Moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationship between emotional intelligence, work motivation and work commitment
Literature has established that multiple forms of work commitment exist and employees may be committed to more than one form of commitment. Hence, organizational commitment alone cannot adequately explain employees’ work commitment. Although numerous scholars have established a link between emotiona...
Saved in:
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | Thesis |
Language: | eng eng eng |
Published: |
2018
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://etd.uum.edu.my/7330/1/Depositpermission_s900804.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/7330/2/s900804_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/7330/3/s900804_02.pdf |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
my-uum-etd.7330 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
collection |
UUM ETD |
language |
eng eng eng |
advisor |
Ahmad Marzuki, Najib Abdul Ghani, Mariny |
topic |
HD58.7 Organizational Behavior. |
spellingShingle |
HD58.7 Organizational Behavior. Irfan, Saira Moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationship between emotional intelligence, work motivation and work commitment |
description |
Literature has established that multiple forms of work commitment exist and employees may be committed to more than one form of commitment. Hence, organizational commitment alone cannot adequately explain employees’ work commitment. Although numerous scholars have established a link between emotional intelligence, work motivation, and organizational commitment in a variety of work sectors, yet, there is a paucity of research which investigates these variables with work commitment as well as organizational culture in unison. Thus, the purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between organizational culture, emotional intelligence, work motivation, and work commitment of university academic staff in Pakistan. The study also measured the moderating effects of organizational culture and its types (clan, adhocracy, hierarchy and market) on the relationship between emotional intelligence, work motivation, and work commitment. In addition, differences in emotional intelligence, work motivation and work commitment were also analyzed based on demographic variables. Three hundred and fifty-one academic staff, selected through simple random sampling technique from nine public universities in the state of Punjab, Pakistan, participated in the study. Cross-sectional design was employed, and the data was collected using standardized validated questionnaires. The hypothesized model was tested using Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. The analysis revealed that organizational culture, emotional intelligence, and work motivation are significantly positively correlated with work commitment. However, only hierarchy and market organizational culture were found to moderate the relationship between work motivation and work commitment. General and adhocracy organizational culture negatively moderated the relationship between emotional intelligence and work commitment. Additionally, significant differences in work motivation and emotional intelligence were found on demographic variable such as qualification. The findings contribute towards an enhanced understanding of a unifying model for work commitment in relation with the other variables. Higher education commission, university authorities and government in Pakistan should capitalize on organizational culture to improve emotional intelligence and work motivation among academic staff which eventually will boast their work commitment. |
format |
Thesis |
qualification_name |
Ph.D. |
qualification_level |
Doctorate |
author |
Irfan, Saira |
author_facet |
Irfan, Saira |
author_sort |
Irfan, Saira |
title |
Moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationship between emotional intelligence, work motivation and work commitment |
title_short |
Moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationship between emotional intelligence, work motivation and work commitment |
title_full |
Moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationship between emotional intelligence, work motivation and work commitment |
title_fullStr |
Moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationship between emotional intelligence, work motivation and work commitment |
title_full_unstemmed |
Moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationship between emotional intelligence, work motivation and work commitment |
title_sort |
moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationship between emotional intelligence, work motivation and work commitment |
granting_institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
granting_department |
Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7330/1/Depositpermission_s900804.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/7330/2/s900804_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/7330/3/s900804_02.pdf |
_version_ |
1747828198160203776 |
spelling |
my-uum-etd.73302021-08-09T08:01:10Z Moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationship between emotional intelligence, work motivation and work commitment 2018 Irfan, Saira Ahmad Marzuki, Najib Abdul Ghani, Mariny Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences HD58.7 Organizational Behavior. Literature has established that multiple forms of work commitment exist and employees may be committed to more than one form of commitment. Hence, organizational commitment alone cannot adequately explain employees’ work commitment. Although numerous scholars have established a link between emotional intelligence, work motivation, and organizational commitment in a variety of work sectors, yet, there is a paucity of research which investigates these variables with work commitment as well as organizational culture in unison. Thus, the purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between organizational culture, emotional intelligence, work motivation, and work commitment of university academic staff in Pakistan. The study also measured the moderating effects of organizational culture and its types (clan, adhocracy, hierarchy and market) on the relationship between emotional intelligence, work motivation, and work commitment. In addition, differences in emotional intelligence, work motivation and work commitment were also analyzed based on demographic variables. Three hundred and fifty-one academic staff, selected through simple random sampling technique from nine public universities in the state of Punjab, Pakistan, participated in the study. Cross-sectional design was employed, and the data was collected using standardized validated questionnaires. The hypothesized model was tested using Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. The analysis revealed that organizational culture, emotional intelligence, and work motivation are significantly positively correlated with work commitment. However, only hierarchy and market organizational culture were found to moderate the relationship between work motivation and work commitment. General and adhocracy organizational culture negatively moderated the relationship between emotional intelligence and work commitment. Additionally, significant differences in work motivation and emotional intelligence were found on demographic variable such as qualification. The findings contribute towards an enhanced understanding of a unifying model for work commitment in relation with the other variables. Higher education commission, university authorities and government in Pakistan should capitalize on organizational culture to improve emotional intelligence and work motivation among academic staff which eventually will boast their work commitment. 2018 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7330/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7330/1/Depositpermission_s900804.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7330/2/s900804_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7330/3/s900804_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Ababneh, K. I. (2016). Effects of met expectations, trust, job satisfaction, and commitment on faculty turnover intentions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The International Journal of Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1255904 Abbott, G. N., White, F. A., & Charles, M. A. (2005). Linking values and organizational commitment: A correlational and experimental investigation in two organizations. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 531–551. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317905X26174 Abdulkarim, R. M. (2013). The relationship between a leader’s self-perceived level of emotional intelligence and organizational climate, as perceived by organizational members (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from search.proquest.com/openview/9d3956619526667ee 37176adc061feba/1?pq. Abdullah, S. H. (2006). Emotional intelligence and academic achievement: A study in Kolej Matrikulasi Perlis (Unpublished thesis). University Utara Malaysia, Malaysia. Abraham, R. (1999). Emotional intelligence in organizations: A conceptualization. