://doi.org/10.4304/jcp.5.4.508-515 Liao, L.-F. (2008). Knowledge-sharing in R&D departments: A social power and social exchange theory perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(10), 1881–1895. http://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802324072 Liao, S.-H., Fei, W.-C., & Chen, C.-C.-C. (2007). Knowledge sharing, absorptive capacity, and innovation capability: An empirical study of Taiwan’s knowledge-intensive industries. Journal of Information Science, 33(3), 340–359. http://doi.org/10.1177/0165551506070739 Lin, C.-P. (2007). To share or not to share: Modeling knowledge sharing using exchange ideology as a moderator. Personnel Review, 36(3), 457–475. http://doi.org/10.1108/00483480710731374 Lin, C.-P. (2008). Clarifying the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviors, gender, and knowledge sharing in workplace organizations in Taiwan. Journal of Business and Psychology, 22(3), 241–250. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-008-9067-z Lin, H.-F. (2007). Knowledge sharing and firm innovation capability: An empirical study. International Journal of Manpower, 28(3/4), 315–332. http://doi.org/10.1108/01437720710755272 Lin, H.-F., & Lee, G.-G. (2004). Perceptions of senior managers toward knowledge-sharing behavior. Management Decision, 42(1), 108–125. http://doi.org/10.1108/00251740410510181 Lin, H., & Stead, W. (2009). Computational technology for effective healthcare: Immediate steps and strategic directions. Washington, DC: The National Academic Press. Lin, J. C.-C. (2007). Online stickiness: Its antecedents and effect on purchasing intention. Behavior & Information Technology, 26(6), 507–516. http://doi.org/10.1080/01449290600740843 Lin, Q., Lin, L., & Ye, D. (2015). Factors influencing knowledge-sharing behaviors and learning effect: A multilevel investigation. Social Behavior and Personality, 43(10), 1683–1698. Lindner, J. R., & Wingenbach, G. J. (2002). Communicating the handling of nonresponse error in Journal of Extension Research in Brief articles. Journal of Extension, 40(6), 1–5. Ling, C. W. (2009). Knowledge sharing in an American multinational company based in Malaysia. Journal of Workplace Learning, 21(2), 125–142. http://doi.org/10.1108/13665620910934825 Lipshitz, R., & Popper, M. (2000). Organizational learning in a hospital. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 36(3), 345–361. http://doi.org/10.1177/0021886300363005 Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing. Data. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Liu, C. C. (2008). The relationship between Machiavellianism and knowledge sharing willingness. Journal of Bus Psychology, 22, 233–240. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-008-9065-1 Liu, K.-L., Chang, C.-C., & Hu, I.-L. (2010). Exploring the effects of task characteristics on knowledge sharing in libraries. Library Review, 59(6), 455–468. http://doi.org/10.1108/00242531011053968 Liu, N.-C., & Liu, M.-S. (2011). Human resource practices and individual knowledge-sharing behavior – an empirical study for Taiwanese R&D professionals. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(4), 981–997. http://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.555138 Liu, W.-C., & Fang, C.-L. (2010). The effect of different motivation factors on knowledge-sharing willingness and behavior. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 38(6), 753–758. http://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.6.753 Lönnqvist, J., Verkasalo, M., Wichardt, P. C., & Walkowitz, G. (2013). Personal values and prosocial behaviour in strategic interactions: Distinguishing value expressive from value ambivalent behaviours. Journal of Social Psychology, 43(8), 554–569. Lu, L., Leung, K., & Koch, P. (2006). Managerial knowledge sharing: The role of individual, interpersonal, and organizational factors. Management and Organization Review, 2(1), 15–41. Lwehabura, M. J., & Stilwell, C. (2008). Information literacy in Tanzanian universities: Challenges and potential opportunities. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 40(3), 179–191. http://doi.org/10.1177/0961000608092553 Lwoga, E. T. (2011). Knowledge management approaches in managing agricultural indigenous and exogenous knowledge in Tanzania. Journal of Documentation, 67(3), 407–430. http://doi.org/10.1108/00220411111124523 Maestad, O. (2006). Human resources for health in Tanzania: Challenges, policy options and knowledge gaps. Bergen, Norway: Chr. Michelsen Institute. Marcus, B., & Schuler, H. (2002). Measuring counterproductivity: Development and initial validation of a German self‐report questionnaire. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(6), 18–35. http://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00191 Marks, B. Y. P., Polak, P., & Mccoy, S. (2008). Sharing knowledge: How managerial prompting, group identification, and social value orientation affect knowledge sharing behavior. Communication of the ACM, 51(2), 60–65. Markus, M. L. (2001). Toward a theory of knowledge reuse: types of knowledge reuse situations and factors in reuse success. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 57–93. Masa’deh, R., Tarhini, A., & Obeidat, B. Y. (2016). Knowledge sharing capability: A literature review. Journal of Business & Management, 1(1), 1–13. Mason, D., & Pauleen, D. J. (2003). Perceptions of knowledge management: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(4), 38–48. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270310492930 Mayo, A. (2000). The role of employee development in the growth of intellectual capital. Personnel Review, 29(4), 521–533. Mayr, S., Edgar, E., Buuchner, A., & Faul, F. (2007). A short tutorial of GPower. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 3(2), 51–59. Mboera, L. E. G., Senkoro, K. P., Mayala, B. K., & Shayo, E. H. (2007). Knowledge and health information communication in. East African Journal of Public Health, 4(1), 1–7. Mccrae, R. R., Kurtz, J. E., & Terracciano, A. (2011). Internal consistency, retest reliability, and their implications for personality scale validity. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 15(1), 28–50. http://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310366253.Internal McInerney, C. (2002). Knowledge management and the dynamic nature of knowledge. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 53(12), 1009–1018. http://doi.org/10.1002/asi.10109 McMillan, B., & Conner, M. (2003). Using the theory of planned behaviour to understand alcohol and tobacco use in students. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 8(3), 317–328. http://doi.org/10.1080/1354850031000135759 Menguc, B., Auh, S., & Kim, Y. C. (2011). Salespeople’s knowledge-sharing behaviors with coworkers outside the sales unit. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 31(2), 103–122. http://doi.org/10.2753/PSS0885-3134310201 Menon, T., & Pfeffer, J. (2003). Valuing internal explaining the vs. external knowledge: Preference for outsiders. Management Science, 49(4), 497–513. Metaxiotis, K., Ergazakis, K., & Psarras, J. (2005). Exploring the world of knowledge management: Agreements and disagreements in the academic practitioner community. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(2), 6–18. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270510590182 Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. (2008). Human resource for health strategic plan 2008 – 2013. Dar es Salaam. Retrieved from The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. (2013a). Human resource for health country profile 2012/2013. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. (2013b). Midterm analytical review of performance of the health sector strategic plan III 2009 –2015. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania: World Health Organization. Mogotsi, I. C., & Fletcher, L. (2011). Modelling the relationships between knowledge sharing, organisational citizenship, job satisfaction and organisational commitment among school teachers in Botswana. African Journal of Library, 21(1), 41–58. Mohammad, O., Samadhi, T. M. A. A., Govindaraju, R., & Suryadi, K. (2013). Knowledge sharing attempt of Doctors in teaching hospital using partial least squares (PLS) Analysis. In Proceeding of the 13th International Conference on QIR (Quality in Research (pp. 25–28). Molm, L. D., Takahashi, N., & Peterson, G. (2000). Risk and trust in social exchange: An experimental test of a classical proposition. American Journal of Sociology, 105(5), 1396–1427. Mrisho, M., Schellenberg, J. A., Mushi, A. K., Obrist, B., Mshinda, H., Tanner, M., & Schellenberg, D. (2007). Factors affecting home delivery in rural Tanzania. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(7), 862–872. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01855.x Mubyazi, G. M. (2004). The Tanzanian policy on health-care fee waivers and exemptions in practice as compared with other developing countries: Evidence from recent local studies and international literature. East Africa Journal of Public Health, 1(1), 1–10. Nadler, J., Thompson, L., & Boven, L. Van. (2003). Learning negotiation skills: Knowledge creation and four models transfer. Management Science, 49(4), 529–540. National Bureau of Statistics. (2013). 