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 125(2), 209–224. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1999-05491-005 Absar, S., & Jameel, S. S. (2017). Teachers motivation in higher education: A comparative study across discipline and designation. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(2), 221–225. Retrieved from http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/ home/lournal_detail/19#list Abumandil, M. S. S. (2012). Organizational culture and job satisfaction: A study among academicians at Al-Azhar University-Gaza (Master thesis). Retrieved from http://etd.uum.edu.my/id/eprint/3262 Acar, A. Z. (2012). Organizational culture, leadership styles and organizational commitment in Turkish Logistics Industry. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.995 Adams, J. S. (1963). Toward an understanding of inequity. The Journal of Abnormal and social Psychology, 67(5), 422–436. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040968 Adenguga, R. A., Adenuga, F. T., & Ayodele, K. O. (2013). Organizational commitment and turnover intention among private universities’ employees in Ogun State, Nigeria. Open Journal of Education, 1(2), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.12966/oje.05.04.2013 Adeyemo, D. A., & Aremu, A. O. (1999). Career commitment among secondary school teachers in Oyo state, Nigeria: The role of biographical mediators. Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology, 5(2), 184–194. Aghabozorgi, A., Mehni, M. A. K., Alipour, O., & Azizi, B. (2014). Impact of emotional intelligence on organizational commitment of nurses in the public hospital of Sanandaj. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 4(S3), 120–127. Aghdasi, S., Kiamaneshb, A. R., & Ebrahimb, A. N. (2011). Emotional intelligence and organizational commitment: Testing the mediatory role of occupational stress and job satisfaction. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1965–1976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.447 Agwu, O. (2013). Organizational culture and employees commitment in Bayelsa State Civil Service. Journal of Management Policies and Practicies, 1(1), 35–45. Retrieved from http://jmppnet.com/journals/jmpp/Vol_1_No_1_ June_2013/4.pdf Ahmed, N. (2012). Culture and employees commitment in civil service. Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education, 4(8), 1–3. Ahmed, S., Khan, M. A., Memon, Z. A., & Siddiqui, F.-U.-H. (2014). Organizational culture and its impact on employee career progression in Public Sector Organizations in Pakistan. IBT Journal of Business Studies, 10(2), 56–70. Ajila, C., & Awonusi, A. (2004). Influence of rewards on workers performance in an organization. Journal of Social Science, 8(1), 7–12. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2004.11892397 Akhtar, S., Ibrahim, M., Riaz, M., & Hussain, S. M. (2015). Impact of organizational culture and emotional intelligence on educational sector performance. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(15), 91–95. Retrieved from http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RHSS/ article/viewFile/25151/25755 Akintayo, D. I. (2010). Work-family role conflict and organizational commitment among industrial workers in Nigeria. Journal of Psychology and Counseling, 2(1), 1–8. Retrieved from www.academicjournals.org/article/article 1380359177_Akintayo.pdf Al Issa, H.-E., & Mahmood, R. (2016). Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership: The moderating effect of organizational culture. The International Journal Of Business & Management, 4(4), 212–221. Alavi, S. Z., Mojtahedzadeh, H., Amin, F., & Savoji, A. P. (2013). Relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment in Iran’s Ramin Thermal Power Plant. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 815–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013. 06.653 Aldhuwaihi, A. (2013). The influence of organizational culture on job satisfaction, organisational commitment and turnover intention: A study on the banking sector in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/22019/1/ Abdullah Aldhuwaihi.pdf Aldhuwaihi, A., & Shee, H. (2015). Organisational culture and employee turnover in Saudi Arabian Banks. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(4), 1–19. Ali, A. (2016, May 25). Teacher brain drain a serious issue. Tha News. Retrieved from https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122633-Teacher-brain-drain-a-serious-issue-Dr-Arshad-Ali Allen, & Meyer. (1996). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3), 252–276. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0043 Altındag, E., & Kosedagı, Y. (2015). The relationship between emotional intelligence of managers, innovative corporate culture and employee performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210, 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.367 Alvesson, M. (1989). Concepts of organizational culture and presumed links to efficiency. OMEGA The International Journal of Management Science, 17(4), 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0483(89)90046-7 Alvi, H. A., Hanif, M., Adil, M. S., Ahmed, R. R., & Vveinhardt, J. (2014). Impact of organizational culture on organizational commitment and job satisfaction. European Journal of Business and Management Online, 6(27), 30–39. Amsa, P. (1986). Organizational culture and work group behaviour: An empirical study. Journal of Management Studies, 23(3), 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1986. tb00959.x Anari, N. N. (2012). Teachers: Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Journal of Workplace Learning, 24(4), 256–269. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/13665621211223379 Andresen, E. M. (2000). Criteria for assessing the tools of disability outcomes research. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(12 Suppl 2), S15-20. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/11128900 Anne, B. (1994). An empirical analysis of the corporate control, tax and incentive motivations for adopting leveraged employee stock ownership plans. Journal of Managerial and Decision Economics, 15(4), 299–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.4090150405 Aquino, R., & Alberto, E. (2003). Gender and age differences in the emotional intelligence of a group of internet users (Unpublished thesis). Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Lima. Aremu, A. O., & Tejumola, T. O. (2008). Assessment of emotional intelligence among Nigerian police. Journal of Social Sciences, 16(3), 221–226. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09718923.2008.11892622 Aremu, A. O. (2005). A confluence of credentialing, career experience, self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and motivation on the career commitment of young police in Ibadan, Nigeria. Policing : An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 28(4), 609–618. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510510628695 Ariffin, H. F., & Ha, N. C. (2014). Examining Malaysian hotel employees organizational commitment: The effect of age, education level and salary. International Journal of Business and Technopreneurship, 4(3), 413–438. Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dasborough, M. T. (2003). Emotional Awareness and Emotional Intelligence in Leadership Teaching. Journal of Education for Business, 79(1), 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320309599082 Ashlaghi, S. M. H., & Golafshani, A. (2015). The relationship between organizational culture Denison Models with work ethic of University of Medical Sciences in Mazandaran. Management and Administrative Review, 4(2), 391–396. Retrieved from oaji.net/articles/2015/352-1436003731.pdf Asrar-ul-Haq, M., Anwar, S., & Hassan, M. (2017). Impact of emotional intelligence on teacher׳s performance in higher education institutions of Pakistan. Future Business Journal, 3(2), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbj.2017.05.003 Ates, O. T., & Buluc, B. (2015). The relationship between the emotional intelligence, motivation and organizational commitment of primary school teachers. Middle Eastern & African Journal of Educational Research, (17), 31–49. Retrieved from www.majersite.org/issue17/17_3.pdf Atieh, J. M., Brief, A. P., & Vollrath, D. A. (1987). The protestant work ethic-conservatism paradox: Beliefs and values in work and life. Personality and Individual Differences, 8(4), 577–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(87)90222-4 Atkinson, J. W. (1964). An introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. Awan, M. R., Mahmood, K., & Idrees, H. (2014). Leadership style, culture and commitment: An analytical study of university libraries in Pakistan. Library Philosophy and Practice (E-Journal). Paper 1053. Retrieved from digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=2566&context=libphilprac Awang, Z., Ahmad, J. H., & Zin, N. M. (2010). Modelling job satisfaction and work commitment among lecturers: A case of UiTM Kelantan. Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics, 1(2), 45–59. Aydin, A., Sarier, Y., & Sengul, U. (2011). The effect of gender on organizational commitment of teachers: A meta-analytic analysis. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 11(2), 628–632. Azadi, A., Farsani, S. B., Farsani, M. E., & Aroufzad, S. (2013). Relationship between organizational culture and organizational commitment among woman physical education teachers. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(1), 531–535. Aziz, A. Y., & Juhary, A. (2000). Managing culture in organization. Malaysian Management Journal, 35(2), 60–65. Aziz, M., Bloom, D. E., Humair, S., Jimenez, E., Rosenberg, L., & Sathar, Z. (2014). Education system reform in Pakistan: Why, when, and how? IZA Policy Paper no. 76. Bonn: Institute for Study of Labour (IZA). Retrieved from http://ftp.iza.org/pp76.pdf Azizollah, A., Abolghasem, F., & Mohammad Amin, D. (2015). The relationship between organizational culture and organizational commitment in Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Global Journal of Health Science, 8(7), 195-20. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n7p195 Bang, H., Ross, S., & Reio Jr, T.G. (2012). From motivation to organizational commitment of volunteers in non‐profit sport organizations. Journal of Management Development, 32(1), 96–112. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621711311287044 Bar-On, R. (1997). The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): Technical manual. Toronto,Canada: Multi-Health Systems, Inc. Bar-On, R. (2000). Emotional and social intelligence: Insights from the Emotion Quotient Inventory(EQ-i). In R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), Handbook of emotional intelligence (pp.363-388). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Bar-On, R. (2001). Emotional intelligence and self-actualization. In J. Ciarrochi, J. P. Forgas, & J. D. Mayer (Eds.), Emotional intelligence in everyday life: A scientificinquiry. New York: Psychology Press. Bar-On, R. (2002). Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-I): Technical manual. Toronto,Canada: Multi-Health Systems. Bar-On, R. (2005). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence. In P. Fernández-Berrocal & N. Extremera (Guest Editors), Special Issue on Emotional Intelligence. Psicothema, 17. Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18(SUPPL), 13–25. Bar-On, R. (2007). The Bar-On model of emotional intelligence: A valid, robust and applicable EI model. Organisations and People, 14, 27–34. Bar-On, R., & Parker, J. D. A. (2000). Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth version (Bar-On EQ-I:YV) technical manual. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems Inc. Barling, J., Slater, F., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Transformational leadership and emotional intelligence: An exploratory study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21(3), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730010325040 Bastian, V. A., Burns, N. R., & Nettelbeck, T. (2005). Emotional intelligence predicts life skills, but not as well as personality and cognitive abilities. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(6), 1135–1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.04.006 Baumann, C., Hamin, H., Jung, S., & Yang, S. J. (2016). Work ethic formed by pedagogical approach : Evolution of institutional approach to education and competitiveness. Asia Pacific Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2015.1129767 Becher, T., & Trowler, P. (2001). Academic tribes and territories: Intellectual enquiry and the cultures of disciplines (2nd ed.). Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. The American Journal of Sociology, 66(1), 32–40. Retrieved from https://strategietcetera.files.wordpress.com/.../becker-notes-on-the-concept-of-commit. Becker, T. E. (1992). Foci and bases of commitment: Are they distinctions worth making? Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 232–244. https://doi.org/10.2307/256481 Becker, T. E. (2009). Interpersonal commitment. In H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker, & J. P. Meyer (Eds.), Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions (pp. 137–178). Florence, KY: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group. Becker, T. E., Billings, R. S., Eveleth, D. M., & Gilbert, N. L. (1996). Foci and bases of employee commitment: Implications for job performance. Academy of Management General, 39(2), 464–482. Bennell, P., & Akyeampong, K. (2007). Teacher motivation in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. London: DFID. Berman, E. M., Bowman, J. S., West, J. P., & Wart, M. R. V. (2010). Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes and problems (4th ed.). California: Sage Publications Inc. Beyer, J., & Nino, D. (2001). Culture as a source, expression, and reinforcer of emotions in organizations. In R. L. Payne & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Emotions at work: Theory, research and applications for management (pp. 173–197). Chichester,UK: John Wiley & Sons. Bhalerao, H., & Kumar, S. (2016). Role of emotional intelligence in leaders on the commitment level of employees: A study in information technology and manufacturing Sector in India. Business Perspectives and Research, 4(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533715605434 Birnbaum, R. (1988). How colleges work: The cybernetics of academic organization and leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Black, B. (1999). National culture and high commitment management. Employee Relations, 21(4), 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425459910285519 Blais, M.R., Brière, N.M., Lachance, L., Riddle, A.S., & Vallerand, R.J. (1993). L’inventaire des motivations au travail de Blais [Blais’s work motivation inventory]. Revue Québécoise de Psychologie, 14, 185-215. Blau, G. J. (1988). Further exploring the meaning and measurement of career commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32(3), 284–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(88)90020-6 Blau, G., & Boal, K. (1989). Using job involvement and organizational commitment interactively to predict turnover. Journal of Management, 15(1), 115–127. Blau, G. J. (1985). A multiple study investigation of the dimensionality of job involvement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 27(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(85)90050-8 Blau, G., Paul, A., & St. John, N. (1993). On developing a general index of work commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42, 298–314. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1993.1021 Blood, M. R. (1969). Work values and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53(6), 456–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028653 Bogler, R., & Somech, A. (2004). Influence of teacher empowerment on teachers’ organizational commitment, professional commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(3), 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2004.02.003 Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: John Wiley. Bollen, K. A., & Bauldry, S. (2011). Three Cs in measurement models: Causal indicators, composite indicators, and covariates. Psychological Methods, 16(3), 265–284. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024448 Bouwmans, M., Runhaar, P., Wesselink, R., & Mulder, M. (2017). Stimulating teachers’ team performance through team-oriented HR practices: The roles of affective team commitment and information processing. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1322626 Boyatzis, R. E., Goleman, D., & Rhee, K. (2000). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI). In R. Bar-On & J.D.A.Parker (Eds.), Handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 343–362). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Boyle, T. P. (2014). High school teachers’ and administrators’ perceptions of teacher motivation factors (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=educ_etd Bozionelos, N., & Kiamou, K. (2008). Emotion work in the Hellenic frontline services environment: How it relates to emotional exhaustion and work attitudes. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(6), 1108–1130. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09585190802051410 Bradberry, T., & Greaves, J. (2004). Emotional intelligence appraisal: There is more than IQ, technical manual update. San Diego, CA: Talent Smart Inc. Bradberry, T., & Greaves, J. (2005). The emotional intelligence quick book: Everything you need to know to put your EQ to work. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Brenen, K. j. (2016). Work and organizational commitment [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/.../12.