2012 Population and housing census: Population Distribution by administrative areas. National Bureau of Statistics. Nettle, D. (1999). Using social impact theory to simulate language change. Lingua, 108(2–3), 95–117. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3841(98)00046-1 Ngowi, H. P. (2009). Economic development and change in Tanzania since independence: The political leadership factor. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 3(4), 259–267. Nkembo, kristofa sosten, Koloseni, D., & Shimba, F. (2011). ICT and the education sector in Tanzania: Effectiveness of introducing and applying ICT in higher learning institutions in Tanzania: The case of ardhi university. Nonaka, I., & Noboru, K. (1998). The concept of building a foundation for knowledge creation. California Management Review, 40(3), 40–54. Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Noor, N. M. D., & Salim, J. (2011). Factors influencing employee knowledge sharing capabilities in electronic government agencies in Malaysia. International Journal of Computer Science, 8(4), 106–114. Norbert, G. L., & Lwoga, E. T. (2013). Information seeking behavior of physicians in Tanzania. Information Development, 29(2), 172–182. http://doi.org/10.1177/0266666912450449 Nordin, N. A., Daud, N., & Osman, W. U. K. N. (2012). Knowledge sharing behaviour among ademic staff at a public higher education institution in Malaysia. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, (12), 1–6. Nowak, A., Szamrej, J., & Latané, B. (1990). From private attitude to public opinion: A dynamic theory of social impact. Psychological Review, 97(3), 362–376. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.362 Okoroj, O. C., Velu, C., & Sekaran, C. (2014). Knowledge sharing strategies and knowledge sharing attitudes: Empirical evidence from ophthalmology hospital. International Journal of Global Education, 3(1), 1–14. Okoroji, O. C., Velu, C., & Sekaran, C. (2013). Exploring knowledge sharing among medical and non- medical staff: A case study of an ophthalmology hospital in Malaysia. African Journal of Business Management, 7(35), 3545–3558. http://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM2013.7151 Olomolaiye, A., & Egbu, C. (2005). The impact of human resource policies and practices on knowledge management in the construction industry. In Khosrowshahi, F (Ed.), 21st Annual ARCOM Conference, 7-9 September 2005, SOAS, University of London. Management, (Vol. 1, pp. 125–135). Glasgow: Association of Researchers in Construction Management. Omary, Z., Lupiana, D., Mtenzi, F., & Wu, B. (2010). Analysis of the challenges affecting e-healthcare adoption in developing countries: A case of Tanzania. International Journal of Information Studies, 2(1), 38–50. Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences, thousand Oaks. California: Sage Publication, Inc. Ozlati, S. (2013). Motivation, trust, leadership, and technology: Predictors of knowledge sharing behavior in the workplace. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 73. http://doi.org/10.5642/cguetd/56 Pallant, J. (2011). Survival manual a step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS (4th ed.). Australia: National Library of Australia. Park, H., Son, S., Lee, S., & Yun, S. (2009). Organizational justice and knowledge sharing. International Journal of Business Research, 9(4), 180–185. Payne, P. R. O., Mendonça, E. A., Johnson, S. B., & Starren, J. B. (2007). Conceptual knowledge acquisition in biomedicine: A methodological review. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 40(5), 582–602. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2007.03.005 Peterson, R. A., & Kim, Y. (2013). On the relationship between coefficient alpha and composite reliability. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(1), 194–198. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0030767 Pinto, D. C., Nique, W. M., Añaña, E. D. S., & Herter, M. M. (2011). Green consumer values: How do personal values influence environmentally responsible water consumption? International Journal of Consumer Studies, 35(2), 122–131. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2010.00962.x Polites, G. L., Roberts, N., & Thatcher, J. (2012). Conceptualizing models using multidimensional constructs: A review and guidelines for their use. European Journal of Information Systems, 21(1), 22–48. http://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2011.10 Porter, L. W., & E. E. L. (1968). Management attitudes and performance. home-wood: IL: Dorsey Press. Qizilbash, M. (2007). Social choice and individual capabilities. Politics, Philosophy & Economics, 6(2), 169–192. http://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X07077271 Quiqley, N. R., Tesluk, P. E., Locke, E. A., & Bartol, K. M. (2007). A multilevel investigation of the motivational mechanisms underlying knowledge sharing and performance. Organization Science, 18(1), 71–88. http://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1060.0223 Ramasamy, M., & Thamaraiselvan, N. (2011). Knowledge sharing and organizational citizenship behavior. Knowledge and Process Management, 18(4), 278–284. http://doi.org/10.1002/kpm Ramayah, T., Yeap, J. A. L., & Joshua, I. (2014). Assessing knowledge sharing among academics: A validation of the knowledge sharing behavior scale (KSBS). Evaluation Review, 38(2), 160–187. Rasli, A., Madjid, M. Z. A., & Asmi, A. (2004). Factors that influence implementation of knowledge management and information technology infrastructure to support project performance in the construction industry. International Business Management Conference. Rehman, M., & Mahmood, A. K. B. (2011). Review of factors affecting knowledge sharing behavior. In International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics IPEDR (Vol. 3, pp. 223–227). Hong Kong: IACSIT Press. Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 332–344. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2009.08.001 Riege, A. (2005). Three-dozen knowledge-sharing barriers managers must consider. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(3), 18–35. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270510602746 Rigdon, E. E., Schumacker, R. E., & Wothke, W. (1998). A comparative review of interaction and nonlinear modeling. Interaction and Nonlinear Effects in Structural Equation Modeling. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Ringersma, J. (2015). The role of institutional support and leadership behavior in enhancing pro- environmental behavior. Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. (2012). A critical look at the use of PLS-SEM. MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 36(1), 3–15. http://doi.org/10.3200/JOEB.79.4.213-216 Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Will, S. (2005). SmartPLS 2.0 beta. Hamburg.: University of Hamburg. Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human virtues. New York: Free Press. Rowley, J. (2000). From learning organization to knowledge entrepreneur from learning organization to knowledge entrepreneur. Knowledge Management, 4(1), 7–15. Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Ryu, S., Ho, S. H., & Han, I. (2003). Knowledge sharing behavior of physicians in hospital. Expert Systems with Applications, 25(1), 113–22. Saleh, S. D., & Wang, C. K. (1993). The management of innovation: Strategy, structure, and organizational climate. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 40(1), 14–21. http://doi.org/10.1109/17.206645 Salkind, N. J. (2003). Exploring research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Sattler, H., Volckner, F., Riediger, C., & Ringle, C. M. (2010). The impact of brand extension success drivers on brand extension price premiums. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 27(4), 319–328. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2010.08.005 Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universal psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3), 550–562. http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.53.3.550 Schwartz, S. H., Caprara, G. V., & Vecchione, M. (2010). Basic personal values, core political values, and voting: A longitudinal analysis. Political Psychology, 31(3), 421–452. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00764.x Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Davidov, E., Fischer, R., Beierlein, C., … Konty, M. (2012). Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 663–88. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0029393 Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (4th ed.). Carbondale: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran, U. (2013). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business. A skill building approach (5th ed.). UK: John willey. Selya, A. S., Rose, J. S., Dierker, L. C., Hedeker, D., & Mermelstein, R. J. (2012). A practical guide to calculating Cohen’s f 2, a measure of local effect size, from PROC MIXED. Frontiers in Psychology, 3(4), 1–6. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00111 Shadur, M. a., Kienzle, R., & Rodwell, J. J. (1999). The relationship between organizational climate and employee perceptions of involvement: The importance of support. Group & Organization Management, 24(4), 479–503. http://doi.org/10.1177/1059601199244005 Shaffique, M. (2016). An investigation of clinical knowledge management practices at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Retrieved from https://su-plus.strathmore.edu/handle/11071/2474%0Ahttp://su-plus.strathmore.edu/handle/ 11071/4587 Sharratt, M., & Usoro, A. (2003). Understanding knowledge-sharing in online communities of practice. Electronic Journal on Knowledge Management, 1(2), 187–196. Shiue, Y.-C., Chang, C.-C., Yang, S.-Y., & Chen, C.-A. (2010). Organizational knowledge transfer within multinational corporations. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 76–92. http://doi.org/10.1108/17561391011019032 Sirili, N., Kiwara, A., Nyongole, O., & Frumence, G. (2014). Addressing the human resource for health crisis in Tanzania: The lost in transition syndrome. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 16(2), 1–9. Skaik, H. (2014). Determinants of academics’ knowledge sharing behavior in United Arab Emirates Universities. Journal of Education and Vocational Research, 5(1), 1–12. So, J. C. F., & Bolloju, N. (2005). Explaining the intentions to share and reuse knowledge in the context of IT service operations. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(6), 30–41. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270510629945 Staples, D. S., & Webster, J. (2008a). Exploring the effects of trust, task interdependence and vitalness on knowledge sharing in teams. Information Systems Journal, 18(6), 617–640. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2007.00244.x Staples, D. S., & Webster, J. (2008b). Exploring the effects of trust, task interdependence and vitalness on knowledge sharing in teams. Information Systems Journal, 18(6), 617–640. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2007.00244.x Stenius, M., Hankonen, N., Haukkala, A., & Ravaja, N. (2015). Understanding knowledge sharing in the work context by applying a belief elicitation study. Journal of Knowledge Management, 19(3), 497–513. http://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-12-2014-0523 Sternberg, R. J., & Horvath, J. A. (1999). Tacit knowledge in professional practice: Researcher and practitioner perspectives. London: Mahwah, New Jersey. Su, Ta., Wang, Z., Lei, X., & Ye, T. (2013). Interaction between Chinese employees’ traditionality and leader-member exchange in relation to knowledge-sharing behaviors. Social Behavior and Personality, 41(7), 1071–1082. Su, Z., Ahlstrom, D., Li, J., & Cheng, D. (2013). Knowledge creation capability, absorptive capacity, and product innovativeness. R&D Management, 43(5), 473–485. http://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12033 Suar, D., & Khuntia, R. (2010). Influence of personal values and value congruence on unethical practices and work behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(3), 443–460. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0517-y Sun, W., Chou, C.-P., Stacy, A. W., Ma, H., Unger, J., & Gallaher, P. (2007). SAS and SPSS macros to calculate standardized Cronbach’s alpha using the upper bound of the phi coefficient for dichotomous items. Behavior Research Methods, 39(1), 71–81. http://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192845 Suppiah, V., & Sandhu, M. S. (2011). Organizational culture’s influence on tacit knowledge-sharing behaviour. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(3), 462–477. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673271111137439 Syed-Ikhsan, S. O. S. Bin, & Rowland, F. (2004). Benchmarking knowledge management in a public organization in Malaysia. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 11(3), 238–266. http://doi.org/10.1108/14635770410538745 Szogs, A., & Wilson, L. (2006). Effective knowledge sharing: The Tanzanian industrial research and development organization as mediator between the foreign and local sector. Knowledge Management for Development Journal., 2(1), 93–104. Szulanski, G., Cappetta, R., & Jensen, R. J. (2004). When and how trustworthiness matters: Knowledge transfer and the moderating effect of causal ambiguity. Organization Science, 15(5), 600–613. http://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1040.0096 Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education. http://doi.org/10.1037/022267 Tabrizi, N. M., & Morgan, S. (2014). Models for describing knowledge sharing practices in the healthcare industry: Example of experience knowledge sharing. International Journal of Management and Applied Research, 1(2). http://doi.org/10.18646/2056.12.14-004 Tangaraja, G., Mohd Rasdi, R., Ismail, M., & Abu Samah, B. (2015). Fostering knowledge sharing behaviour among public sector managers: A proposed model for the Malaysian public service. Journal of Knowledge Management, 19(1), 121–140. http://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2014-0449 Teh, P.-L., & Sun, H. (2012). Knowledge sharing, job attitudes and organizational citizenship behavior. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 112(1), 64–82. http://doi.org/10.1108/02635571211193644 Teh, P., & Yong, C.-C. (2011a). Knowledge sharing in IS personnel: organizational behavior’ s perspective. Journal of Computer Information Systems, (11), 11–22. Teh, P., & Yong, C.-C. (2011b). Knowledge sharing in IS personnel: Organizational behavior’ s perspective. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 11–21. Teh, P., Yong, C., Chong, C., & Yew, S. (2011). Do the big five personality factors affect knowledge sharing behavior? A study of Malaysian universities. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 16(1), 47–62. Temme, D., Kreis, H., & Hildebrandt, L. (2006). PLS path modeling: A software review. Berlin, Germany: Institute of Marketing, Humboldt University Berlin Spandauer. The World Bank. (2014). Which World Bank Reports Are Widely Read? Ting, S. L., Wang, W. M., Tse, Y. K., & Ip, W. H. (2011). Knowledge elicitation approach in enhancing tacit knowledge sharing. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 111(7), 1039–1064. http://doi.org/10.1108/02635571111161280 Tohidinia, Z., & Mosakhani, M. (2010). Knowledge sharing behavior and its predictors. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 110(4), 611–631. http://doi.org/10.1108/02635571011039052 Tsai, M.-T., & Cheng, N.-C. (2012). Understanding knowledge sharing between IT professionals – an integration of social cognitive and social exchange theory. Behavior & Information Technology, 31(11), 1069–1080. http://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2010.550320 Tsai, W. (2001). Knowledge transfer in interorganizational networks: Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 996–1004. Tseng, H.-M., Liu, F.-C., Cheng, K.-L., & Chao, M. (2012). Team innovation climate and knowledge sharing among healthcare managers: Mediating effects of altruistic intentions. Biomedical Journal, 35(5), 408. http://doi.org/10.4103/2319-4170.105477 Tuan, L. T. (2013a). The role of CSR in clinical governance and its influence on knowledge sharing. Clinical Government: An International Journal, 18(2), 90–113. http://doi.org/10.1108/14777271311317891 Tuan, L. T. (2013b). Underneath organizational health and knowledge sharing. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 26(1), 139–168. http://doi.org/10.1108/09534811311307950 Tuomi, I. (1999). Data is more than knowledge: Implications of the reversed knowledge hierarchy for knowledge management and organizational memory. Journal of Management Information Systems, 16(3), 103–117. http://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1999.772795 Verardi, V., & Croux, C. (2008). Robust regression in stata. Leuven.: Faculty of Business and Economics. http://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.457 Vink, J. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008). A comparison of early and late respondents in a twin-family survey study. Twin Research and Human Geneticsenetics, 11(2), 165–173. http://doi.org/10.1375/twin.11.2.165 Voelpel, S. C., & Han, Z. (2005). Managing knowledge sharing in China: The case of Siemens ShareNet. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(3), 51–63. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673270510602764 Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York, NY: Wiley. Vuori, V., & Okkonen, J. (2012). Knowledge sharing motivational factors of using an intra-organizational social media platform. Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(4), 592–603. http://doi.org/10.1108/13673271211246167