+Work+and+Organizational+Commitment Brown, A. (1998). Organizational culture (2nd ed.). London: Financial Times Pitman Publishing. Brown, C., George-Curran, R., & Smith, M. L. (2003). The role of emotional intelligence in the career commitment and decision-making process. Journal of Career Assessment, 11(4), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072703255834 Brown, J., & Sheppard, B. (1997, August 25-30). Teacher librarians in learning organizations. Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of the International Association of School Librarianship. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED412959.pdf Brown, S. P., & Leigh, T. W. (1996). A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to job involvement, effort, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.358 Brown, T. L., & Hughes, G. D. (2008). Teacher and administrator perceptions of teacher motivation. Journal of Research in Education, 18(1), 47–57. Brown, W. F., Bryant, S. E., & Reilly, M. D. (2006). Does emotional intelligence – as measured by the EQI – influence transformational leadership and/or desirable outcomes? Journal of Global Mobility, 27(5), 330–351. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730610677954 Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2007). Business research methods (2nd ed.). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Buchanan, B. (1974). Building organisational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organisations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19(4), 533–546. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391809 Burchell, B., Dickson, K., & Tumawu, A. (2014). Employee motivation and work ethic in the state and private sector in Ghana: A survey of teaching and banking professions. Online Journal of African Affairs, 3(4), 55–62. Byrne, B. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis Group. Cameron, K., & Quinn, R. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture-based on the competing values framework. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2006). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework (Rev. ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Campbell, D. J., & Pritchard, R. (1976). Motivation theory in industrial and organizational psychology. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 63-130). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally. Campbell, J. (1977). On the nature of organizational effectiveness. In P. Goodman, & J. Pennings, (Eds.), New perspectives on organizational effectiveness (pp. 13-55). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Carmeli, A. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes: An examination among senior managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(8), 788–813. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940310511881 Carmeli, A. (2005). Exploring determinants of job involvement: An empirical test among senior executives. International Journal of Manpower, 26(5), 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720510615143 Carmeli, A., & Gefen, D. (2005). The relationship between work commitment models and employee withdrawal intentions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(2), 63–86. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940510579731 Carr, S. E. (2009). Emotional intelligence in medical students: Does it correlate with selection measures? Medical Education, 43(11), 1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03496.x Caruso, D. R., Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (2002). Relation of an ability measure of emotional intelligence to personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79(2), 306–320. Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2004). The Emotionally Intelligent Manager: How to use and develop the key emotional skills of leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Chakrabarti, G., & Chatterjea, T. (2017). Intelligence?… Emotions?… or, the Emotional Intelligence: Theories and evidence in global context. In Employees’ emotional intelligence, motivation & productivity, and organizational excellence. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5759-5_2 Chan, Y. H. (2003). Biostatistics 104: Correlational analysis. Singapore Med J, 44(12), 614-619 Chang, E. (1999). Career commitment as a complex moderator of organizational commitent and turnover intention. Human Relations, 52(10), 1257–1278. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679905201002 Chatman, J. A. (1989). Improving interactional organizational research: A model of person-organization fit. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 333–349. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1989.4279063 Chen, Y., & Zhao, Q. (2013). Gender differences in business faculty’s research motivation. Journal of Education for Business, 88(6), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2012. 717121 Cherniss, C., & Adler, M. (2000). Promoting emotionla intelligence in organizations: Make training in emotional intelligence effective. Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training and Development. Cherniss, C., Extein, M., Goleman, D., & Weissberg, R. P. (2006). Emotional intelligence : What does the research really indicate ? Educational Psychologist, 41(4), 239–245. Cherniss, C., & Goleman, D. (2001). The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals,groups, and organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Chesnut, S. R., & Cullen, T. A. (2014). Effects of self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and perceptions of future work environment on preservice teacher commitment. Teacher Educator, 49(2), 116–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/08878730.2014.887168 Chika, O. E., & Emmanuel, O. O. (2014). Self-Efficacy, emotional intelligence, achievement motivation and work- value orientation as predictors of career commitment of bank workers in Imo State. Journal of Business and Management, 16(11), 55–62. Retrieved from www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol16-issue11/Version-1/I0161115562.pdf Chin, W., Marcolin, B., & Newsted, P. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail Emotion/Adoption Study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018 Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295–336). Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In V.E. Vinzi, W.W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares. Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics (pp. 655–690). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Chopra, P. K., & Kanji, G. K. (2010). Emotional intelligence: A catalyst for inspirational leadership and management excellence. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 21(10), 971–1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2010.487704 Christopher, A. N., Zabel, K. L., & Jones, J. R. (2008). Conscientiousness and work ethic ideology: A facet-level analysis. Journal of Individual Differences, 29, 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.29.4.189 Chughtai, A. A., & Zafar, S. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of organizational commitment among Pakistani university teachers. Applied H.R.M. Research, 11(1), 39–64. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2552437 Ciarrochi, J., Forgas, J. ., & Mayer, J. D. (2001). Emotional intelligence in everyday life: A scientific inquiry. Philadephia, PA: Psychology Press. Clements, A. J., Kinman, G., & Guppy, A. (2012). You could damage somebody’s life’ : Student and lecturer perspectives on commitment. Social Work Education: The International Journal, 33(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2012.741579 Clugston, M., Howell, J. P., & Dorfman, P. W. (2000). Does cultural socialization predict multiple bases and foci of commitment? Journal of Management, 26(1), 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600106 Cohen, A. (1993). Organizational commitment and turn over: A meta analysis. The Academy of Management Journal, 36(5), 1140–1157. https://doi.org/10.2307/256650 Cohen, A. (1999). Relationships among five forms of commitment: An empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(3), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.2307/3100291 Cohen, A. (2003). Multiple commitments in the workplace an integrative approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cohen, A. (2006). The relationship between multiple commitments and organizational citizenship behavior in Arab and Jewish culture. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.12.004 Cohen, A. (2007). Commitment before and after: An evaluation and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 17(3), 336–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.05.001 Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power anallysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum . Cohen, M. D., & March, J. G. (1974). Leadership and ambiguity: The American college president. New York: McGraw-Hill. Colyer, S. (2000). Organizational culture in selected Western Australian sport organizations. Journal of Sport Management, 14(4), 321–341. Cooper-Hakim, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). The construct of work commitment: Testing an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 131(2), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.241 Corcoran, R. P., & Tormey, R. (2012). How emotionally intelligent are pre-service teachers? Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(5), 750–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.02.007 Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process. London; Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. Daft, R. L. (2005). The leadership experience (3rd ed.). Canada: Thomson-Southwestern. Dalal, R. S. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1241–1255. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1241 Dalgıc, G. (2014). A meta-analysis: Exploring the effects of gender on organisational commitment of teachers. Issues in Educational Research, 24(2), 133–151. Dalton, D. R., & Todor, W. D. (1993). Turnover, transfer, absenteeism: An interdependent perspective. Journal of Management, 19(2), 193–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-2063(93)90052-O Daneshfard, C., & Ekvaniyan, K. E. (2012). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Islamic Azad University. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(9), 168–181. Darolia, C., Kumari, P., & Darolia, S. (2010). Perceived organizational support, work motivation, and organizational commitment as determinants of job performance. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 36(1), 69–78. Retrieved from http://medind.nic.in/jak/t10/i1/jakt10i1p69.pdf Das, J., Dercon, S., Habyarimana, J., & Krishnan, P. (2007). Teacher shocks and student learning evidence from Zambia. The Journal of Human Resources, 42(4), 820–862. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.cemfi.es/pdf/papers/pew/JishnuDas.pdf Dastmalchian, A., Lee, S., & Ng, I. (2000). The interplay between organizational and national cultures: A comparison of organizational practices in Canada and South Korea using the Competing Values Framework. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(2), 388–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/095851900339927 Day, A. L., & Carroll, S. A. (2004). Using an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence to predict individual performance, group performance, and group citizenship behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(6), 1443–1458. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00240-X Day, C., & Gu, Q. (2007). Variations in the conditions for teachers' professional learning and development: Sustaining commitment and effectiveness over a career. Oxford Review of Education, 33(4), 423–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980701450746 Day, C., Sammons, P., Stobart, G., Kington, A., & Gu, Q. (2007). Teachers matter: Connecting work, lives and effectiveness. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press. De Dreu, C. K. W., West, M. A., Fischer, A. H., & MacCurtain, S. (2001). Origins and consequences of emotions in organizational teams. In R. L. Payne & C.L. Cooper (eds.), Emotions at Work: Theory, Research and Applications for Management (pp. 199–217). Chichester: Wiley. De Jesus, S. N., & Lens, W. (2005). An integrated model for the study of teacher motivation. Applied Psychology, 54(1), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00199 Deal, T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. (1982). Corprate cultures:The rights and rituals of corporate life. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. DeCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation: The internal affective determinants of behavior. New York: Academic Press. Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030644 Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1980). The empirical exploration of intrinsic motivational processes. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39–80). New York: Academic Press. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “ What ” and “ Why ” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01 Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801 Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Gagné, M., Leone, D. R., Usunov, J., & Kornazheva, B. P. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former eastern bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(8), 930–942. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201278002 Dehghan, F., & Saeidi, P. (2013). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment. Unique Journal of Business Management Research, 1(5), 081–094. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/ docview/305171870?accountid=27965 Delegach, M., Kark, R., Katz-navon, T., & Dijk, D. Van. (2017). A focus on commitment: The roles of transformational and transactional leadership and self-regulatory focus in fostering organizational and safety commitment. European Journal of Work and Organizational, 26(5), 724–740. Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1345884 Deleon, M. (2015). The impotance of emotional intelligence at work. Retrieved from https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/245755 Denton, K. (1987). Effective appraisals: Key to employee motivation. Industrial Engineering, 19(12), 24–30. Detert, J. R., Schroeder, R. G., & Mauriel, J. J. (2000). A framework for linking culture and improvement initiatives in organizations. Academy of Management, 25(4), 850–863. Din, M. S., Bashir, M., Cheema, K. U. R., & Zafar, S. S. (2014). The role of power distance in the relationship between employee motivation and organizational commitment: A study on education sector of Pakistan. Journal of Business and Management, 16(1), 09–18. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-16130918 Divkan, B., Sartipi, V., Zanganeh, I., & Rostami, R. (2013). Relashenship between organizational justice with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in physical education organizations Of Tehran Islamic Azad university East Tehran branch. Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(6), 1162–1167. Retrieved from http://www.aensiweb.com/old/aeb/2013/1162- 1167.pdf Dogget, R. A., & Sheperis, C. J. (Eds. ). (2005). Review of the Bar-On emotional quotient inventory: Short. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press. Dolev, N., & Leshem, S. (2017). Developing emotional intelligence competence among teachers. Teacher Development, 21(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2016.1207093 Dorudi, F., & Ahari, A. E. (2015). Study of the relationship of professional ethics and emotional intelligence of administrators with their performance in female high schools in Tehran. International Journal of Learning & Development, 5(4), 53–68. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v5i4.8677 Dose, J. J. (1997). Work values: An integrative framework and illustrative application to organizational socialization. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(3), 219–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997. tb00645.x Dougherty, D., & Krone, K. J. (2002). Emotional intelligence as organizational communication: An examination of the construct. Annals of The International Communication Association, 26(1), 202–229. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15567419cy2601_6 Duarte, M. B. (2015). Organisational and professional commitments: The influence in nurses’ organisational citizenship behaviours. Tékhne, 13(1), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tekhne.2015.03.001 Dubey, R. (2012). Emotional intelligence and academic motivation among adolecents: A relationship study. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(3), 142–147. Dwivedi, S., Kaushik, S., & Luxmi. (2014). Impact of organizational culture on commitment of employees: An empirical study of BPO sector in India. Vikalpa:The Journal for Decision Makers, 39(3), 77–92. Dworkin, G. (1988). The theory and practice of autonomy. New York: Cambridge University Press. Dysvik, A., & Kuvaas, B. (2011). Intrinsic motivation as a moderator on the relationship between perceived job autonomy and work performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(3), 367–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594321003590630 Ebrahim, R. Y. F. A. (2016). Leadership styles and organizational commitment: literature review. Journal of Management Development, 35(2), 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-01-2015-0004 Eghlidi, F. F., & Karimi, F. (2016). The relationship between components of work engagement and organizational commitment of female employees of university. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 6(3), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v6i3.9689 Ekman, P. (1980). The face of man: Expressions of universal emotions in a New Guinea village. NewYork: Garland STPM Press. Elangovan, A., & Jayashree J, M. (2013). The inluence of organizational culture on work ethic-A study with special reference to steel authority of India, Salem. Journal of Business and Finance, 1(2), 23–33. Ellemers, N., de Gilder, D., & van den Heuvel, H. (1998). Career-oriented versus team-oriented commitment and behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(5), 717–730. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.5.717 Emmerling, R. J., & Boyatzis, R. E. (2012). Emotional and social intelligence competencies: Cross cultural implications. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 19(1), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527601211195592 Erdogan, B., Liden, R. C., & Kraimer, M. L. (2006). Justice and leader-member exchange: The moderating role of organizational culture. Academy of Management Journal, 49(2), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2006.20786086 Fain, F. E. (2000). An analysis of job turnover intention and selected variables of Southern Baptist Ministers of Education (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from Https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 33789233_An_analysis_of_job_turnover_intention_ and_selected_variables_of_Southern_Baptist_ministers_of_education Farrell, D., & Stamm, C. L. (1988). Meta-Analysis of the Correlates of Employee Absence. Human Relations, 41(3), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678804100302 Fernet, C. (2011). Development and validation of the work role motivation scale for school principals (WRMS-SP). Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(2), 307–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X10385108 Fernet, C., Austin, S., & Vallerand, R. J. (2012). The effects of work motivation on employee exhaustion and commitment: An extension of the JD-R model. An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 26(3), 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2012.713202 Fernet, C., Guay, F., Senécal, C., & Austin, S. (2012). Predicting intraindividual changes in teacher burnout: The role of perceived school environment and motivational factors. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28, 514–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2011.11.013 Fleeson, W., & Heckhausen, J. (1997). More or less "me" in past, present, and future: Perceived lifetime personality during adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 12(1), 125-136. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312. Fransson, G., & Frelin, A. (2016). Highly committed teachers: What makes them tick? A study of sustained commitment. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 22(8), 896–912. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2016.1201469 Frelin, A., & Grannäs, J. (2013). The production of present and absent presences in education. Journal of Pedagogy,4(2), 139-161. https://doi.org/10.2478/jped-2013-0008 Freund, A., & Carmeli, A. (2003). An empirical assessment: Reconstructed model for five universal forms of work commitment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(7), 708–725. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940310502403 Fu, W. (2014). The impact of emotional intelligence, organizational commitment and job satisfaction on ethical behavior of chinese employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(1), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013- 1763-6 Furnham, A., & Gunter, B. (1993). Corporate assessment: Auditing a company’s personality. London: Routledge. Gagne, M., & Deci, E. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331–362. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.322 Gagne, M., & Koestner, R. (2002). Self-determination theory as a framework for understanding organizational commitment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Toronto,Canada. Ganesan, S., & Weitz, B. A. (1996). The impact of staffing policies on retail buyer job attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Retailing, 72(1), 31–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(96)90004-4 Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligence. New York, NY: Basic Books. George, L., & Sabapathy, T. (2011). Work motivation of teachers: Relationship with organizational commitment. Canadian Social Science, 7(1), 90–99. Ghoreishi, F. S., Zahirrodine, A. R., Assarian, F., Moosavi, S. G. A., & Zare Zadeh Mehrizi, M. (2014). Evaluation of emotional intelligence and job satisfaction in employees of Kashan Hospitals. Nursing and Midwifery Studies, 3(1). retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4228525/ Gillet, N., Gagné, M., Sauvagère, S., & Fouquereau, E. (2013). The role of supervisor autonomy support, organizational support, and autonomous and controlled motivation in predicting employees’ satisfaction and turnover intentions. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(4), 450–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.665228 Gillet, N., Huart, I., Colombat, P., & Fouquereau, E. (2013). Perceived organizational support, motivation, and engagement among police officers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44(1), 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030066 Gliebe, S. K. (2012). Emotional Intelligence in Christian Higher Education. Christian Higher Education, 11(3), 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2010.515477 Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Books Inc. Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. Goleman, D. (2001). Emotional intelligence: Issues in paradigm building. In C. Cherniss & D. Goleman (Eds.),The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace: How to Select for, Measure, and Improve Emotional Intelligence in Individuals, Groups, and Organizations. (pp. 13–26). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Golis, C. (2011). A new definition of emotional intelligence. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505125_162-31147813/a-new-definitionof-emotional-intelligence/%0A Goodman, E. A., Zammuto, R. F., & Gifford, B. D. (2001). The competing values framework: Understanding the impact of organizational culture on the quality of work life. Organizational Development Journal, 19(3), 58–68. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/openview/f969938c1e7357afbad5733be83b3d33/1?pq-origsite=gscholar Goodson, I. F., & Lindblad, S. (Eds.). (2011). Professional knowledge and educational restructuring in Europe. Rotterdam, Boston: Taipei: Sense. Gould, S. (1979). Characteristics of career planners in upwardly mobile occupations. The Academy of Management Journal, 22(3), 539–550. https://doi.org/10.2307/255743 Goulet, L. R., & Singh, P. (2002). Career commitment: A re-examination and an extension. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 73–91. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1844 Govender, S., & Parumasur, S. (2010). The relationship between employee motivation and job involvement. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 13(3), 237–253. Graham, J. (2009). Missing Data Analysis: Making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 549–576. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530 Greenhaus, J. H. (1971). An investigation of the role of career salience in vocational behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1(3), 209–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(71)90022-4 Guney, S., Diker, O., Guney, S., Ayranci, E., & Solmaz, H. (2012). Effects of organizational communication on work commitment : A case study on a public agency in Ankara. Business Management Dynamics, 2(4), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5183.7283 Gupta, M., & Gehlawat, M. (2013). Job satisfaction and work motivation of secondary school teachers in relation to some demographic variables: A comparative study. Educationia Confab, 2(1), 10–19. Gupta, N., & Gupta, R. (2014). Impact of work motivation on organizational commitment. International Journal of Education and Management, 4(1), 56–60. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7 Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Hafer, J. C., & Martin, T. N. (2006). Job involvement or affective commitment: A sensitivity analysis study of apathetic employee mobility. Journal of Behavioral & Applied Management, 8(1), 2–19. Haghighy, M., Shahrakimojahed, L., & Vahed, A. S. (2016). Relationship between emotional intelligence and organizationalculture with organizational commitment of Fars province Red Crescent managers and employees. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 3(1), 1896–1913. Retrieved from https://www.ijhcs.com/index.php/ijhcs/article/download/2003/1825 Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A Global Perspective (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M. & Sarstedt, M. (2011), “PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet”, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,18(2),139-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202 Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., &. Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modelling: Rigorous applications better results and higher acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1-2), 1–12. Hamid, S. F., Nordin, N., Adnan, A. A., & Sirun, N. (2013). A study on primary school teachers’ organizational commitment and psychological empowerment in the district of Klang. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90, 782–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.152 Handy, C. (1993). Understanding organizations (4th ed.). London-UK: Penguin. Handy, C. B. (1986). Understanding organizations (3rd ed.). New York, N.Y.: Facts on File. Hargreaves, A. (1994). Changing Teachers, Changing Times: Teachers work and culture in the postmodern age. London: Cassell. Hargreaves, A. (1998). The emotional practice of teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 14(8), 835–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(98)00025-0 Hargreaves, A. (2001). Emotional geographies of teaching. Teachers College Record, 103(6), 1056–1080. https://doi.org/10.1111/0161-4681.00142 Harman, H. H. (1967). Modern factor analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Harrison, R. (1972). Understanding your organization’s character. Boston: Harvard Business Review. Harrod, N. R., & Scheer, S. D. (2005). An exploration of adolescent emotional intelligence in relation to demographic characteristics. Adolescence, 40(159), 503–512. Hartnell, C. A., Ou, A. Y., & Kinicki, A. (2011). Organizational culture and organizational effectiveness: A meta-analytic investigation of the competing values framework’s theoretical suppositions. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 677–694. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021987 Hasankhoyi, S. (2006). The relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction (Unpublished master’s thesis). Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran. Hassan, N., Jani, S. H. M., Som, R. M., Hamid, N. Z. A., & Azizam, N. A. (2015). The relationship between emotional intelligence and teaching effectiveness among lecturers at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2015.V5.411 Hawkins, Wilbert, D. (1998) Predictors of Affective Organizational Commitment among High School Principals. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Virginia Polytech Institute and State University. Hayati, K., & Caniago, I. (2012). Islamic work ethic: The role of intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, 1102–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.148 Helfrich, C., Li, Y., Mohr, D.C., Meterko, M., & Sales, A.E. (2007). Assessing an organizational culture instrument based on the Competing Values Framework: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Implementation Science, 2(13), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-2-13 Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277–320. https://doi:10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014 Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: Wiley. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: sage. Hofstede, G. (1986). Cultural differences in teaching and learning. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10(3), 301–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(86)90015-5 Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2), 286-316. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393392 Holt, S., & Marques, J. (2012). Empathy in leadership: Appropriate or misplaced? An empirical study on a topic that is asking for attention. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0951-5 Hon, A. H. Y., & Leung, A. S. M. (2011). Employee creativity and motivation in the Chinese context: The moderating role of organizational culture. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 52(2), 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965511403921 Hoodbhoy, P. (2017, July 1). Pakistan’s professor mafia. Dawn. Retrieved from https://www.dawn.com/news/1342483 Hoole, C. (1997). Work commitment: Its dimensions and relationships with role stress and intention to quit (DPhil thesis). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2263/42557 Hopkins, M. M., & Bilimoria, D. (2008). Social and emotional competencies predicting success for male and female executives. Journal of Management Development, 27(1), 13–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710810840749 Hosseinian, S., Yazdi, S.-M., Zahraie, S., & Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2008). Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(5), 903–906. Hsiao, H. C., Chang, G. C., & Tu, Y. L. (2012). The influence of hospital organizational culture on organizational commitment among nursing executives. African Journal of Business Management, 6(44), 10888–10895. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM11.1510 Hussain, A. (2014, October 3). Education system of Pakistan: Issues , problems and solutions. Daily Nation. Retrieved from http://www.ipripak.org/education-system-of-pakistan Ignat, A. A., & Clipa, O. (2012). Teachers’ satisfaction with life, job satisfaction and their emotional intelligence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 498–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.171 Imran, R., Allil, K., & Mahmoud, A. B. (2017). Teacher’s turnover intentions : Examining the impact of motivation and organizational commitment. International Journal of Educational Management. 31(6), 828–842. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-05-2016-0131 Inceoglu, I., Segers, J., & Bartram, D. (2012). Age-related differences in work motivation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85(2), 300–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2011.02035.x Iqbal, N., Ahmad, N., Majid, M., Nadeem, M., Javed, K., Zahra, A., & Ateeq, M. (2013). Role of employee motivation on employee′s commitment in the context of banking sector of D.G.Khan, Pakistan. Journal of Human Resource Management, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jhrm.20130101.11 Irving, P. G., Coleman, D. F., & Cooper, C. L. (1997). Further assessments of a three-component model of occupational commitment: Generalizability and differences across occupations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.444 Jackalas, M., Martins, N., & Ungerer, L. M. (2016). The impact of demographic variables on organisational culture and employee motivation: Evidence from a health insurance company in Botswana. Journal of Contemporary Management, 13(1), 357–384. James, L. R., Hartman, A., Stebbins, M. W., & Jones, A. P. (1977). Relationship between psychological climate and a VIE model forwork motivation. Personnel Psychology, 30(2), 229–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1977.tb02091.x Jaros, S. J., Jermier, J. M., Koehler, J. W., & Sincich, T. (1993). Effects of continuance, affective, and moral commitment on the withdrawal process: An evaluation of eight Structural Equation Models. Academy of Management Journal, 36(5), 951–995. https://doi.org/10.2307/256642 Jing, F. F., Avery, G. C., & Bergsteiner, H. (2011). Organizational climate and performance in retail pharmacies. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32(3), 224–242. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731111123898 Johnson, P., & Duberley, J. (2000). Understanding management research: An introduction to epistemology. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Jones, G. (2007). Organizational theory, design, and change (5th ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall. Joo, B. K., & Shim, J. H. (2010). Psychological empowerment and organizational commitment: The moderating effect of organizational learning culture. Human Resource Development International Publication, 13(4), 425–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2010.501963 Jordan, P. J., & Troth, A. C. (2004). Managing emotions during team problem solving: Emotional intelligence and conflict resolution. Human Performance, 17(2), 195–218. Jorfi, H., Yaccob, H. F. B, & Shah, I. M. (2011). The relationship between demographics variables, emotional intelligence, communication effectiveness, motivation, and job satisfaction. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 1(1), 35-58. Jourdan, D., Stirling, J., Mannix McNamara, P., & Pommier, J. (2011). The influence of professional factors in determining primary school teachers’ commitment to health promotion. Health Promotion International, 26(3), 302–310. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daq076 Jungert, T., Alm, F., & Thornberg, R. (2014). Motives for becoming a teacher and their relations to academic engagement and dropout among student teachers. Journal of Education for Teaching, 40(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2013.869971 Kafetsios, K., & Zampetakis, L. A. (2008). Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction: Testing the mediatory role of positive and negative affect at work. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(3), 712–722. Kahraman, N., & Hiçdurmaz, D. (2016). Identifying emotional intelligence skills of Turkish clinical nurses according to sociodemographic and professional variables. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(7–8), 1006–1015. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13122 Kairi, H. K. (2017). A study of correlates of work motivation, job satisfaction and organizational commitment of faculty members in Engineering Colleges, Hyderabad,Telangana. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 3(10), 92–98. Retrieved from https://wwjmrd.com/upload/1509043614.pdf Kallas, E. (2010). Emotional intelligence, organizational culture and their relationship based on the example of Estonian service organizations (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10062/15399 Kamdron, T. (2015). Work motivation: Relationships with job satisfaction, locus of control and motivation orientation. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 3(6), 125–148. Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. (2000). Individual differences in work motivation: Further explorations of a trait framework. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 470–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00026 Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (2004). Aging, adult development, and work motivation. Academy of Management Review. 29(3), 440–458. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2004.13670969 Kanthasamy, A. (2009). Relationship between interpersonal skills, emotional intelligence and managerial performance at Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd (Master thesis). Retrieved from eprints.usm.my/.../1/Relationship_Between_Interpersonal _Skills.pdf Kanungo, R. N. (1982). Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(3), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.67.3.341 Karakus, M. (2013). Emotional intelligence and negative feelings: A gender specific moderated mediation model. Educational Studies, 39(1), 68–82. Kargas, A. D., & Varoutas, D. (2015). On the relation between organizational culture and leadership: An empirical analysis. Cogent Business & Management, 2, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2015.1055953 Karsli, M. D., & Iskender, H. (2009). To examine the effect of the motivation provided by the administration on the job satisfaction of teachers and their institutional commitment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 2252–2257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.396 Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106 Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioral research (3rd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Kerr, C. (1964). The uses of the university. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Kewalramani, S., & Rastogi, M. R. (2013). Demographic correlates of emotional intelligence : Indian scenario. Indian Journal of Psychological Science, 3(2), 73–84. Keyvanloo, L., Pordanjani, T. R., & Ebrahimi, A. M. (2016). The mediating role of intrinsic motivation in the relationship between islamic work ethics and job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 8(6), 69–82. Retrieved from http://ijme.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-61-391&sid=1.&slc_lang=en Khalili, A. (2011). Examining the relevance of emotional intelligence and organizational commitment among employees of Small and Medium Enterprise in Private Sector. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(12), 180–194. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n12p180 Khan, A. (2016, April 24). Brain drain alarming as 2.765m went abroad in five years. The Nation. Retrieved from http://nation.com.pk/national/24-Apr-2016/brain-drain-alarming-as-2-765m-went-abroad-in-five-years Khan, A., Masrek, M. N., & Nadzar, F. M. (2014). The relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment of Pakistani university librarians. Pakistan Journal of Information Management & LIibraries, 15, 11–21. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10760/25556 Khan, B. S., Nawaz, A., & Jan, F. A. (2012). Impact of demographic diversities on the job satisfaction and its consequences: Case of academicians in higher learning institutions of Pakistan (Application of stepwise multiple regression). Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 12(19), 34–43. Khan, F. (2014). The influence of organizational factors on employees’ commitment levels: A study of the banking sector of Pakistan. Pakistan Business Review, 16(3), 570–590. Khan, I., Nawaz, A., Khan, F., Rauf, H., Khan, S., Khan, R., & BakhtYar, N (2014). The academician’s commitment in the Higher education institutions of the developing countries like Pakistan : Its perspectives. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(13), 82–88. Khan, M. B., Asghar, N., & Chughtai, M. W. (2013). Exploring the implications of emotional intelligence to enhance employees’ performance. Business Administration, 1(32), 32–40. Retrieved from http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/euroeconomica/article/view/1742 Khan, M. I., Awan, U., Yasir, M., Mohamad, N. A., Shah, S. H. A., Qureshi, M. I., & Zaman, K. (2014). Transformational leadership, emotional intelligence and organizational commitment: Pakistan’s services sector. Argumenta Oeconomica, 33(2), 67–92. Kim, J. S., & Han, S.-H. (2017). Examining the relationship between Civil Servant perceptions of organizational culture and job attitudes: In the context of the New Public Management Reform in South Korea. Public Organization Review, 17, 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-016-0372-0 Kim, T., & Chang, K. (2014). Turnover intentions and organizational citizenship behaviours in Korean firms: The interactional effects of organizational and occupational commitment. Asia Pacific Business Review, 20(1), 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2011.640538 Kim, Y.G., Kim, S., & Yoo, J. L. (2012). Travel agency employees’ career commitment and turnover intention during the recent global economic crisis. The Service Industries Journal, 32(8), 1247–1264. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2010.545393 Kitayama, S., & Markus, M. R. (Eds. ). (1994). Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Klassen, R. M., Al-Dhafri, S., Hannok, W., & Betts, S. M. (2011). Investigating pre-service teacher motivation across cultures using the Teachers’ Ten Statements Test. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(3), 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.10.012 Kluckhohn, C. (1951). The study of culture. In D. Lerner & H.D. Lasswell (Eds.), The Policy Sciences (pp. 86–101). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Konya, V., Matic, D., & Pavlovic, J. (2016). The influence of demographics, job characteristics and characteristics of organizations on employee commitment. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 13(3), 119–138. Kotter, J. P., & Heskett, J. . (1992). Corporate culture and performance. New York: Free Press. Krause, F. G., Gathmann, S., & Gorschewsky, O. (2008). The use of intramedullary helix wire for the treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 22(2), 96–101. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18349776 Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. Retrieved from home.kku.ac.th/sompong/guest_speaker/KrejcieandMorgan_article.pdf Kreuger, L., & Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social Work Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches: with Research Navigator. USA: Pearson / Allyn and Bacon. Kristensen, K., & Eskildsen, J. (2010). Design of PLS-based satisfaction studies. In V. E. Vinzi, W.W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares, Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics (pp. 247–277). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Krog, A. (2014). The relationship between organizational culture and work engagement: A multilevel investigation (Master thesis). Retrieved from https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/39783/The-relationship-between-organizational-culture-and-work-engagement--A-multilevel-investigation.pdf?sequence=1 Kukanja, M. (2013). Influence of demographic characteristics on employee motivation in catering companies. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 19(1), 97–107. Kumar, J. A., & Muniandy, B. (2012). The influence of demographic profiles on emotional intelligence: A study on polytechnic lecturers in Malaysia. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 4(1), 62–70. Kurzdorfer, N. (2016). The impact of organizational culture on public service motivation(Bechelor thesis). University of Twente. Retrieved from http://essay.utwente.nl/70364/ Laali, Z. D. (2014). A survey of the effect of EQ on work ethics of employees. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 4(S1), 815–820. Lackey, N.R., & Wingate, A.L. (1998). The pilot study: One key to research success. In P.J. Brink & M.J. Wood (Eds.), Advanced design in nursing research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage |